Strix (bird)

Strix owls Temporal range: Early Miocene to recent

Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Strigiformes
Family:	Strigidae
Genus:	Strix Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Strix stridula^[1] = Strix aluco Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Ptynx Blyth, 1840 Stryx Pallas, 1771 (unjustified emendation)

Strix is a genus of owls in the typical owl family (Strigidae), one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being the barn-owl (Tytonidae). Common names are earless owls or wood owls, though they are not the only owls without ear tufts, and "wood owl" is also used as a more generic name for forest-dwelling owls. Neotropical birds in the genus Ciccaba are sometimes included in Strix.

These are medium-sized to large, robustly built, powerful owls. They do not have ear tufts and most are highly nocturnal woodland birds. Most prey on small mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Most owls in the genus Strix can be distinguished from other genera of owls through their hooting vocalization and lack of visible ears.

The Latin genus name Strix referred to a mythical vampiric owl-monster believed to suck the blood of infants.^[2] Although the genus Strix was established for the earless owls by Linnaeus in 1758, many applied the term to other owls (namely the Tyto) until the late 19th century.^[3] This genus is closely related to the extinct Ornimegalonyx.

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Taxonomy

The genus Strix was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.^[4] The type species is the tawny owl.^[5] The genus name is a Latin word meaning "owl".^[6]

Species

The genus contains 22 species:^[7]

Spotted wood owl, S. seloputo
Mottled wood owl, S. ocellata
Brown wood owl, S. leptogrammica
Tawny owl, S. aluco
Maghreb owl, S. mauritanica
Himalayan owl, S. nivicolum
Desert owl, S. hadorami
Omani owl, S. butleri
Spotted owl, S. occidentalis
Barred owl, S. varia
Cinereous owl, S. sartorii
Fulvous owl, S. fulvescens
Rusty-barred owl, S. hylophila
Chaco owl, S. chacoensis
Rufous-legged owl, S. rufipes
Ural owl, S. uralensis
Great grey owl, S. nebulosa
African wood owl, S. woodfordii
Mottled owl, S. virgata
Black-and-white owl, S. nigrolineata
Black-banded owl, S. huhula
Rufous-banded owl, S. albitarsis

Fossil species

The genus Strix is well represented in the fossil record.^[3] Being a fairly generic type of strigid owl, they were probably the first truly modern Strigidae to evolve. However, whether several of the species usually placed in this genus indeed belong here is uncertain.

Generally accepted in Strix are:

S. dakota (Early Miocene of South Dakota, USA) – tentatively placed here
Strix sp. (Late Miocene of Nebraska, USA)
Strix sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewski, Poland) apparently similar to the great grey owl^[3]
Strix intermedia (Early - Middle Pleistocene of EC Europe) – may be paleosubspecies of S. aluco
Strix brea (Late Pleistocene of SW North America) Now placed in its own genus. (See below)
Strix sp. (Late Pleistocene of Ladds, USA)

"Strix" wintershofensis (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) and "Strix" edwardsi (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France), while being strigid owls, have not at present been reliably identified to genus; they might also belong into the European Ninox-like group.^{[citation needed]}

"Strix" ignota (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) is sometimes erroneously considered a nomen nudum, but this assumption is based on what appears to be a lapsus or misprint in a 1912 source.^[8] It may well belong into the present genus, but this requires confirmation.^[3]

"Strix" perpasta (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) does not appear to belong into this genus either.^[9] It is sometimes considered a junior synonym of a brown fish-owl paleosubspecies.^[3]

UMMP V31030, a coracoid from Late Pliocene Rexroad Formation deposits of Kansas (USA), cannot be conclusively assigned to either the present genus or Bubo.^[10]

Extinct forms formerly in Strix:

"Strix" antiqua – now in Prosybris
"Strix" brea - now Oraristrix brea
"Strix" brevis – now in Intutula
"Strix" collongensis – now in Alasio
"Strix" melitensis and "Strix" sanctialbani – now in Tyto
"Strix" murivora – male of the Rodrigues scops owl
"Strix" newtoni and "Strix" sauzieri – male and female of the Mauritius scops owl

References

^ "Strigidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. Ninox Press, Prague. p.217
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 92.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 156.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Owls". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
^ Paris (1912: p.287) referred to Milne-Edwards (1869–1871: p.499) as the taxonomic authority, but the cited page only describes this owl but does not assign a specific name. However, the name Strix ignota is given on p.580 of Milne-Edwards's work referring unequivocally to the fossils described on page 499.
^ Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section IX.C. Strigiformes. In: Farner, D. S.; King, J. R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 129–132. Academic Press, New York. p.131
^ Feduccia, J. Alan; Ford, Norman L. (1970). "Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas" (PDF). The Auk. 87 (4): 795–797. doi:10.2307/4083714. JSTOR 4083714.

incertae sedis	†Ypresiglaux
†Heterostrigidae	Heterostrix
†Ogygoptyngidae	Ogygoptynx
†Palaeoglaucidae	Palaeoglaux
†Protostrigidae	"Aurorornis" Eostrix Minerva Oligostrix Primoptynx?
†Sophiornitidae	Berruornis? Enskenia Palaeobyas? Palaeotyto? Sophiornis
Strigidae	Aegolius †Alasio Asio †Asphaltoglaux Athene Bubo Glaucidium †Grallistrix Gymnasio Gymnoglaux †Intulula Jubula Ketupa Lophostrix Margarobyas Megascops Micrathene †Mioglaux †Miosurnia Ninox †Oraristrix †Ornimegalonyx Otus Pseudoscops Psiloscops Ptilopsis Pulsatrix Scotopelia Strix Surnia Taenioptynx Uroglaux Xenoglaux †Yarquen
Tytonidae	†Miotyto †Necrobyas †Nocturnavis Phodilus †Prosybris †Selenornis Tyto