The Council of the Gods

Der Rat der Götter
Directed by	Kurt Maetzig
Written by	Friedrich Wolf, Philipp Gecht
Produced by	Adolf Fischer
Starring	Fritz Tillmann
Cinematography	Friedl Behn-Grund
Edited by	Ilse Voigt
Music by	Hanns Eisler
Production company	DEFA
Distributed by	Progress Film
Release date	1950
Running time	107 minutes
Country	East Germany
Language	German
Budget	3,000,000 East German Mark^[1]

Der Rat der Götter (The Council of the Gods) is an East German black-and-white film, directed by Kurt Maetzig. It was released in 1950.

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Plot

In the early 1930s, Dr. Scholz is a chemist working for IG Farben. While he develops new types of rocket fuel and a gas which he believes to be a pesticide, his corporate superiors support Adolf Hitler in his quest to dominate Germany, and subsequently, the whole of Europe. Director General Mauch and his fellow managers, who jokingly call themselves 'the council of the gods', are cleverly using the Second World War to earn a fortune, by supplying the Third Reich and - through their cartel with Standard Oil - the Western Allies. Scholz, fearing to lose his position, turns a blind eye even as he realizes what the gas he developed is used for. Throughout the war, American bombers do not destroy IG Farben plants, as they are pressured by the company's associates in the United States to leave its infrastructure intact. After the war ends, the Americans acquit most of the directors from charges of crimes against humanity and secretly use their experience to produce chemical weapons, that would be deployed against the Soviet Union. After an explosion in a chemical factory kills hundreds, Scholz - who is now a communist - cannot remain silent. He publicizes the truth about IG Farben's wartime activity, warning that they plan yet another to make more money. An immense demonstration takes place outside the firm's headquarters. The American general supervising the managers proposes to disperse them with tanks, but Mauch refuses, fearing the crowd's reaction. The demonstration turns into a May Day rally.

Cast

Paul Bildt as privy councilor Mauch
Eva Pflug as Mabel Lawson
Laya Raki as dancer
Fritz Tillmann as Dr. Hans Scholz
Willy A. Kleinau as Mr. Lawson
Hans-Georg Rudolph as Tilgner
Albert Garbe as uncle Karl
Helmuth Hinzelmann as Schirrwind
Inge Keller as Edith Scholz
Yvonne Merin as Claudia Mauch
Käthe Scharf as Mrs. Scholz
Herwart Grosse as von Decken
Theodor Vogeler as Dr. Hüttenrauch
Arthur Wiesner as Scholz's father
Karl-Heinz Deickert as Dieter Scholz
Agnes Windeck as Mrs. Mauch
Helene Riechers as Scholz's mother

Production

Friedrich Wolf and his Soviet co-author, Phillipp Gecht, began writing the script in the summer of 1948, shortly after the end of the IG Farben Trial. They used many original documents from the judicial process, but mainly relied of Richard Sasuly's book IG Farben. Another event which influenced their work was the explosion that destroyed BASF's chemical plant in Ludwigshafen and caused 280 deaths at 28 July 1948, which was combined into the plot's ending.^[2] Wolf later told that the title, The Council of the Gods, was inspired by the divine assembly that closed the Odyssey: IG Farben's directors were the "gods" that run the affairs while the common mortals bled and died on the field, like in the Homerian myth. The author told that his work was to "reveal the 'gods' and the machinations behind the curtains".^[3] He was also determined to discredit Germany's old elites, both due to personal convictions and the ideological requirements of the Socialist Unity Party.^[4]

The characters in Wolf's story were modeled on the real directors of IG Farben, and even their names sounded much alike: the film's arch-villain, privy councillor Mauch, was based on Carl Krauch.^[2] Wolf sought a director to create the film himself, and eventually chose Kurt Maetzig. The author's son, Konrad Wolf, served as an assistant-director.^[3] The work on The Council of the Gods lasted for two years.^[5] Maetzig later claimed that the film was made as a "documentary feature film": while the characters were basically fictional, it was based on real events. He maintained that he viewed the IG Farben trial, that was run only by the US, as the beginning of the rift between the wartime Allies and to an extent - even of the Cold War, and tried to depict it as such in the film.^[6]

The filming took place on the background of the escalating Cold War. At 1949, the Socialist Unity Party's Politburo established a DEFA Commission to directly oversee all films produced in East Germany, after it found those made during 1946-7 as "lacking a saying on the matters of society". The Council was East Germany's first "massive propaganda film."^[7] Maetzig, who had directed several socially critical pictures at that time and reprimanded by the establishment, turned to making more politically pleasing works. The Council of the Gods was "intended to be a propaganda super-production," and its style was inspired by Mikheil Chiaureli's Stalinist epics.^[8] It was officially dedicated "to all peace-loving people of the world" and intended to show how "the IG Farben were the originators of the war".^[9]

Principal photography took place in Halle an der Saale. As many as 500 extras were used to make the crowd scenes. Although DEFA director-general Sepp Schwab demanded that the film would be Socialist Realist in style, only one common worker - Uncle Karl, played by Albert Grabe - was featured in the picture.^[10] The lack of working-class heroes displeased the SED, and State Secretary for Press and Agitation Hermann Axen criticized The Council of the Gods for "over-emphasizing the roles of the capitalists".^[11]

Reception

The film sold 5,347,261 tickets in East Germany.^[12] It received a special Honorary Diploma in the 1950 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.^[13] On 8 October 1950, Maetzig, Wolf, cinematographer Friedl Behn-Grund and set designer Willy Schiller were all awarded the National Prize, 1st degree, for their work on the film.^[14]

The Council of the Gods was praised by the SED, and defined by it as the "most important film" of 1950;^[15] a politburo resolution stated that it was "up to the standards required by our country's democratic public opinion".^[11] Although it had a premiere in West Berlin,^[16] and a West German distributor sought to purchase it, it was not released in the Federal Republic of Germany, which rejected as communist propaganda.^[17] The Soviet magazine Art of Cinema claimed that the military commandants of West Berlin's three occupation sectors registered an official complaint to the Soviets, claiming that the picture had such an influence on the public that it was undermining their authority.^[1] Ivor Montagu, who watched it in East Germany, received a copy to his home in London on 22 June 1951.^[18]

In a contemporary review of the film, West German journalist Curt Riess wrote that "almost everything in it is a fraud."^[17] The Federal Republic's Catholic Film Service cited it as "noteworthy political drama made by DEFA, the finale of which culminates in a scene worthy of the peace movement à la Moscow."^[19] At 1961, American critics Scott MacDonald and Amos Vogel cited it as a "hard-hitting propaganda film", but also as "the most important East German picture made up to date."^[20] During 1977, film scholars Miera and Antonin Liehm claimed that it was "propaganda", as well.^[8]

David Caute noted that "The Council of the Gods was the first picture to "fully embrace the ideological animosities of the Cold War", and that it tried to demonstrate that beside their wartime collaboration, IG Farben, Standard Oil and the capitalists dominating both were preparing a new war.^[1] Alexander Stephan pointed out that it was the first to "articulate anti-capitalist economical positions" and aimed them against America.^[21] Daniela Berghahn shared this view, writing that the film asserted that the capitalist economical structures brought about World War II, and that they remained intact both in the United States and in West Germany.^[22] Bernd Stöver claimed that the film was part of a propaganda campaign run by the East German government in the early stages of the Cold War, the message of which was not only that capitalism is aggressive by nature, but also that the post-Nazi magnates of the Federal Republic were planning to resume "Hitler's great crusade against socialism" in the immediate future, with the aid of their Western allies.^[23] Ralf Schenk wrote that the American representative was portrayed as a "latent fascist", keen to fight a new war against the Soviet Union.^[24]

Ursula Heukenkamp noted that the portrayal of the main protagonist, Dr. Scholz, and the main antagonist, Mauch, was typical to communist cinema: the first was merely an insignificant part of a huge company, who could not stop developing chemicals even when he realized they were used to gas millions, and only became free when he embraced socialism; the second was interested in profit alone, with no regard from which side the money came. She also wrote that the film was the last to depict the horrors of the Second World War from the viewpoint of passive victims; henceforth, East German cinema turned to concentrate on the active resistance of the anti-fascists.^[25]

In a 2006 interview, Kurt Maetzig told Markus Wolf that he still regarded the film as an important work, and not as one of those he regretted making.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c David Caute (2003). The Dancer Defects: the Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924908-4. pp. 263–264.
^ ^a ^b Detlef Kannapin. Antifaschismus im Film der DDR. Papyros Verlag (1997). ISBN 978-3-89438-142-4. p. 117.
^ ^a ^b ^c Markus Wolf. An Interview with Kurt Maetzig. friedrichwolf.de.
^ Achim Engelberg. In den Abgründen des 20. Jahrhunderts: Wer verloren hat, kämpfe: 1. Dietz Verlag (2007). ISBN 978-3-320-02110-8. p. 177.
^ A Der Spiegel article on the film, 18 May 1950.
^ Seán Allan, John Sandford. DEFA: East German cinema, 1946–1992. ISBN 978-1-57181-753-2. pp. 66–67, 77.
^ Sylvia Klötzer. Satire und Macht: Film, Zeitung, Kabarett in der DDR. Böhlau Verlag (2005). ISBN 978-3-412-15005-1. p. 28.
^ ^a ^b Miera Liehm, Antonin J. Liehm . The Most Important Art: Soviet and Eastern European Film After 1945. ISBN 978-0-520-04128-8. pp. 77, 88.
^ Juliane Scholz. Wechselseitige Bezugsrahmen einer "doppelten Bewältigung" des Nationalsozialismus - Der deutsche Spielfilm der Nachkriegszeit als Medium der ... Gedächtnisses: Ein historischer Vergleich. Grin Verlag (2009). ISBN 978-3-640-33588-6. pp. 145.
^ Ingrid Poss. Spur der Filme: Zeitzeugen über die DEFA. ISBN 978-3-86153-401-3. pp. 76–77.
^ ^a ^b Dagmar Schittly. Zwischen Regie und Regime. Die Filmpolitik der SED im Spiegel der DEFA-Produktionen. ISBN 978-3-86153-262-0. pp. 58–59.
^ List of the 50 highest-grossing DEFA films.
^ Der Rat der Götter on DEFA Foundation's website.
^ DEFA chronicle of 1950.
^ Bernd Stöver. Die Befreiung vom Kommunismus. Amerikanische 'Liberation Policy' im Kalten Krieg 1947–1991. Böhlau (2002). ISBN 978-3-412-03002-5. p. 577.
^ Anjana Buckow. Zwischen Propaganda Und Realpolitik: Die USA Und Der Sowjetisch Besetzte Teil Deutschlands 1945–1955. Franz Steiner Verlag (2003). ISBN 978-3-515-08261-7. p. 247.
^ ^a ^b Hans Günther Pflaum, Hans Helmut Prinzler. Cinema in the Federal Republic of Germany: The new German film, origins and present situation : with a section on GDR cinema : a handbook. Inter Nationes (1993). ASIN B0006F6CN8. p. 142.
^ Bert Hogenkamp. Film, television and the left, 1950–1970. Lawrence And Wishart Ltd (2002). ISBN 978-0-85315-905-6. p. 28.
^ Review quoted on film-zeit.de.
^ Scott MacDonald, Amos Vogel. Cinema 16: Documents Toward History Of Film Society. Wide Angle Books (2002). ISBN 978-1-56639-924-1. p. 389.
^ Alexander Stephan. Americanization And Anti-Americanism: The German Encounter with American Culture after 1945. Berghahn Books (2008). ISBN 978-1-57181-673-3. p. 154.
^ Daniela Berghahn. Hollywood behind the Wall: the cinema of East Germany. ISBN 978-0-7190-6172-1. p. 73.
^ Thomas Lindenberger, ed. (2006). Massenmedien im Kalten Krieg: Akteure, Bilder, Resonanzen. Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 978-3-412-23105-7. p. 54.
^ Ralf Schenk (editor). Das zweite Leben der Filmstadt Babelsberg. DEFA- Spielfilme 1946–1992. ISBN 978-3-89487-175-8. p. 60.
^ Ursula Heukenkamp. Schuld und Sühne Kriegserlebnis und Kriegsdeutung in deutschen Medien der Nachkriegszeit (1945–1961). Rodolpi (2001). ISBN 978-90-420-1435-0. pp. 749, 756.