Systems/Layers

Transcription

This is Ram here from EngineeringMentor.com In this video, we will discuss the OSI Reference Model. We'll first try to understand what is the OSI model and then discuss the 7 layers of the model. so let's start. As we discussed in our previous video, the main idea with computer networks is communication between different systems. The purpose of communication can be Information sharing. Suppose we have two systems A and B which want to communicate with each other. Let us say these two systems are connected to each other through a computer network. The distance between A and B may only be a few metres or they might be across different continents. If A wants to send some data to B, then the data has to travel through the network to reach B. During this transfer, the data will have to navigate through many intermediate nodes. To ensure that the data reaches from source machine A to destination machine B Securely and correctly we need to have some rules which guide the communication between A and B. These rules are called as Protocols. Thus for every communication, we need to have some protocols which guide the communication These protocols are grouped together and called as a Communication Model. The OSI Reference model is one such Communication Model OSI stands for "Open Systems Interconnection" which means that every system participating in this model is open for communication with other systems. This model was first defined by an organization called as ISO The ISO is a standards organisation which works on standardisation of protocols The OSI reference model defines the functionality of network communication The OSI model divides the communication into "7 layers" Let us now look at each of these layers in detail This is how the OSI model looks like At first glance, you might feel this is complicated and hard to remember But hold on to that thought. The OSI model is very easy to remember All you have to do is remember these 7 layers. In our previous example we said that system A wants to communicate with B over the network This model depicts the same process These are the end systems A and B connected by a network The intermediate nodes implement only the bottom 3 layers of communication since their task is to just pass on the data along the navigation path The top 4 layers are implemented only by end systems, but bottom three are implemented by all nodes in the path. Every layer has some protocols using which it communicates with corresponding layer in the other system So these dotted lines indicate "Protocols" We call these as Application layer protocols, presentation layer protocols, session layer protocols and so on Every layer also communicates with the layer above and below it We say that the every layer provides some "Service" to the layer above it So Protocols work between same layers of different machines, where as Services work with different layers within same machine We will discuss about "Services and Protocols" in detail in a different video Now let us see what each of these layers do At the top is the Application Layer This is the layer at which users communicate with the systems This layer provides some protocols using which applications can communicate with each other and example of Application layer protocols is the FTP protocol Next is the presentation layer This layer is concerned with the format of data exchanged between the end systems For example, if the integer format in system A is 32 bits long and in system B is 64 bits long then appropriate conversions have to de done This is done by presentation layer Session layer allows users on different machines to create sessions between If an application creates different transport streams session layer can bind all these different streams belonging to same application For example, if you are doing a video chat then session layer combines the audio stream with the video stream Transport layer recieves the data from session layer and divides it into smaller units called as "Messages" These messages are passed on to network layer On the recieving end, it makes sure these messages are accepted and arranged in correct order The messages merged and passed on upper layers Network layer breaks a message into "Packets" and transmits them across the network It is responsibility of the network layer to make sure the packets reach the correct destination This feature is called as Routing This is implemented on every node in the network A Node here can be computers, switches, routers etc The data link layer is concerned with transmission of error free data It breaks the packets into smaller units called as Frames These frames are passed on to physical layer for transmission On receiving end it collects raw bytes from physical layer and aggregates it into frames Data Encoding, Framing, Error Detection and Correction techniques are all applied here The bottom layer is the physical layer which is concerned with transmission of raw bits over the communication link So this how the OSI Reference Model works There is another reference model called as the TCP/IP Reference Model which we can discuss in another tutorial So now lets do a quick recap Application Layer is where the users interact with applications to provide data Presentation Layer is concerned with the format of data exchanged between the end systems Session Layer allows users on different machines to create sessions between them Transport Layer is concerned with end to end communication of messages Network Layer is concerned with routing of packets to correct destination Data Link Layer is concerned with transmission of error free data in the form of Frames Physical Layer is concerned about transmission of raw bits over the communication link