Political strongman

In politics, a strongman is a type of authoritarian political leader—civilian or military—who exerts control through military enforcement and has, or has claimed to have, strong popular support. Strongmen typically claim to have widespread popular support, portray themselves as the only one capable of solving the country's problems, and espouse a disdain for liberalism and democracy.

Functions

A strongman can be either a civilian or a military leader and can exist in both democracies and autocracies.^[2] Military dictatorships ruled by military strongmen differ from military juntas as the strongman rules alone and does not have to negotiate with other military officers to rule.^[3]

Political scientists Brian Lai and Dan Slater identified strongmen as ruling in an autocratic way which exercises power through the military; typically, strongmen do not share power collectively and do not rely on a political party to exert power.^[4] Strongmen are more likely to initiate international conflicts than democracies, military juntas, and partisan dictatorships.^[5]^[6] Additionally, political scientists Barbara Geddes, Erica Frantz, and Joseph G. Wright argue that dictatorships led by strongmen are more likely to "commit human rights abuses" and "become embroiled in civil wars" then other dictatorships. They also stated that strongmen are more likely to be overthrown by an insurgency, revolution, or foreign invasion than civilian dictators and military juntas.^[7]

Regimes led by strongmen are less likely to transition to democracy than military juntas as the strongman is more likely to fear imprisonment or death as a consequence for their actions once out of office more than a collective of military officers likely would.^[8]^[9] Some scholars described the "strongman's dilemma" as the process of establishing a successor once out of office without creating a political rival.^[8] Strongmen typically appoint family members to important government positions,^[2] but appointing family members as a successor is also a way to ensure themselves that they would not be imprisoned upon leaving office. Meanwhile, some strongmen attempt to remain in power indefinitely but face the risk of being removed once their health diminishes and rivals seek an opportunity to seize power.^[8] Even when overthrown, regimes previously led by strongmen are likely to be continued by another strongman.^[9]

Strongmen can assume political office either via democratic institutions or through a forceful seizure of power, such as a coup d'état or a revolution.^[10]^[11] In situations where a new government is formed democratically, strongmen typically erode a country's democratic institutions to consolidate power through democratic backsliding.^[8] In situations where a new government is formed by force, strongmen typically manifest gradually rather than immediately upon assuming power, especially following military coups.^[10]

Politics

Strongmen are typically nationalist leaders;^[12] they portray themselves as having strong popular support and claim to represent the people "against the elites".^[13] Strongmen also build a cult of personality around themselves^[14] and espouse a disdain for liberalism and democracy.^[15] Strongmen push a narrative that they alone have the capability to solve their respective country's problems and wish to be admired "not just for their strength but also for their morality and their intellect".^[14] Although almost all strongmen express their distrust or distain for democracy, many continue to portray themselves as being democratic.^[16]

Strongmen generally express contempt for the rule of law,^[12] however, they also utilize the law as a weapon against their political opponents, such as launching investigations into alleged crimes or outright imprisoning their opponents. To exert this authority, strongmen appoint loyalists to the country's judiciary and purge those who the strongman sees as disloyal or as a threat.^[17] Strongmen frequently criticize journalists and the press; they dismiss negative press and information contrary to their rule as "fake news" and label those who report said information as the "enemy of the people"^[18] and even counter such information through manipulation or with their own reporting.^[16] Strongmen utilize social media to reach out to their supporters.^[19]

History

Historically, authoritarian leaders, commonly referred to as dictators, exerted political control through mass murder, holding sham elections, and holding total control of the press. Such leaders included Joseph Stalin, Idi Amin, and Augusto Pinochet. Additionally, several modern rulers such as Kim Jong Un and Bashar al-Assad continue to exert their power in a similar manner. Such trends of total control and repression have shifted since the end of the 20th century.^[16]

Vladimir Putin is commonly cited as one of the first cases of a modern political strongman,^[16] with British journalist Gideon Rachman describing Putin as "the archetype and the model for the current generation of strongman leaders" in his 2022 book The Age of the Strongman.^[1] Rachman outlined that Putin began his presidency by portraying himself as respective of Russia's democratic institutions but slowly consolidated his power over the course of the 2000s and 2010s.^[20] Other post-Soviet leaders have also been described as strongmen, such as Ilham Aliyev,^[21] Alexander Lukashenko,^[22] and Nursultan Nazarbayev.^[8]

Similar to Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan began his rule of Turkey as a liberal reformer, but gradually consolidated his power throughout his premiership and later his presidency.^[23] In Latin America, state leaders such as Nayib Bukele,^[24] Hugo Chávez,^[8] Andrés Manuel López Obrador,^[25] and Manuel Noriega have been described as strongmen.^[4]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b Rachman 2022a, p. 25.
^ ^a ^b Rachman 2022a, p. 11.
^ Geddes, Frantz & Wright 2014, p. 160.
^ ^a ^b Lai & Slater 2006, p. 116.
^ Geddes, Frantz & Wright 2014, pp. 157–158.
^ Lai & Slater 2006, p. 118.
^ Geddes, Frantz & Wright 2014, pp. 158–159.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Fisher 2022.
^ ^a ^b Geddes, Frantz & Wright 2014, p. 149.
^ ^a ^b Geddes, Frantz & Wright 2014, p. 153.
^ Rachman 2022a, p. 9.
^ ^a ^b Rachman 2022a, p. 8.
^ Rachman 2022a, pp. 10 & 13.
^ ^a ^b Rachman 2022a, p. 10.
^ Rachman 2022a, pp. 8 & 13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Triesman & Guriev 2023.
^ Rachman 2022a, pp. 12–13.
^ Walker 2018.
^ Rachman 2022a, pp. 21–23.
^ Rachman 2022a, pp. 26–28.
^ Foy 2017.
^ Hopkins 2023.
^ Rachman 2022a, p. 41.
^ Freeman 2023.
^ Rachman 2022b.

Bibliography

Books

Rachman, Gideon (19 April 2022). The Age of the Strongman: How the Cult of the Leader Threatens Democracy Around the World. New York City, United States: Other Press. ISBN 9781635422801. LCCN 2021052765. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

Journals

Geddes, Barbara; Frantz, Erica; Wright, Joseph G. (2014). "Military Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 17: 147–162. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418.
Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992". American Journal of Political Science. 50 (1). Midwest Political Science Association: 113–126. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x. JSTOR 3694260.

Web sources

Fisher, Max (7 January 2022). "Behind Kazakhstan Unrest, the "Strongman's Dilemma"". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Foy, Henry (21 February 2017). "Azerbaijan Strongman Ilham Aliyev Names Wife as Vice-President". Financial Times. Moscow, Russia. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Freeman, Will (16 February 2023). "Nayib Bukele's Growing List of Latin American Admirers". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
Hopkins, Valerie (25 June 2023). "One Big Winner of Kremlin-Wagner Clash? The Dictator Next Door". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Rachman, Gideon (19 December 2022). "The Year the Strongmen Stumbled". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Triesman, Daniel; Guriev, Sergei (27 April 2023). "On the Tactics of Modern Strongmen". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Walker, Tony (24 July 2018). "The Rise of Strongman Politics". La Trobe University. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

v t e Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government
Forms	Absolute monarchy Autocracy Tsarist Communist state Counterintelligence state Dictatorship Benevolent Constitutional Dictablanda Military Right-wing Dominant-party system Illiberal democracy Totalitarian Mafia state Managerial state Ochlocracy One-party state Oligarchy Police state Theocracy Islamic state Tyranny Majoritarian Soft
Ideologies	Authoritarian conservatism Authoritarian capitalism Authoritarian socialism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Maoism Caesaropapism Despotism Enlightened Soft Ecoauthoritarianism Fascism Eco Neo Imperialism Nazism Neo
See also	Democracy indices Inverted totalitarianism Left-wing authoritarianism Right-wing authoritarianism Social dominance orientation Statism Strongman

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