Sognamål dialect

Sognamål (literally "Sogn language", in Sognamål; sognamaol) is a Western Norwegian dialect which is spoken in the area of Sogn. One of the most prominent features of Sognamål is the pronunciation [aʊ] instead of [ɔː] in many words, i.e. exactly how the letter "á" is pronounced in modern Icelandic. The folk/black metal band Windir from Sogndal used the Sognamål dialect in their lyrics.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[1]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless	p	t	c͡ç	k
Plosive / Affricate	voiced	b	d	ɟ͡ʝ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
Fricative	voiced	v
Trill			r

/m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
/p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ are plosives, whereas /c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ/ are affricates.^[1]
Phonetically, /r/ can be trilled [r] or tapped [ɾ].^[1]

Vowels

Monophthongs of Sognamål, from Haugen (2004:30)

Monophthong phonemes of Sognamål^[2]
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			ʊ	ʊː
Mid	ɛ	eː	ø	øː	ɔ	ɔː
Open					a	aː

/eː/ is close-mid front [eː]. Its short counterpart is the open-mid front [ɛ].^[2]
/ʊ, ʊː/ are close-mid [o, oː].^[2]
The long /øː/ is open-mid front [œː], whereas the short /ø/ varies between open-mid front [œ] and near-close front [ʉ̞˖].^[2]
/ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ɔ, ɔː].^[2]
/a, aː/ are central [ä, äː].^[2]

Part 1 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Part 2 of Sognamål diphthongs, from Haugen (2004:31)

Diphthong phonemes of Sognamål^[3]
Starting point	Ending point
	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close			iʉ	iʉː
Close-mid	ei	eiː	eʉ	eʉː
Open-mid	ɔi	ɔiː	øy	øyː	oʊ	oʊː
Open	ai	aiː			aʊ	aʊː

/iʉ, iʉː/ are phonetically [iʉ̟, iʉ̟ː].^[4]
/ei, eiː/ are phonetically [ei, eiː].^[4]
/eʉ, eʉː/ are phonetically [eʉ̟, eʉ̟ː].^[4]
/øy, øyː/ are phonetically [œy, œyː].^[4]
/ɔi, ɔiː/ are phonetically [ɔ̟i, ɔ̟iː].^[4]
/oʊ, oʊː/ are phonetically [ɔo, ɔoː].^[4]
/ai, aiː/ are phonetically [äi, äiː].^[4]
/aʊ, aʊː/ are phonetically [äo̟, äo̟ː].^[4]

Samples

Icelandic	Sognamål	Nynorsk	Bokmål	English
cf. ambátt (handmaid)	ambå	verktøy	verktøy	tools, equipment
cf. áklæði	aokle	åkle	teppe	lap robe, a blanket
cf. betla (to beg)	betla	klaga	klage	to whine
brjóstsviði	brennesot	halsbrann	halsbrann	heartburn
dós	daose	dåse	dåse	a small box
dilla	didla (hondn didla pao rompao)	vifta, dilla	vifte	oscillate or as in, the dog wags its tail
	dikkedarie			without further ado
lag	ein laot	ein låt	en låt	musical piece or song
fiðrildi	fivreld	sommarfugl, fivreld	sommerfugl	a butterfly
hjólbara	hjulebåra	trillebår	trillebår	wheelbarrow
cf. illur	iddle	ill, vond	vond, ille	As in it hurts, e.g. iddle fing; the finger hurts
	igraol	ein grådig person	en grådig person	a greedy person
í gærkvöldi	jaftes	i går kveld	i går kveld	yesterday evening
í gær	jaor	i går	i går	yesterday
cf. hérna	jedna	kanskje	kanskje	perhaps
hvar?	kest?	kvar?	hvor?	where?
læmingi	lomhond	lemen, lomhund	lemen, lomhund	a lemming
	nossa seg	nossa seg, kosa seg	kose seg	have an enjoyable time
	rua	rue	(ku)ruke	cow droppings
skemill	skammedl	skammel	skammel	a short bench
	skompa	skumpa	skumpe	as a shove/pushing
	spøt	spøt	strikketøy	knitting
eldspýtustokkur	stikkedaose	fyrstikkøskje	fyrstikkeske	matchbox
íkorni	ikådn	ekorn, ikorn	ekorn	(literally "tree bear"); squirrel
	trebolar			calluses
	treneve	treneve	fommel	about someone unable to work proper with his hands
þrútinn	tråten	opphovna	opphovnet	swollen
	haorbådlajakedl
	lakabodl			a scrotum that has been left to stew in some kind of salty liquid, profanity
	mokkok			A cellar used to store fertilizer
viskustykki	bidnetvåga	tvoge, oppvaskklut	oppvaskklut	a small rag commonly used in the kitchen

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Haugen (2004), p. 32.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Haugen (2004), p. 30.
^ Haugen (2004), pp. 30–31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haugen (2004), p. 31.

Bibliography

Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen

Norwegian language

Varieties

Written

Official	Bokmål Nynorsk Samnorsk (discontinued)
Unofficial	Høgnorsk Riksmål

Spoken

West and south	Arendalsk Bergensk Sandnesmål Sognamål Stavangersk etc.
East [no]	Bohusmål [no] Gudbrandsdalsmål Hallingmål-Valdris Särna-Idremål [sv] Urban East Norwegian Vikværsk Oslo dialect etc.
Trøndersk	Herjedalsk [sv] Jemtlansk Medalsk Trondheimsk etc.
North [no]	Brønnøymål etc.
Non-dialectical	Kebabnorsk Modern Norwegian Svorsk
Extinct	Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Dano-Norwegian Russenorsk

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