To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Southern torrent salamander

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Southern torrent salamander
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Rhyacotritonidae
Genus: Rhyacotriton
Species:
R. variegatus
Binomial name
Rhyacotriton variegatus
Stebbins & Lowe, 1951

The southern torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton variegatus) is a member of the salamander family Rhyacotritonidae. This species of torrent salamander is found the farthest south in the Pacific Northwest region. It is a small salamander endemic to the region from Northern California to Northern Oregon. It is one of four species of Rhyacotriton, along with R. cascadae, R. kezeri and R. olympicus. All species of Rhyacotriton are small, with their body lengths being less than 5 inches. The species reproduces annually, with an extended courtship and egg-laying period.[2] The time it takes from oviposition to reach sexual maturity ranges from five to eight years, making the generation interval rather long.[2] The larval stage, from hatching to metamorphosis, lasts 2.0-2.5 yr, with females requiring another 1.5–2.0 yr until they can first breed.[2] They reach sexual maturity 1.0-1.5 yr after metamorphosis which occurs between 4.5 and 5.0 yr. This species feeds on small insects and spiders. Although it is found over a large area, it is not a migratory creature. It is preyed on by Pacific giant salamanders and garter snakes.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/1
    Views:
    47 227
  • Races and Cultures in the Deep South of the United States: Educational Film

Transcription

from minnesota headwaters to the gulf of mexico the ground runs with water the lawn britt winters broken window or are not the fear of colours floor spring comes to the northern wilderness resource of the river late yesterday randhir within minutes of a swing the story begins places than my norms of the business of the itself but it begins here where the river begins with a mailbox on the lonely norman imperial aren't going to win bathed in wins and return currently and something more the in people along the mississippi it we wanted to go down the big river himself but instead all through the long winter evening zyuganov the small boat larry and he didn't get a minute correctly there's a big deal we went to spread into the bold and within his big wintergreen do you think it will make it yes his brother will people be too busy to bother with it few people will see that dear or be remain noted ireland passage through there paul or perhaps a turtle dance troupe destined to come over to berlin and then miles down the river through red lights long way to go them flowing south of down the great river valley the american parklane thousand four hundred wandering miles to go before it reaches the rivers and and waiting hands at the gulf of mexico well it not i could how many years if you're out what the in it awfully it to the top but no christian in minnesota pic who who who might help is on its way exactly obviously rallied that'd be great i would him across the chalice batman but when unhappy there was a mason city even mountain daylight time we were playing cowboys and indians none of us to be a probably around here over your honest-to-goodness indians chip away like my grandmother now she speaks only to flee he she wishes i spoken toward mid-june chipas mean a quiet day which means he walks newt badminton asking him to do just like other kids i_d_ playing baseball right now except that take my father's once to him lottery gap driving factor in the timber can you do not need to go down came with u rapid anyway outside one of the stores on main street indiana weighing on the lovely uh... leaving new to you what our out of he entered the new year bola ample guided safely on his way and hold on the extent of on every way the mississippi leaves its chip away friends and that turkeys or weeks believes the north country wilderness no strange new sites corporation spending the river industries toning down upon our time you cried please cities crow wing defaults merced river china minneapolis dear robert de niro therefore you're different voted him out feeling in the river that's busy with old balkan partisan great majors stepping away each year after year keeping the channel offered for navigation this is the river ira for automotive repair and here's how i first saw your guitar board seventy six they found a property just about the crime michael foale frustrating show off down the river my daughter tina and her friend billy had come down to see me off all cathy i said goodbye to them but although i didn't know if it heidi deefaye goodbye to your fault fourteen and feel had a plan all right how does it all well robert best all your vessel got tied on mine anyway you're welcome to tag along with asked all of the saint louis down one of the richest river valleys in the world you are going down with a freight train of the river besides you or did you vote navigating a string of oil barges wider and longer than the queen mary our first off by the way will be live crosse wisconsin one of our crew members peach on it getting any better peak claims he's not nervous but i've got no idea he's doing a pretty good job of covering up just a lot with peter falk p council arkansas he's done long wait told me about that out everything you care and pointed out to him considering the rolling countryside in the way they acquire and that means that the people would want to leave plants and birds karen everyday but despite the wisconsin dairy barn meet pete long to see cochran rolling in art don't like this costumes for him that hadn't been many people at the wedding tools kesi figured people just want very friendly and that part of the country what they mean all of a sudden wrong are you feed pond the people who have a mister french so much pompous consent alternate somebody else around hit the lottery old-fashioned weapons the colin powell did people in wisconsin far too much different from phil simms arkansas but later that night somewhere down the river from the cross that what self-promoting uprooted tree underlined your boat mapped bogdan another global bombing of the dog and that property see-saw of your digital default cannot repeat that from mississippi in nineteen seventy lakh it was pretty big black hole i didn't have a big economic james french rather commands jeremy hence krueger amount of time you've gotten burned iowa most of the people in this part of the country came from germany a long time ago humans donations built his first we go to it's about a hundred years old and you are indeed a river front street and gotten back country canada says it looks just like a little germantown but you can't prove it by me because he knew the rivers one year after another but it's kind of defining land in iowa packed up and i do know about i'd just come home in time gettin funding quote hitler's dedicate and just about every getting our family got a deal mother was going to happen but i get mad we're going to tel three ten and heading out of the other hand handicapped yet anyway really found a way to the debut punching bag will have to get it out ethnic etc expedite had fighting any k petrified by s but health are advising against all the in order went down about what's going on that i have read carefully can't wait alcoholic not much of a bold at work trying to strengthen sa juneau team on the way down from the beginning of the news if you've ever almost a thousand miles let me i see it well i look at that taking thank you outside of my pocket by for eco koppel okay outgoing that acne conference aapan why not put it on the pulse emaina what might drop us on your balked terrebonne these companies does not detail if you put it on adults are to be here both clover panel help is going alright erection action about that at act alright what are the expect dot twelve headlight out there you know went over to distribute to p actually built he'd never heard and why you can't take your time for a week told him about it okay fellows go ahead i wonder where you're going home that has come from the minnesota headwaters disdain from saint paul to across wisconsin river city run across to debut on iowa shores largest river city of them all nerve center of the modern-day city of santa creole levees here the mississippi poses you know a little girl whose great-grandparents journeyed over land in the covered wagon thais are towards decadent old a dime store reminder of the river tom sawyer mu no from saint louis going down deliveries river of a small southern towns bob carden scorching summer sun of eureka hate sat down there the robert iga that was the first time my friend pat soluble we try to get it but the levee got off to be because i was taken away it was pretty had for that time of year your flood warnings out crespo street italics day we want to go disappeared they say goodbye to each other highland always been good friends ever since we will ya but lately we hadn't been seeing too much of each other can happen in the levee that day they deflected your vote away hierarchy and what happened comes out of the statistics but this year sacred and i live cataclysm we had a little bit slimy slightly all right garlic look at me like no he weighed believe in that there was your boat again robert ourselves a primary holocaust adware our lives paintball deal car what top my gag what is it can you plans how did you get the balked so i watched it about five points dole actually all well i'm sarah rapid but i'm planning came right now some other time the worst part coming out yeah dole out of the exact words when paul and i wrangling you see rabbit we thought you might here won't start arriving together again but there will be engaged when the blast more river will seem without bail vicksburg and at last with luck new orleans bleak trading in manufacturing center river board brent ward of the world frazier's loading for brazil the indians and it will be here regard tiny craft will need all the bill and it's a lot will hold rolling up one of the reunion carried down river where three once more huge drifts off course due to abuse to displaying resourceful solutions which hold cajun boys prescription use like the species movie silently through louisiana by users here you are both will need looks excellent paul ka i wonder how much failures bring tended to look will continue in a lonely title date but it was just be a up first of all because we cut but but but the well either way at all costs will see that he gets back but on its way to the south pass the channel to the cd it passes adult replete running the poorest all morning tropical robert and now it lives landmark at him and saying lost in the morning oedema for weeks one months ago but didn't lab inka dinka alcohol willing wall but that is not a lot uh... mobilize won't mean a lot for one moment barnwell go well prominent warning in minnesota two people along the mississippi friendlier where the rivers and through the peoples of the world nowhere is it though and who will bring additional

Identification

The species in the genus Rhyacotriton are all similar in morphology, but have high genetic diversity. R. variegatus lives in aquatic environments from egg through metamorphic stages. Through adulthood individuals live on the waters edge among pebbles and rocks. R. variegatus has the lowest desiccation tolerance of all North American salamanders, meaning they cannot easily withstand “extreme” temperatures and low moisture levels.[3] The habitats preferred by R. variegatus are cool, shallow, high in oxygen, and slow-flowing, such as seeps and mountain brooks, with coarse, gravel-like beds. These water sources are found mostly in forests, which is where R. variegatus is most often found.[3] All species of Rhyacotriton have aquatic eggs and larvae, and adults are semi-aquatic. R. variegatus adults can venture away from the stream, but they prefer the water, only coming out when the moisture level of the ground is high enough.[3] Adults and juveniles are subject to moisture loss as well as heat shock.[4]

General description and taxonomy

The southern torrent salamanders are small salamanders; mature adults measure from 1.5–2.4 inches snout to vent. On their dorsal sides, they are brown with darker spots. Their ventral sides are more yellow, with the same spots as the dorsal sides. The colors vary by shades; the dorsal sides range from dark olive to a dark brown. Their eyes face forwards and are large and dark, and metallic flecks surround the eyes. Males are distinguished from the females by their square cloacal lobes. Lungs of the adults are also reduced in appearance. Their bodies are slender, with long tails about the same length as their torsos. They have four legs, set in pairs – two close to the head, and two near the base of the tail. At the base of the leg, they have four toes used to grip and climb. Generally, they have blunt noses and protruding eyes.

Geographic distribution

The genus Rhyacotriton is found in the Pacific Northwest, extending from Northern California to the Olympic Peninsula. R. variegatus is endemic to the southernmost part of the range, extending from California to Oregon. Populations of R. variegatus are found in forests of the coastal regions of the states. Some Rhyacotriton species are found more inland, but they are still relatively close to the coast; these are mainly populations of R. kezeri. The areas with populations of R. variegatus are forests with fresh water sources that meet all of their habitat requirements. Although most of the population is in one continuous range, a smaller population separated from the main range is found in southwest Oregon. Though it is disconnected from the range, it is still close to the coastline.

Ecology

R. variegatus occurs in coastal coniferous forests in California and Oregon. Older forests are more likely to maintain a population of southern torrent salamanders. These forests have >80% canopy coverage due to sizeable trees, as well as large amounts of moss.[1] Some younger forests have the proper habitat to keep a population, but it is unusual to see a population living in a young forest. Reproduction occurs in the water, where the fertilized eggs are laid and abandoned.[2] Mating occurs after an extended courtship, and is followed by a long egg-laying process. The eggs take quite some time to hatch, and the whole larval stage lasts about 2.0-2.5 yr.[2] Usually, the female lays one egg at a time, but occasionally clutches of eight to 11 eggs are found.[5]

Conservation

Efforts have been made to conserve this species. After being assessed, it was placed in the “Least Concern” category, meaning there is no immediate threat to the survival of the species, and it has a wide distribution with an assumed large population.[1] Though there is no immediate threat to the southern torrent salamander, urbanization is beginning to encroach on its habitat. Direct effects from logging and disturbing forests with the building of roads and other man-made features are limiting the habitable areas for these salamanders.[1] Other indirect effects from urbanization are those that are affecting the temperature of the environment. R. variegatus is extremely sensitive to temperature fluctuations, having a very narrow range of temperatures in which it can thrive.[3] The salamanders will begin to show temperature stress at about 63 °F. If the temperature of mountain streams and brooks rises over the next few years, the species will either have to adapt or succumb to the warm temperature. In California, R. variegatus is a Species of Special Concern.[2] The composition of the ground in the habitat is also quite important. If the texture of the components is too fine, then the environment would not be ideal. R. variegatus needs large, pebble-like particles to be able to hide and avoid predators. Many concerned people still petition to place R. variegatus in a more at-risk category because of the previously unregulated logging that altered the population.[1] The species will remain at least concern status until the populations become more threatened.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Rhyacotriton variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T59438A11941672. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59438A11941672.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cynthia K. Tait and Lowell V. Diller (2006). "Life History of the Southern Torrent Salamander (Rhyacortriton variegatus) in Coastal Northern California". Journal of Herpetology. 40: 43–54. doi:10.1670/209-04A.1.
  3. ^ a b c d Hartwell H. Welsh and Garth R. Hodgson (2008). "Amphibians as metrics of critical biological thresholds in forested headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest" (PDF). Freshwater Biology. 53 (7): 1470–1488. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.01963.x.
  4. ^ Mark P. Miller Susan M. Haig and R. Steven Wagner (2006). "Phylogeography and Spatial Genetic Structure of the Southern Torrent Salamander: Implications for Conservation and Management". Journal of Heredity. 97 (6): 561–70. doi:10.1093/jhered/esl038. PMID 17135462.
  5. ^ Rhyacotriton variegatus – Southern Torrent Salamander. CaliforniaHerps.com. 2011. March 2011

External links

Media related to Rhyacotriton variegatus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Rhyacotriton variegatus at Wikispecies

This page was last edited on 25 August 2023, at 07:27
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.