To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Musical staff
A typical five-line staff

In Western musical notation, the staff[1][2] (UK also stave;[3] plural: staffs or staves),[1] also occasionally referred to as a pentagram,[4][5][6] is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch or in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments. Appropriate music symbols, depending on the intended effect, are placed on the staff according to their corresponding pitch or function. Musical notes are placed by pitch, percussion notes are placed by instrument, and rests and other symbols are placed by convention.

The absolute pitch of each line of a non-percussive staff is indicated by the placement of a clef symbol at the appropriate vertical position on the left-hand side of the staff (possibly modified by conventions for specific instruments). For example, the treble clef, also known as the G clef, is placed on the second line (counting upward), fixing that line as the pitch first G above "middle C".

The lines and spaces are numbered from bottom to top; the bottom line is the first line and the top line is the fifth line.

The musical staff is analogous to a mathematical graph of pitch with respect to time. Pitches of notes are given by their vertical position on the staff and notes are played from left to right. Unlike a graph, however, the number of semitones represented by a vertical step from a line to an adjacent space depends on the key, and the exact timing of the beginning of each note is not directly proportional to its horizontal position; rather, exact timing is encoded by the musical symbol chosen for each note in addition to the tempo.

A time signature to the right of the clef indicates the relationship between timing counts and note symbols, while bar lines group notes on the staff into measures.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    926
    1 393
    37 840
    311
    27 708
  • The Musical Staff — Music Theory Crash Course
  • Choir Staff Musical 2017
  • How to read music: Musical symbols (Staff, Bar lines, Notes, Clefs, Time Signature)
  • Monday Musical Minutes, Ep. 2: Staff Lines
  • Improve Your Musical Handwriting

Transcription

Usage and etymology

Staff is more common than stave in both American English and British English,[7] with the latter being, in fact, a back-formation from the plural staves.[8] The plural staffs also exists for staff in both American and British English, alongside the traditional plural staves.[1] In addition to the pronunciations expected from the spellings, both plural forms are also pronounced /stævz/ in American English.[2]

Staff positions

Staff, with staff positions indicated

The vertical position of the notehead on the staff indicates which note to play: higher-pitched notes are marked higher on the staff. The notehead can be placed with its center intersecting a line (on a line) or in between the lines touching the lines above and below (in a space). Notes outside the range of the staff are placed on or between ledger lines—lines the width of the note they need to hold—added above or below the staff.

Which staff positions represent which notes is determined by a clef placed at the beginning of the staff. The clef identifies a particular line as a specific note, and all other notes are determined relative to that line. For example, the treble clef puts the G above middle C on the second line. The interval between adjacent staff positions is one step in the diatonic scale. Once fixed by a clef, the notes represented by the positions on the staff can be modified by the key signature or accidentals on individual notes. A clefless staff may be used to represent a set of percussion sounds; each line typically represents a different instrument.

Ensemble staves

Musical brace.
Musical brace.
Musical bracket.
Musical bracket.

A vertical line drawn to the left of multiple staves creates a system, indicating that the music on all the staves is to be played simultaneously. A brace (curly bracket) is used to join multiple staves that represent an instrument, such as a piano, organ, harp, or marimba.[9] A bracket is an additional vertical line joining staves to show groupings of instruments that function as a unit, such as the string section of an orchestra. Sometimes a second bracket is used to show instruments grouped in pairs, such as the first and second oboes or first and second violins in an orchestra.[10] In some cases, a brace is used for this purpose.[9][11]

When more than one system appears on a page, often two parallel diagonal strokes are placed on the left side of the score to separate them.[12]

Four-part SATB vocal settings, especially in hymnals, use a divisi notation on a two-staff system with soprano and alto voices sharing the upper staff and tenor and bass voices on the lower staff.

Confusingly, the German System (often in the combined forms Liniensystem or Notensystem) may refer to a single staff as well as to the Akkolade (from the French) or system in the English sense; the Italian term is accollatura.[12][13]

Grand staff

The grand staff

When music on two staves is joined by a brace, or is intended to be played at once by a single performer (usually a keyboard instrument or harp), a grand staff (American English) or great stave (British English) is created.[dubiousdiscuss] Typically, the upper staff uses a treble clef and the lower staff has a bass clef. In this instance, middle C is centered between the two staffs, and it can be written on the first ledger line below the upper staff or the first ledger line above the lower staff. Very rarely, a centered line with a small C clef is written, and usually used to indicate that B, C, or D on the line can be played with either hand (ledger lines are not used from a center alto as this creates confusion). When playing the piano or harp, the upper staff is normally played with the right hand and the lower staff with the left hand. In music intended for organ with pedalboard, a grand staff normally comprises three staves, one for each hand on the manuals and one for the feet on the pedalboard.

A simple grand staff. Each of the staves shown above has seven notes and one rest.

History

12th-century Beneventan manuscript showing diastematic neumes and a single-line staff
Excerpt from a keyboard work by William Byrd written on a six-line staff, 1591

Early Western medieval notation was written with neumes, which did not specify exact pitches but only the shape of the melodies, i.e. indicating when the musical line went up or down; presumably these were intended as mnemonics for melodies which had been taught by rote.

During the 9th through 11th centuries a number of systems were developed to specify pitch more precisely, including diastematic neumes whose height on the page corresponded with their absolute pitch level (Longobardian and Beneventan manuscripts from Italy show this technique around the year 1000). Digraphic notation, using letter names similar to modern note names in conjunction with the neumes, made a brief appearance in a few manuscripts, but a number of manuscripts used one or more horizontal lines to indicate particular pitches.

The treatise Musica enchiriadis (c. 900) uses Daseian notation for indicating specific pitches, but the modern use of staff lines is attributed to Guido d'Arezzo (990–1050), whose four-line staff is still used (though without the red and yellow coloring he recommended) in Gregorian chant publications today. Five-line staves appeared in Italy in the 13th century and it was promoted by Ugolino da Forlì; staves with four, five, and six lines were used as late as 1600.[14]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "staff" in the Collins English Dictionary: "in British English: also called: stave; plural: staffs or staves"
  2. ^ a b "staff" in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary
  3. ^ "stave Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  4. ^ Antunes, Ines P.; Rosa, Carlos; Almeida, Flávio (2024). "Information Design and Semiology: A Visual Study on Deconstructing Musical Notation for Improving First-Grade Children's Learning". In Martins, Nuno; Brandão, Daniel (eds.). Advances in Design and Digital Communication IV. Springer Series in Design and Innovation. Vol. 35. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 639–650. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47281-7_53. ISBN 978-3-031-47281-7.
  5. ^ "Dolmetsch Online - Chart of Musical Symbols". www.dolmetsch.com. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  6. ^ "How To Read The Notes On The Pentagram » The Art Of Playing". 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  7. ^ Ngram Viewer
  8. ^ Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, p. 514.
  9. ^ a b Irvine, Demar; Pauly, Reinhard G.; Radice, Mark A. (1999). Irvine's writing about music. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-57467-049-3. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  10. ^ Rachmaninoff, Sergei (1965). Piano concertos nos. 1, 2, and 3. Courier Dover Publications. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-486-26350-2. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  11. ^ Strauss, Richard (1904). Eine Alpensinfonie; and, Symphonia domestica. Courier Dover Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-486-27725-7. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  12. ^ a b Rastall, Richard (2001). "System". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.
  13. ^ description in the German language Wikipedia
  14. ^ Harvard Dictionary of Music (2nd edition, 1972): Neume, Staff

Further reading

This page was last edited on 17 October 2024, at 15:14
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.