Terêna or Etelena is spoken by 15,000 Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[3] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed]
Terêna has an active–stative syntax[4] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[5]
Varieties
Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[6] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[7] Only Terena proper is still spoken.
Language contact
Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[8] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[9]
There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[10]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | ||
| prenasal | ⁿz | ⁿʒ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | |||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||
| Approximant | w ~ v | j | ||||
/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[11]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ iː | (ɨ) | u ũ uː |
| Mid | e ẽ eː | o õ oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Low | a ã aː |
[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[12]
See also
References
- ^ Terena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kinikinao & Guaná at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Chané at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Guana (Brazil).
- ^ Butler, Nancy Evelyn; Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
- ^ Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) (PDF). pp. 71–72.
- ^ Aikhenvald 1999
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de. 2016. Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language: Setting the Record Straight on Southern Arawak Linguistic Diversity. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 39-57. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. Anthropological Linguistics.
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco." International Journal of American Linguistics 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. doi:10.1086/696198
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously.
- ^ Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena. Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho.
- ^ Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
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This page was last edited on 9 September 2023, at 18:42