Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.

Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus^[1] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."^[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.^[3]

Legend

A guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.^[4]^[5]

General sigla

# beginning with 0: uncial

# not beginning with 0: minuscule

^* superscript: original reading

^c superscript: scribal correction

^ms superscript: individual manuscript

^mss superscript: multiple manuscripts

^pt superscript: partial attestation

^vid superscript: uncertain reading

arab: Arabic versions

arm: Armenian versions

𝔐 or Byz: Byzantine text-type

cop: Coptic versions

sa: Sahidic version

bo: Boharic version

eth: Ethiopic versions

ƒ: Greek manuscripts family

geo: Georgian versions

goth: Gothic versions

it: Italic/Vetus Latina

lat: most Italic and Vulgate

latt: all Italic and Vulgate

𝔓: papyrus

𝑙: individually numbered lectionary

Lect: most or all numbered lectionaries

parenthesized (): approximate reading

rell: all other extant manuscripts

slav: Slavic versions

syr: Syriac versions

vg: Latin Vulgate

ς: Textus Receptus

Uncial sigla: א‎: Codex Sinaiticus (01); A: Codex Alexandrinus (02); B: Codex Vaticanus (03); C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04); D^ea: Codex Bezae (05); D^p: Codex Claromontanus (06); K^e: Codex Cyprius (017); K^ap: Codex Mosquensis I (018); L^e: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019); L^ap: Codex Angelicus (020); P^apr: Codex Porphyrianus (025); S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028); V: Codex Mosquensis II (031); W: Codex Washingtonianus (032); Z: Codex Dublinensis (035); Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036); Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037); Θ: Codex Koridethi (038); Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040); Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041); Φ: Codex Beratinus (043); Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044); Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045); ff¹: Codex Corbeiensis I; ff²: Codex Corbeiensis II; g¹: Codex Sangermanensis I; k: Codex Bobiensis

Critical editions: T8th: Tischendorf's 8th Edition of Editio Octava Critica Maior; WH: Westcott and Hort (1881); NA: Novum Testamentum Graece (Nestle–Aland); UBS: United Bible Societies; ECM: Editio Critica Maior

Textual variants

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

4 Textual variants in Romans 1

Romans 1:7

ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome) – א A B C D K P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739^txt 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm Origen Ambst. Augustine

ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ (in love of God) – Codex Boernerianus

omitted by 1739^mg 1908 Origen

Romans 1:8

περι – א A B C D* K 33 81 1506 1739 1881

υπερ – D^c G Ψ Byz

Romans 1:15

ἐν Ῥώμῃ – omitted by G^a

Romans 1:29

πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – B 0172^vid 1739 1881 Origen Basil

πονηρια κακια πλεονεξια – א A cop^{bo^mss}

κακια πονηρια πλεονεξια – C D^supp.c 33 81 cop^{sa, bo} eth

κακια πορνεια πλεονεξια – D^supp.* G (629 add πονηρια) it^{d, e, g}

πορνεια πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – L Ψ (88 add και after each word) 326 330 436 451 614 630 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect syr^h arm

πορνεια αδικια πλεονεξια κακια – 181

πονηρια πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – 104 vg?

και πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – P

πλεονεξια κακια – K

0 Textual variants in Romans 2

Romans 2:1

1 Textual variants in Romans 3

Romans 3:26

Ἰησοῦ – א, A, B, C, K, P, 81, 88, 104, 181, 630, 1241, 1739, 1881, 1877, 1962, 2495, Byz, ℓ 598, ℓ 599, ℓ 603

Ἰησοῦν – D, Ψ, 33, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1985, 2127, 2492

Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν – 1984

Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – 629

κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – syr^p

omit F, G, 336, it

0 Textual variants in Romans 4

Romans 4:1

0 Textual variants in Romans 5

Romans 5:1

3 Textual variants in Romans 6

Romans 6:11

ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ – 𝔓⁴⁶, A, B, D, G, Ψ, 629, 630, 1739, it, vg

ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – א, C, K, P, 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – 104

omit it^r

Romans 6:16

εἰς θάνατον (for death) – omitted by D, 1739*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, arm^mss, Ambrosiaster

Romans 6:17

καρδιας – majority of mss

καθαρας – A

0 Textual variants in Romans 7

Romans 7

1 Textual variants in Romans 8

Romans 8:1

Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it^{d, g}, cop^{sa, bo}, eth

Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, D^b, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg

Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – א^c, D^c, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, (436 omit μη), 456, 614, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

1 Textual variants in Romans 9

Romans 9:11

κακον – 𝔓⁴⁶, D, F, G, Ψ, Byz

φαυλον – א, B, C, 6, 81, 365, 630, 945, 1506, 1739, 1881, al

1 Textual variants in Romans 10

Romans 10:21

καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα (and contrary) – omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary

1 Textual variants in Romans 11

Romans 11:1

τὸν λαόν – א, A, Β, C, D, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 181, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, it^{ar, d, dem, e, z}, vg, syr^{p, h}, cop^{sa, bo}, arm, Origen, Eusebius, Chryzostom, Augustine, Theodoret

τὴν κληρονομίαν – 𝔓⁴⁶>, G, it, goth, Ambrosiaster, Ambrose, Pelagius

2 Textual variants in Romans 12

Romans 12:9

ἀποστυγοῦντες τὸ πονηρόν – F, G, lat, syr replaced into μισουντες το πονηρον

Romans 12:11

κυριω – 𝔓⁴⁶ א Α Β D^b,c P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz

καιρω – D* F G 5

2 Textual variants in Romans 13

Romans 13:1

υπο θεου – א Α Β D² Ψ Byz

απο θεου – D* F G 629 945

Romans 13:9

ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, ουκ επιθυμησεις – 01 048 81 88 104 326 330 365 436 451 629 1506 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz^pt ℓ 597 ℓ 598 ℓ 599 a b vg^cl (syr^h) cop^bo

ου ψευδομαρτυρησης, ουκ επιθυμησης – P

ουκ επιθυμησεις – 𝔓⁴⁶ Α Β D F G L Ψ 6 33 181 614 630 1175 1241 1739 1877 1881 vgst syr^p cop^sa

ουκ επιθυμησεις, ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις – 2495

0 Textual variants in Romans 14

Romans 14:1

3 Textual variants in Romans 15

Romans 15:19

πνευματος θεου – 𝔓⁴⁶ א D P Ψ 88 181 326 436 614 629 1241

πνευματος αγιου – A D G 33 81 104 630 1739

πνευματος θεου αγιου – 330 451

Romans 15:29

Χριστου – 𝔓⁴⁶ א Α Β C D G P 81 629 630 1739 1881 ar d e f g x z vg^ww cop arm

του ευαγγελιου του Χριστου – א^c Ψ 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 1241 1877 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect vg^cl syr^p,h

της διδαχης του Χριστου – eth^ro

Romans 15:31

διακονια – 𝔓⁴⁶ א Α C D^c P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect

δωροφορια – B D G^gr

4 Textual variants in Romans 16

Romans 16:15

Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα – א Α Β C² D P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm

Βηρεα και Αουλιαν – 𝔓⁴⁶

Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα – C G^gr

Romans 16:20

ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ (Χριστου) μεθ' ὑμῶν (The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you) – mss of the Alexandrian, Caesarean, and Byzantine text-types

omitted by D*^vid, F^p, G, d, f, g, m, bodl Ambrosiaster Pelagius^ms

Romans 16:24

Verse omitted by Codex Sinaiticus A B C 5 81 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 it^z vg^ww cop^sa,bo eth^ro Origen^lat)

Verse included by D G Ψ 88 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg^cl syr^h

Verse included but following 16:27 P 33 104 256 436 1319 1837 syr^p arm

Romans 16:25-27

verses omitted by F, G, 629, d**?, g, goth?, Jerome^mss

References

^ Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
^ Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
^ Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113
^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.

External links

The Comparative Critical Greek New Testament
Variantes textuais (in Portuguese)
Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland

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