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State Protection Group

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

State Protection Group
Active19 June 1991 – present
CountryAustralia
AgencyNew South Wales Police Force
RoleLaw enforcement
Counter Terrorism
Part ofCounter Terrorism & Special Tactics Command
HeadquartersSydney
MottoStamus Una
We Stand As One
AbbreviationSPG
Commanders
Current
commander		Detective Superintendent Paul Pisanos
Notable
commanders		Norman Hazzard APM
Notables
Significant operation(s)

The State Protection Group (SPG) is part of the Counter Terrorism & Special Tactics Command of the New South Wales Police Force and was established in 1991 to deal with extraordinary policing responses.[2] The SPG directly supports police in high-risk incidents such as sieges with specialised tactical, negotiation, intelligence and command-support services. The unit also provides rescue and bomb disposal support, canine policing, and armoury services.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Acetals as protecting groups and thioacetals | Organic chemistry | Khan Academy
  • SPG | India's Secret Service
  • Organic Chemistry 51C. Lecture 04. Reactions and Protecting Groups.
  • Protection of alcohols | Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulfides | Organic chemistry | Khan Academy
  • Organic Chemistry 51C. Lecture 18. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins.

Transcription

Voiceover: We've already seen how to form acetals. If we start with an aldehyde or a ketone, and we add an excess of alcohol in an acidic environment we can form our acetal. We talked about ways to increase the formation of your acetal by removing, in this case, water from your reaction to drive the equilibrium to the right. But let's say you increase the concentration of water, so let's say you increase the concentration of this. You would push the equilibrium to the left, and you would hydrolyze your acetal and convert it back into your original aldehyde or ketone and your alcohol. So this can actually be a useful reaction if you want to use an acetal as a protecting group. And so let's look at an example of hydrolyzing an acetal. So, if we have this acetal over here on the left, which is the same one that we made in the previous video, let's see how to analyze the products that we would make by hydrolizing it. So we add HCl as our acid catalyst, and we add an excess of water. And so we're going to get back our original aldehyde and alcohol here. So let's analyze the structure of this. So this carbon right here is the important one so let me go ahead and change color here. So this carbon right here in magenta, if we go back up to here that's this carbon we're talking about here. And so we know that we have a carbon attached to that so that would be this R group right here. And then we also have a hydrogen coming off of that carbon, so that would be this hydrogen right here. And so immediately we can work backwards and see we have an R group we have a hydrogen, we're dealing with an aldehyde right here. Specifically a two-carbon aldehyde, right? So there's two carbons on this, so acetaldehyde is one of our products. So let's go ahead and draw acetaldehyde here, a two-carbon aldehyde. And then our other product, we know is going to be an alcohol. So if we analyze the structure of our acetal, we should be able to figure out what kind of alcohol it is. So if we look at that, that's like this portion right here, which we know came from our alcohol. So all we have to do is add on a hydrogen and then we have the structure of our alcohol product here. So it would be a four-carbon alcohol, so one, two, three, and four, and the exact same thing down here. So our other product would be butanol. And we have two equivalents of it. So that'd be one, two, three, four carbons. So, by looking at our acetal and thinking about hydrolyzing it and thinking about where those portions came from, we can easily come up with the products of this hydrolysis of this acetal. So let's see how we could use this reaction in, if we were trying to synthesize this molecule over here on the right. And so, if we're trying to synthesize this molecule from this molecule, first you might be able to think you could figure it out by looking at the functional groups. Alright, so we have a ketone over here on the left and we want a ketone over here for our product. We also have a carboxylic acid over here to the left, and then we have an alcohol over here on the right. So, if you're thinking about how to complete this kind of transformation, you might think to reduce the carboxylic acid to form your alcohol. And so, you could do that with something like lithium aluminum hydride. So you might think, and you could just add some lithium aluminum hydride here, in the first step. And the second step, add a source of protons to protonate your alkoxide anion to form your alcohol as your product. The only problem with trying to do this in one step is lithium aluminum hydride is also going to reduce your ketone here, to form a secondary alcohol. And so, this will not work. The first thing you have to do is protect the ketone, and then you can use your lithium aluminum hydride. So, we're going to use, we're going to protect our ketone using an acetal, of course. And we're going to react it with ethylene glycol. So if we react our starting compound here with ethylene glycol, and we use an acid catalyst, we're going to form an acetal. Alright, so the ethylene glycol is going to react with the ketone portion of the molecule to form an acetal, specifically a cyclic acetal. Alright, so over here on the left we still have our carboxylic acid. And over here on the right, now we're going to have an oxygen bonded to this carbon, another oxygen bonded to this carbon, and they are, of course, connected. And so, that's our cyclic acetal, which came from this oxygen, this carbon, this carbon, and this oxygen. Right, so that's this oxygen, this carbon, this carbon, and this oxygen. So acetals are stable in basic conditions. And so, now we can add our lithium aluminum hydride, so we add our lithium aluminum hydride here in the first step. And that is going to reduce our carboxylic acid. And so in the second step we can add a source of protons, and we can add some excess water. And so we can protonate the alkoxide anions to form our alcohol product. And also we can add an excess of water in an acidic environment it's going to hydrolize our acetal. So we're also going to hydrolize our cyclic acetal here, and get back our original ketone. And so we've now been able to make our desired product. And so that's one way to use an acetal as a protecting group. Alright, let's look at another type of reaction here. So this one's formation of a thioacetal. So this is completely analogous to the formation of an acetal. So you start off with an aldehyde or a ketone. And this time, instead of using an alcohol you're going to use a thiol, so instead of having an oxygen here, you have a sulfur. So you need acidic conditions, and you can even use something like boron trifluoride here, which can function as a Lewis acid catalyst for this reaction. And you form a thioacetal as your product. So once again you have your R double prime group coming from your thiol, and then you have a sulfur here instead of an oxygen. And then you have two of these to form your thioacetal. And so, one reason you might want to form a thioacetal instead of an acetal, is thioacetals have an additional reaction that they undergo, and we can use it in this transformation. So let's say our goal was to go from the product on the left to the product on the right. And so you can see that we have reduced our ketone here to form this cyclohexene portion. So reducing your ketone. So the first thing we could do, to do this transformation, is to form a thioacetal. So it's going to be, again, analogous to the formation of an acetal. This time we're going to use, instead of a diol, we're going to use something with two SH groups instead here, so a dithiol here. So we can use an acidic environment here. And we're going to form a cyclic thioacetal. So very similar to what we did before. The ring is here, the carboxylic acid is going to be untouched. And instead of an oxygen directly bonded to our ring, we're going to have a sulfur. And the same thing on this side, a sulfur. And then our two carbons. So once again, let's follow those atoms here. So, a sulfur, two carbons, two carbons, and a sulfur. So here's your sulfur, two carbons, two carbons and then another sulfur, so a cyclic thioacetal And then there's actually a reaction for converting this compound into our target compound. And this involves a special kind of nickel, so if we use Raney nickel here. It's a special kind of finely divided nickel that has already adsorbed some hydrogens. And what it's going to do is add some hydrogens to this carbon right here. So we're going to add two hydrogens to this carbon. And you can see that we have reduced the thioacetal and we have formed our desired product. So this is another way to reduce a ketone here, to this alkane portion of the molecule. And so there are other ways to do it, and this just gives you another tool that you can use for synthesis problems.

History

Established in June 1991, the State Protection Group replaced four former specialist units; the Special Weapons and Operations Section (SWOS), the Witness Security Unit, regional Tactical Response Groups and the Police Rescue Squad.[3] Later other sections were added to the command including the Police Armoury, Negotiation Section, Bomb Disposal and Dog Unit. In recent years the Witness Security Unit was moved from the State Protection Group to the Anti Terrorism & Security Group.[4]

Roles

  • Resolving siege and hostage situations, as well as armed offender situations;
  • Providing a negotiation service in high risk and critical situations;
  • Undertaking searches of premises in high risk situations;
  • The arrest of armed and dangerous offenders;
  • Escorting and securing dangerous prisoners in high risk situations;
  • Providing support services for major operations;
  • Rescue and bomb disposal operations;
  • Counter-terrorism and hijacking operations;
  • The escort and security of VIPs, internationally protected persons, Heads of State; and
  • Providing specialist engineering services and supply of ammunition and firearms for the NSW Police Force through the Armoury.

Mission

"To provide extraordinary services to operational police in rescue, bomb disposal, high risk resolution, negotiation, specialised dog unit and Armoury services."[5]

Organisation

The SPG currently consists of the following sections:

  • Tactical Operations Unit (TOU)
  • Tactical Operations Regional Support (TORS)
  • Negotiation Unit
  • Intelligence Unit
  • Police Rescue and Bomb Disposal Unit
  • Dog Unit

Tactical Operations Unit (TOU)

Tactical Operations Unit Dodge Ram "Emergency Response Vehicle" (ERV).

Since 1978, the Australian Government's National Counter-Terrorism Plan has required each state police force to maintain a specialist counter-terrorist and hostage-rescue unit (Police Tactical Group or SWAT)[6] The unit that now fulfills that role is the Tactical Operations Unit. The Unit has undergone a number of changes over the years.

Since 1945 the New South Wales Police Force has maintained a team of tactical police available for specialist operations with the creation of the 'Riot Squad' which consisted of a number detectives from '21 Division' to counter the number of armed hold ups that occurred after World War II.[7] Over the following years it became known as the 'Emergency Squad'[8][9] In 1977 the squad had its name changed to the 'Special Weapons and Operations Section' (SWOS) with its size and role expanding, including a full-time complement of 27[10] officers and 400 part-time officers across the State.[8] After 1979, SWOS was briefly known as the NSW Police Assault Group.

In 1980 the Tactical Response Group (TRG) was created, becoming operational in May 1982. The units were divided into groups of 25 officers across the four metropolitan regions with a primary role of responding to riots, demonstrations, disasters, saturation patrols and to support SWOS at barricaded hostage and siege situations.[11] TRG officers were mainly drawn from the ranks of general duties police whereas SWOS were drawn from Detectives sections and branches.

In June 1991 both units were rationalised and dissolved with the creation of the Tactical Operations Unit. The Unit's aim is the resolution of high-risk incidents by containment and negotiation. Minimal or judicious use of force is to be applied only as a last resort and based on full and careful assessment. Unlike the former SWOS and TRG, the TOU is a completely full-time assignment with a strength of 75 operators and is not responsible for riot control or crowd control situations, which are handled by the Public Order and Riot Squad (PORS). The TOU is available to provide extraordinary assistance to operational police in high-risk incidents such as resolving siege and hostage situations, as well as armed offender situations across the State on a 24-hour basis. The TOU conducts 'high risk' arrest operations of armed and dangerous offenders such as Ivan Milat,[12] Malcolm Naden,[13] or those involved in firearm incidents such as bikie related shootings.[14] The TOU deals with at least 200 "high-risk" situations, including siege and hostage scenarios, each year across NSW.

Tactical Operations Unit Lenco BearCat "Armoured Rescue Vehicle" (ARV).

The TOU is equipped with 'less-lethal' devices as well as specialist firearms and equipment for 'domestic' and counter-terrorist operations. Members of the TOU are equipped with a wide range of specialist firearms including tactical shotguns for less lethal options and breaching.[15] TOU respond in unmarked units including four wheel drives, BMW X5,motorcycles and a Chrysler pursuit. The TOU is equipped with a wide range of specialist vehicles including mobile command and support vehicles,[16] armoured Chevrolet vans[17] and three Lenco BearCat armoured Ford F550s.[18][19][20]

As stated earlier the Tactical Operations Unit does have a wider range of firearms and tactical equipment to choose from. The standard sidearm is the Glock Model 22 (Glock 22) .40 S&W pistol usually carried in a Safariland 6280 Holster that can accept the Glock with a tactical light attached. The assault rifle used is the SIG MCX chambered in .300 AAC Blackout[21][22] replacing the previously issued Colt M4 Carbine chambered in 5.56×45mm. Rifles are fitted with optical sights, fore-grip, flashlights, laser sights and an adjustable stock.[23] Heckler & Koch UMP submachine guns[24] are utilized by assaulters. Snipers use a variety of rifles and have been seen using the Accuracy International Arctic Warfare as the sniper rifle of choice[25][26] along with the LaRue Tactical OBR 7.62 marksman rifle.[27]

The TOU feature in an in-depth article of 'On Duty' magazine detailing selection criteria and fitness requirements amongst other operational facets.[28][29] In 2020 TOU featured in volume 12 of international tactical photography magazine "FLASHBANG Magazine".[30]

Tactical Operations Regional Support (TORS)

New South Wales has maintained a part-time tactical capability across the State under various names over the years. Through the 1960s and 1970s the units were known as Emergency Squads becoming known as Country/Regional SWOS in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[31][10] With the creation of the Tactical Operations Unit in 1991 and dropping of the name SWOS the units became known as State Protection Support Unit (SPSU).

In 2018, the SPSU was renamed to Tactical Operations Regional Support (TORS).[32]

TORS provides specialist support to the Tactical Operations Unit in resolving high-risk incidents in regional New South Wales.[33] TORS Units across the State are involved in approximately 60 'high risk' operations per year.[34]

Comprising part-time tactical operatives from non-metropolitan areas, TORS consists of police whose primary duties cover a wide range of activities including general duties, highway patrol, detectives and weapons training.

The types of operations that they can be called upon to undertake include containing siege and armed offender situations; resolving siege and hostage situations; arresting armed and dangerous offenders, often in high-risk situations; conducting high-risk searches of premises; escorting and providing security for internationally protected persons, heads of State and holders of high office who are assessed and determined to be at risk. The unit also provides support for high-risk major operations.[34]

Each year TORS is involved in approximately 60 operations across the State which includes pre-planned operations and the execution of high-risk search warrants.[34] While primarily a regional resource, TORS can be deployed throughout the State to assist the Tactical Operations Unit.

Approximately 170 TORS officers are on call across the state under regional command.[35] BearCat Armoured Rescue Vehicles replaced by TOU are stationed at regional police stations for TORS use.[36]

The TOU is responsible for the initial selection and training of TORS applicants, followed up by monthly local training and an annual TOU re-certification camp. TORS officers also attend different training camps organised by Tactical Operations Unit to maintain their training levels.

TORS teams are equipped with a range of specialist tactical gear including less than lethal munitions such as Tasers, beanbags as well as various shotguns and M4/M16 Assault rifles.

The range of skills TORS operators possess include bushcraft and navigation, close quarter tactics, entry methods, ballistic shield operations, cordon and perimeter operations, advanced weapons training, and less than lethal tactics.[34]

Negotiation Unit

In 1979 the NSW Police ran their first Hostage Negotiator Unit course forming a part-time on call unit. In 1991 with the creation of the SPG the term hostage was dropped due to the variety of call-outs the unit was used for and a small full-time cadre established.[37]

At present under the supervision of a small full-time cadre, highly trained negotiators are on call across the state on a part-time, as-needed basis.[38] Negotiators work hand in hand with other units of the State Protection Group in order to resolve incidents peacefully.[6]

Roles and tasks

  • Suicide intervention
  • Persons with mental health issues
  • Kidnapping/extortion
  • Sieges/hostage situations
  • Barricaded offender situations
  • Escapees
  • Warrants – search, high-risk warrant execution
  • Family law matters
  • Public order management
  • National counter-terrorism incidents

Intelligence Unit

This unit provides intelligence information to negotiators and other TOU officers involved in high-risk incidents. Such intelligence may include information on people involved (offenders, hostages or suspects), or the provision of plans and photographs of premises.[5][3]

Police Rescue and Bomb Disposal Unit

Police Rescue and Bomb Disposal Unit Mercedes Benz Sprinter

Originally created in 1942 as the Police Cliff Rescue Squad for the express purpose of recovering the bodies of suicide victims, or rescuing persons trapped on cliffs. The Police Rescue and Bomb Disposal Unit has undergone numerous changes and expansions over the years.[39] Apart from responding to 000 emergency calls, the Police Rescue Unit provides specialist search and rescue support of operational police in situations of any risk category. This support extends from searches for evidence, to working with negotiators at extreme heights.[39]

Police Rescue operators are trained to use equipment such as Jaws of Life, metal detectors, trapped person locaters, sophisticated communication equipment and cutting tools etc. These officers are experts in abseiling, climbing, single rope techniques and stretcher escorts with cliff machines.

The Units core responsibilities include:[40]

  • General Rescue,
  • Specialist Support,
  • Land Search and Rescue
  • Bomb Response and Disposal.[41]

Some of the Rescue Unit's responsibilities and challenges include:[42]

  • Rescuing people trapped in difficult high or deep places such as mines, storm-water drains, cliffs, scaffolding and remote places.
  • Rescuing people involved in industrial, traffic, railway and aircraft accidents or who may have become trapped in household equipment, machinery or playground equipment.
  • Providing power or lighting in emergencies or for police operations
  • Rescuing livestock and animals in accidents
  • Working in toxic or hazardous environments
One of several Police Rescue Heavy Rescue units

In 1993 the Department of Defence handed over bomb disposal responsibilities to the NSW Police Force. The Bomb Disposal section was established within Forensic Services and then in 1997, the section was relocated to the SPG.[43] Prior to the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, the Bomb Disposal section was amalgamated with the Rescue Unit.

The Police Rescue and Bomb Disposal Unit is based in Alexandria (Sydney). Decentralized units are based in the Blue Mountains,[44] Newcastle, Goulburn, Bathurst, Lismore and Oak Flats[45] (formerly Wollongong). The mostly part-time decentralized units are responsible for rescue and bomb appraisal operations within their local area and provide specialist support tasks for operational policing that cannot be provided by other units or sections.[46] Established in 2015, the newly formed Western Region Police Rescue Squad comprising general duty officers from Moree, Narrabri, Tamworth, Quirindi, Werris Creek, Armidale and Bourke provides specialist operational support to various police units across the Western Region.[47]

The unit was the subject of an Australian ABC television series (1991–1996) and a 1994 feature film, Police Rescue.

The Police Rescue and Bomb Disposal Unit celebrated its 75-year anniversary in 2017[48] with the Blue Mountains Police Rescue Squad its 50th anniversary in 2018.[49]

Rescue Squad Major Involvements

It is estimated that the unit has attended over 300,000 jobs in the past 60 years.[50] The Unit has been involved in some of the States, and Australias, largest incidents including the following:

Dog Unit

More commonly referred to as the 'Dog Squad', the Police Dog Unit was initially created in NSW between 1932 and 1953 and was reintroduced in 1979.[55][56]

The unit was established to support police in locating offenders and missing persons, detecting and detaining fleeing criminals and detecting drugs, firearms and explosives Dogs used for patrol duties are German Shepherds or Rottweilers. The Labrador Retriever is the breed of choice for specialist detection for narcotics and explosives, etc.[57]

The Unit employs both male and female handlers, most of whom work two dogs. After training, all police dog teams are able to track and find wanted offenders or missing persons, search all types of buildings, detect illicit drugs, and support foot-patrolling of public places to deter crime and make these places safer for the community. The Dog Unit is the largest Dog Unit of any Police Force in Australia and provides specialist dogs for operations 24 hours a day, seven days a week across the State. The Dog Unit has teams based around the State. The main base is located at Menai with sections at Tweed Heads, Wagga Wagga and Dubbo.[58]

As of July 2020 the NSWPF Dog Unit is the largest police dog unit in Australia with more than 100 police officers, eight civilian staff and more than 100 police dogs.[59]

Dog Squad officers may be called upon to chase and apprehend offenders who may be escaping arrest and may be armed and dangerous or act as a deterrent and back up in dangerous situations such as brawls, sieges, riots and domestics. They are also used to provide high-profile foot patrols in places such as schools, industrial areas, shopping complexes and during large public events such as New Year's Eve or sporting events, etc.

The Dog Unit currently has the following capabilities/specialist dogs:[38]

A Dog Squad Falcon R6
  • general purpose and
  • tactical dogs (who work closely with the TOU)
  • public order
  • drug detection
  • firearms, explosives detection
  • cadaver detection
  • currency detection[60]
  • Urban search and rescue (USAR)

NSW Police Force general purpose and tactical dogs are also issued their own sets of canine body armour/ballistic vests.[61]

The Dog Squad has been involved in numerous high-profile arrests since its creation including the arrest of Australias "most wanted man", Malcolm Naden as part of "Strike Force Durkin".[62]

See also

NSW Police Force units

Australian tactical units

International tactical units

Related articles

References

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  3. ^ a b "State Protection Group". 'Thin Blue Line' unofficial police site. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Counter Terrorism & Special Tactics". NSW Police Force. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017.
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External links

Media related to State Protection Group at Wikimedia Commons

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