To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Takrur
500s–1456
CapitalTumbere Jiinge (Dya'ogo, Tonjon, Manna dynasties), Taaga (Laam Taga), Hoorewendu (Laam Termess}
Common languagesSerer,[1][2] Fula, Arabic
Religion
Serer religion[1][3]
Islam (Official)
GovernmentMonarchy
• 1030s
War Jabi
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
500s
• Establishment of Manna dynasty by Mamadu Sumaare
c. 826
• Adoption of Islam by War Jabi
1030s
• Fula Laam Termess dynasty come to power
1122
• Conquered and vassalized by Mali Empire
1285
• Conquered by Jolof Empire
1456
Succeeded by
Jolof Empire
Denianke Kingdom

Takrur, Tekrur or Tekrour (c. 500 – c. 1456) was a state based in the Senegal River valley in West Africa which was at its height in the 10th and 11th centuries, roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire, but lasted in some form into the 18th century.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    2 139
    913
    3 958
    6 160
    1 206
  • Takrur (tekrur) kingdom - West africa (800s–1285)
  • The Kingdom of Takrur
  • The Takrur/Fulani History in Morocco(Marrakesh) From the Almoravids to the Present.
  • Mansa Musa:Malik Al Takrur (Fulani) the richest Man that ever Lived.
  • Tribute to the Takrūr (‎بلاد السودان)

Transcription

History

Origin

There are a number of conflicting theories about the origin of the Kingdom of Takrur. The formation of the state may have taken place as an influx of Fulani from the east settled in the Senegal valley.[4][5][6]: 56  John Donnelly Fage suggests that Takrur was formed through the interaction of Berbers from the Sahara and "Negro agricultural peoples" who were "essentially Serer".[7] The outsiders may, however, have been Soninke rather than Berber, and the native population may have already spoken Fula.[8] Regardless, the region was an ethnic melting pot, although the Fula would eventually subsume much of the Serer, Wolof, Soninke, Malinke, and Berber elements.[6]: 55 

Early Dynasties

The founding dynasty was called Dya'ogo. Traditional historians disagree on their origin and ethnic background (assuming a relationship can be drawn at all with ethnic labels as understood today). They were blacksmith-kings, and supposedly introduced iron-working and ore extraction to the region.[6]: 27  They were succeeded by the Serer Tonjon dynasty, although some sources place the Tonjon after the Manna.[6]: 65, 70 

Manna

The Soninke Sumaare clan under Mamadu Sumaare, originally from Wagadu or the Kingdom of Diarra, conquered Takrur in 826, establishing the Manna dynasty.[6]: 64 [8]

Takrur was first mentioned in Arab sources in the 10th century.[9] The king Rabis may be the Rai bin Rai cited as an ally of the Almoravids and king of the Sudan who troops fought in al-Andalus.[6]: 65  In 1035 king War Jabi introduced Sharia law, becoming the first ruler to officially adopt Islamic orthodoxy in the Sahel.[10] In 1056 his son Laba fought alongside Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni at the battle of  Tabfarilla,[6]: 65  and Takrur may have played a role in the sack of the Wagadu capital, Kumbi Saleh, in 1076.[citation needed]

The last Manna king, Cengaan Sumaare, is remembered as a bloodthirsty tyrant. Despite Takrur's history of alliance with the Almoravids, he was overthrown by Abu Bakr ibn Umar, who founded the Berber Laam Taga dynasty in 1082. They only lasted 40 years, however, before the Fula Laam Termess defeated them in 1122. Under this new dynasty, the ethnic makeaup of Futa Toro became definitively Fula.[6]: 64–6  During the 13th century, a civil war broke out between the Muslim Fula and the Serer, who followed their traditional religion. Rather than convert, they migrated southwest first to the Ferlo Desert and then to Siin and Saloum.[10][6]: 76 

Vassalage and Decline

The fall of Ghana precipitated an era of political change in the region. The Susu carved out the sizeable, though short-lived, empire that made Takrur a vassal. They were followed by the Mali Empire, which did the same.[6]: 72 

Tekrur was conquered by the Jolof emperor Tyukuli N'Diklam in the 15th century, who split the region between multiple farba (governors).[11][6]: 72  By 1506, however, the Burba's authority was weakening, and the farba fell to fighting amongst themselves.[6]: 67  Koli Tengella, a Fula warlord native to Takrur but coming from Futa Jallon, conquered the area in 1521 and set up the Denanke dynasty. This would last until 1776 when the Fouta Revolution, led by Muslim clerics, took over the kingdom and the house of Denanke was brought down.[12]

Timeline

Dates and sequencing from Oumar Kane. Much of it is sourced from oral histories, and details may be disputed by other sources or authors.[6]: 67 

Time Events
508-720 Dya-ogo dynasty
720-826 Tonjon dynasty
826-1082 Soninke Manna dynasty
1076 Fall of Kumbi Saleh to Almoravid and Takruri forces
1082-1122 Berber Laam Taaga dynasty
1122-1456 Laam Termess dynasty, the first Fula rulers of Takrur
1456-1506 Jolof rule of Takrur
1506-1526 Civil war between farbas
1520-1 Invasion by Koli Tenguella
1526 Koli Tenguella establishes firm control over Takrur, founds the Denanke Kingdom

Economy

Located in the Senegal valley, along the border of present-day Senegal and Mauritania, it was a trading centre, where gold from the Bambuk region,[13]: 44  salt from the Awlil,[14] and Sahel grain were exchanged for wool, copper, beads, and jewely.[9] The domestication of the cotton tree and the manufacture of cotton cloth were first reported in Takrur, [13]: 179  and the kingdom's cloth was among its most renowned exports.[9]

Territory

At the height of its power, Takrur controlled the north bank of the Senegal as far as the Tagant plateau and Aleg.[6]: 27  The Gorgol river valley was the heartland of the kingdom, and was the site of the Dya'ogo capital Tumbere Jiinge.[6]: 38  They also controlled, or at least had significant influence over, the area downstream that would become Waalo.[15]: 39 

Takrur as a toponym

Takruri was a term, like Bilad-ul-Sudan, that was used to refer to all people of West African ancestry,[16][17] and is still in use as such in the Middle East, with some corruption, as in Takruni, pl. Takarna تكروني in Saudi Arabia, and in Ethiopia and Eritrea, in the form Tukrir. The district of Bulaq Al-Dakrur بولاق الدكرور in Cairo is named after an ascetic from West Africa. In the Middle East Toucouleurs are still referred to as Tukrir to this day.[18]

Takrur was the term used by the region's inhabitants up until the 15th century. During the 16th and 17th centuries, however, it was gradually replaced by Futa Toro.[15]: 29 

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Charles Becker et Victor Martin, « Rites de sépultures préislamiques au Sénégal et vestiges protohistoriques », Archives Suisses d'Anthropologie Générale, Imprimerie du Journal de Genève, Genève, 1982, tome 46, no 2, p. 261-293
  2. ^ Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970)
  3. ^ Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 9, 20-77
  4. ^ Hrbek, I. (1992). General History of Africa volume 3: Africa from the 7th to the 11th Century: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3 (Unesco General History of Africa (abridged)). James Carey. p. 67. ISBN 978-0852550939.
  5. ^ Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa. 26 (3): 268–307. doi:10.1163/157006696x00299. JSTOR 1581646.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  7. ^ Fage, John Donnelly (1997). "Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521209816.
  8. ^ a b Brooks, George E. (August 1985). "WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHW BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS". Indiana University African Studies Program: 36.
  9. ^ a b c Davis, R. Hunt (ed.). Encyclopedia Of African History And Culture, Vol. 2 (E-book ed.). The Learning Source. p. 129. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b Colvin, Lucie Gallistel, Historical dictionary of Senegal, Scare Crow Press Inc. (1981), p. 18, ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
  11. ^ Leyti, Oumar Ndiaye. Le Djoloff et ses Bourba. Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1981. ISBN 2-7236-0817-4
  12. ^ Ogot, Bethwell A. General history of Africa: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0-520-06700-2, p 146 [1]
  13. ^ a b Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. ISBN 0841904316.
  14. ^ Shillington, Kevin (2012). History of Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 94. ISBN 9780230308473.
  15. ^ a b Boulegue, Jean (2013). Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle) (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
  16. ^ 'Umar Al-Naqar (1969). "Takrur the History of a Name". The Journal of African History. 10 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1017/s002185370003632x. JSTOR 179671.
  17. ^ Ibn Khalikan, op. cit. vi, 14.
  18. ^ Smidt 2010, p. 998.

Sources

  • J. F. Ade Ajayi, Michael Crowder (eds.). History of West Africa. Columbia University (1972) ISBN 0-231-03628-0
  • J. Hunwick. "Takrur", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden 2000, X, 142–3.
  • Mary Antin, Nehemia Levtzion. Medieval West Africa Before 1400: Ghana, Takrur, Gao (Songhay) and Mali. Translated by Nehemia Levtzion. J. F. Hopkins: Contributor. Markus Wiener Publishing, New Jersey (1998). ISBN 1-55876-165-9
  • J. D. Fage (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. II, Cambridge University Press (1978), 675–7.
  • H. T. Norris. "The Wind of Change in the Western Sahara". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 130, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 1–14
  • D.W. Phillipson. African Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (Revised Edition 2005). ISBN 978-0-521-83236-6
  • Leyti, Oumar Ndiaye. Le Djoloff et ses Bourba. Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1981. ISBN 2-7236-0817-4
  • Ogot, Bethwell A. General history of Africa: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0-520-06700-2, p 146.
  • Oliver, Roland. The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-521-20981-1, p484
  • Smidt, Wolbert (2010). "Tukrir". In Siegbert Uhlig, Alessandro Bausi (ed.). Encyclopedia Aethiopica. Vol. 4. Harrassowitz. pp. 998–1000. ISBN 9783447062466.

Further reading

  • McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech; Bocoum, Hamady (2016). The Search for Takrur: Archaeological Excavations and Reconnaissance Along the Middle Senegal Valley. The Yale Peabody Museum.

External links

This page was last edited on 14 March 2024, at 20:32
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.