At a minimum, a screw drive is a set of shaped cavities and protrusions on the screw head that allows torque to be applied to it.[1][2] Usually, it also involves a mating tool, such as a screwdriver, that is used to turn it. Some of the less-common drives are classified as being "tamper-resistant".
Most heads come in a range of sizes, typically distinguished by a number, such as "Phillips #00".
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Transcription
Overview
Category | Types |
---|---|
Slotted | |
Cruciform drives | |
Square | |
Multiple-square | |
Internal hex | |
Pentalobular | |
Hexalobular | |
Combination | |
External | |
Tamper-resistant |
Slotted drives
Blade width | Screw size | |
---|---|---|
in | mm | |
3⁄32 | 2.4 | 0–1 |
1⁄8 | 3.2 | 2 |
5⁄32 | 4.0 | 3 |
3⁄16 | 4.8 | 4–5 |
1⁄4 | 6.4 | 6–7 |
5⁄16 | 7.9 | 8–10 |
3⁄8 | 9.5 | 12–14 |
7⁄16 | 11 | 16–18 |
1⁄2 | 13 | 18–24 |
Thickness (mm) |
Width (mm) |
Torque (N·m) |
---|---|---|
0.4 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
2.5 | 0.4 | |
0.5 | 3.0 | 0.7 |
0.6 | 3.0 | 1.1 |
3.5 | 1.3 | |
0.8 | 4.0 | 2.6 |
1.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
5.5 | 5.5 | |
1.2 | 6.5 | 9.5 |
8.0 | 11.5 | |
1.6 | 8.0 | 20.5 |
10.0 | 25.6 | |
2.0 | 12.0 | 48.0 |
2.5 | 14.0 | 87.5 |
Slot
However, this design is not well-suited for installation by power tools, given that a power driver often cams out of the slot; this often causes damage to the screw and surrounding material. For this reason, cruciform-slotted along with drives have replaced the slot drive in numerous applications. The tool used to drive a slot is called a common blade, flat-blade, slot-head, flat-tip[3] or flat-head / flathead[5] screwdriver. A hollow-ground screwdriver is less likely to cam out (leave the slot due to the torque being translated into an axial force, similar to that encountered with Phillips drive but dependent only on driver blade), so more torque can be applied without damaging the screw head. Flat-blade jeweler's screwdrivers and the tips found in 1⁄4-inch or 6.4-millimeter drive sets are generally hollow-ground. Note that it is this typical chisel shape which allows 9 screwdriver sizes to drive 24 different slotted screw sizes, with the drawbacks of not fitting as closely as a hollow-ground screwdriver would, and increasing the possibility of damaging the fastener or surrounding area.
ISO 2380-1[4] specifies the internationally standardized shape and dimensions of the tips of screwdrivers for slotted-head screws as well as the minimum test torque the blade-to-handle connection shall withstand. Screwdriver tips are generally designated by blade thickness × width in mm, e.g. 1.2 × 6.5 which roughly matches a classic North American 1/4" screwdriver although the North American one is often a bit thinner (~1.0 mm).
At least one mechanical method of temporarily holding a slotted screw to a matching screwdriver is available, the Quick-Wedge screw-holding screwdriver, first manufactured by the Kedman Company in the 1950s.[6]
Dzus fasteners, which have a cam-lock body instead of a threaded body, use a slot drive.
Coin-slot
Hi-Torque
The Type II (Conical/Connie) design adds a conical cup that receives a centering pin on the driver, improving the alignment of the driving tool to the fastener recess.
Cruciform drives
The following are screw drives based on a cruciform shape; i.e., a cross shape. Other names for these types of drives are cross recessed, cross-head, cross tip, and cross-point. A double slotted screw drive is not considered cruciform because the shape is not recessed, and consists only of two superimposed simple milled slots. Some of these types are specified in ISO 4757, Cross recesses for screws.
Cross
Phillips
Driver size |
Wood screw size |
Machine screw size |
---|---|---|
#0 | #0–1 | M1.6, M2 (DIN: just M1.6) or #0, #1 |
#1 | #2–4 | M2.5, M3 (DIN: also M2) or #2, #3, #4 |
#2 | #5–9 | M3.5, M4, M5 or #5–10 |
#3 | #10–16 | M6 or #12, 1/4 in., plus 5/16 in. if round-head |
#4 | #18–24 | M8, M10 or 3/8 in., 9/16 in., plus 5/16 in. if flat-head |
#5 | 5/8 in., 3/4 in. |
The American Screw Company of Providence, Rhode Island, was responsible for devising a means of efficiently manufacturing the screw, and successfully patented and licensed their method; other screw makers of the 1930s dismissed the Phillips concept because it called for a relatively complex recessed socket shape in the head of the screw, as distinct from the simple milled slot of a slotted screw. The Phillips screw design was developed as a direct solution to several problems with slotted screws: high cam out potential; need for precise alignment to avoid slippage and damage to driver, fastener, and adjacent surfaces; and difficulty of driving with powered tools.
Phillips drive bits are often designated by the letters "PH",[10] plus a size code 0000, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 (in order of increasing size); the numerical bit size codes do not necessarily correspond to nominal screw size numbers.[3][13]
A Phillips screw head is slightly different from a PoziDriv[10] .
The design is often criticized for its tendency to cam out at lower torque levels than other "cross head" designs. There has long been a popular belief that this was a deliberate feature of the design, to assemble aluminium aircraft without overtightening the fasteners.[14]: 85 [15] Extensive evidence is lacking for this specific narrative, and the feature is not mentioned in the original patents.[16]
Pozidriv
Pozidriv screwdrivers are often designated using the letters "PZ" followed by a size code of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 (in order of increasing size).[10] The numbers do not correspond to nominal screw size numbers. PZ1 is normally used on screw diameters from 2-3 mm, PZ2 from 3.5-5 mm and PZ3 from 5.5 mm to 8 mm. The se sizes roughly correspond to the Phillips head numbers.
Pozidriv screws have a set of radial indentations (tick marks) set at 45° from the main cross recess on the head of the screw, which makes them visually distinct from Phillips screws.[10]
While a Phillips screwdriver has slightly tapered flanks, a pointed tip, and rounded corners, a Pozidriv screwdriver has parallel flanks, a blunt tip, and additional smaller ribs at 45° to the main slots. The fact that the manufacturing process for Pozidriv screwdriver bits requires a slightly more complex cutter than that for Phillips notwithstanding, both bit types can be manufactured in four cuts from a tapered blank.
Pozidriv and Phillips appear broadly interchangeable, but may cause damage if incorrectly used. Pozidriv screwdrivers will jam fit into Phillips screws, but when tightened they may slip or tear out the Phillips screw head. Conversely, while Phillips screwdrivers will loosely fit and turn Pozidriv screws, they will cam out if enough torque is applied, potentially damaging the screw head or screwdriver.[10][20]
Supadriv
In detail, the Supadriv screwhead is similar to Pozidriv but has only two identification ticks, and the secondary blades are larger. Drive blades are about equal thickness. The main practical difference is that Supadriv has superior bite when driving screws into vertical or near-vertical surfaces, making screwdriving more efficient, with less cam out.[23][22]
JIS B 1012
Driver size |
Machine screw size |
---|---|
#000 | |
#00 | |
#0 | |
#1 | M2, M2.2, M 2.5 |
#2 | M3, M3.5, M4, M4.5, M5 |
#3 | M6, M8 |
"JIS" or ISO 8764 standardized cruciform-blade screwdrivers are available for this type of screw, and should always be used to avoid head and driver damage.
ISO 8764
Unlike JIS, the ISO 4757 standard for cross-head screws does not specify a dot on the screw head.[30]
Phillips II
Frearson
As of 2022, both Frearson screws and Frearson bits are readily available in several sizes. The available screws are made of silicon bronze.[32]
French recess
Torq-set
The applicable standards that govern the Torq-set geometry are National Aerospace Standard NASM 33781 and NASM 14191 for the ribbed version. The ribbed version is also known as ACR Torq-set.[34]
Mortorq
Design and application
The recess and driver were designed for "full radial contact along all four wings of the screw"[37] which helps to prevent stripping and cam-out. The straight walls in the design of the recess allow for almost all of the force of rotation to be used to drive the screw. When the bit is placed in the recess there is no wall contact until the driver is rotated, then there is full continuous contact to all four walls of the recess. The shallow recess allows for build-up and coating to occur without affecting the function of the driver. This shallow recess also grants off-angle drivability to allow work in hard-to-reach places. The design of the recess and shorter head height allows for more aesthetically pleasing work. This is in hopes that it will enhance the beauty and style of a product. Instead of covering up the screw head that it serves as an aesthetic part of the design. Ten different recess sizes are available for the Mortorq. The smallest of these, the PMT-000 can be used with screws that have a head diameter as small as 2.5mm. While the largest called PMT-7 can be used on screws with a head diameter of 35mm.[37]
Quality assurance
The Phillips Screw Company owns the licensed product that is the Mortorq spiral drive system. The Phillips Screw Company must inspect and approve any punches, bits, and screws before they are cleared for production. Along with this "all licensees must submit samples regularly to ensure that the strict quality standards are maintained".[37] Solid modeling is used for the design of the punches, bits, and screws. Files are sent over to manufacturers containing these models so that there is no miscommunication and all the parts are the same across the board. [37]
Square drives
Robertson
Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, though they have been used elsewhere[14]: 85–86 and have become much more common in other countries. As patents expired and awareness of their advantages spread, Robertson fasteners have become popular in woodworking and in general construction. Combinations of Robertson/Phillips/slot drives are often used in the electrical trade, particularly for device and circuit breaker terminals, as well as clamp connectors.
Robertson screwdrivers are easy to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to retain the screw, even if it is shaken.[14]: 85–86 They also allow for the use of angled screw drivers and trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws reduce cam out, stop a power tool when set, and can be removed if painted over or old and rusty.[14]: 85–86 In industry, they speed up production and reduce product damage.[14]: 85–86
Multiple-square drives
LOX-Recess
Double-square
Triple-square (XZN)
Sizes are: M4, M5, M6, (M7), M8, (M9), M10, (M11), M12, (M13), M14, (M15), M16, (M17) and M18 (the sizes in parentheses are less commonly used, but they do exist). Despite the similar naming scheme to metric fasteners, there is no correlation between the name of the size and the dimensions of the tool. Some sizes (at least M14, M16, M18) are also available in a tamperproof version (with a center hole)
120° | Double hex |
90° | Triple square (XZN) |
60° | 12-spline flange |
The 12-pointed internal star shape superficially resembles the "double hex" fastener head, but differs subtly in that the points are shaped to an internal angle of 90° (derived from a square), rather than the 120° internal angle of a hexagon. In practice, drivers for the fasteners may be interchangeable, but should be examined carefully for proper fit before application of force. A hex key should not be used where a key of square cross-section is the correct fit.
Triple-square fasteners are referred to as "spline" in the UK. This is potentially confusing if looking for the more unusual 12-spline flange type. While they are distinguished under close inspection by the angle at the tip of each of the 12 points (with a 90° angle on the XZN, instead of 60°) the general similarity and ability to insert the wrong tool can cause damage to the head.
Triple-square drive fasteners have been used in high-torque applications, such as cylinder head bolts and drive train components. The fasteners involved have heads that are hardened and tempered to withstand the driving torque without destroying the star points. They are commonly found on German vehicles such as BMW, Opel, Mercedes, and those from the Volkswagen Group (Porsche, Audi, Seat, Skoda, and Volkswagen).[41]
Internal hex drives
Hex socket
The German company Bauer & Schaurte patented the hex socket 1936 in Germany, and marketed products based on it.[citation needed] The term "inbus" is derived from Innensechskant Bauer u. Schaurte (German: "Inner 6-edge Bauer & Schaurte"), analogous to the US term "Allen key". In many countries it is commonly but incorrectly called "imbus".[citation needed] . In Denmark the format is generally called Unbrako .
Double hex
The radial "height" of each arris is reduced, compared to a six-point, although their number is doubled. They are potentially capable of allowing more torque than a six-point, but greater demands are placed on the metallurgy of the heads and the tools used, to avoid rounding off and slippage.[citation needed]
The shape of a double hex head is equivalent to that of a 2{6} regular dodecagram.
Pentalobular sockets
Pentalobe
ASTER recess
Hexalobular (Torx)
Torx
Torx Plus
Torx Plus Tamper-Resistant
Torx Paralobe
Torx ttap
Spline socket
Driver size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
in | mm | flutes | in | mm | flutes |
0.033 | 0.84 | 4 flutes | 0.168 | 4.3 | 6 flutes |
0.048 | 1.2 | 4 & 6 flutes | 0.183 | 4.6 | 6 flutes |
0.060 | 1.5 | 6 flutes | 0.216 | 5.5 | 6 flutes |
0.069 | 1.8 | 4 flutes | 0.216 OS | 5.5 | 6 flutes |
0.072 | 1.8 | 6 flutes | 0.251 | 6.4 | 6 flutes |
0.076 | 1.9 | 4 flutes | 0.291 | 7.4 | 6 flutes |
0.096 | 2.4 | 6 flutes | 0.372 | 9.4 | 6 flutes |
0.111 | 2.8 | 6 flutes | 0.454 | 11.5 | 6 flutes |
0.133 | 3.4 | 6 flutes | 0.595 | 15.1 | 6 flutes |
0.145 | 3.7 | 6 flutes |
As a makeshift if the correct spline key is not available, a spline socket screw can be turned with any screwdriver designed to drive slotted screws that fits into the socket such that the width of the blade occupies the major diameter of the socket and the thickness of the blade permits it to fit between adjacent splines.[58] This makeshift does not permit as much torque to be applied to the screw as can be applied with the correct spline key, due to concentration of stress that can damage the socket or screwdriver.
The spline socket drive system was patented in the United States in 1913 by Dwight S. Goodwin[59] and initially produced by the Goodwin Hollow Set Screw Company.[58] Spline socket screws are used in avionics, high reliability applications, cameras, air brakes, construction and farm equipment and astronomy equipment.
Combination drives
Some screws have heads designed to accommodate more than one kind of driver, sometimes referred to as combo-head or combi-head. The most common of these are a combination of a slotted/Phillips head.
Other combinations are a Phillips and Robertson, a Robertson and a slotted, a Torx and a slotted and a triple-drive screw that can take a slotted, Phillips or a Robertson.
Slotted/Phillips
Slotted/Pozidriv
ACR Phillips II Plus
ACR Phillips II Plus is a screw-drive design that can be driven by a #2 Phillips driver or a #2 Robertson driver, but when driven by a Phillips II Plus Bit, the combination results in a stick-fit interface.[60]
Phillips/square
Recex
The Recex drive system claims it offers the combined non-slip convenience of a Robertson drive during production assembly and Phillips for after market serviceability. The Phillips Screw Company offers both Phillips and Pozidriv combo heads with Robertson.[citation needed]
Slotted/Torx
Slotted/Square
Clutch
Type A | Type G |
Thumbscrew
-
#6-32 UNC thumbscrew (computer case screw)
-
Metric wingbolt, M5×30
External drives
External drives are characterized by a female tool and a male fastener. An advantage of external drive fasteners is that they lack a recess in the head, which can collect water, dirt, or paint, which can interfere with later insertion of a driver tool. Also, some external drives can be engaged from the side, without requiring large inline clearance for tool access, which allows their use in tight spaces such as engines or complex pipework. Because the heads must stand out from the surface they attach to, they are rarely available in countersunk or flush designs.
Square
Hex
Slotted Hex
Pentagon
Due to the difficulty of turning these fasteners without specialized (and uncommon) five-point wrenches such as hydrant wrenches, they are commonly used for tamper resistance by public utilities on water meter covers, natural gas valves, electrical cabinets, and fire hydrants.
External Torx
12-point
Tamper-resistant types
Most tamper-resistant screw configurations rely on the common unavailability of corresponding drivers to reduce the likelihood of widespread tampering. True tamper-proofrather than merely tamper- —resistantscrew drives include the breakaway head and one-way screw drives. —
Both tamper-proof and tamper-resistant drives are commonly used in vandalism-prone areas, such as public restrooms; tamper-resistant in similar applications, and on equipment such as home electronics, to prevent easy access and thus reduce injuries and improper repairs. Recent widespread availability of assorted drive bits (including security types) minimizes this advantage, at least for some fastener types.
In addition to screw drives, various nut drives have been designed to make removal difficult without specialized tools. Proprietary examples include T-Groove, Slot-Lok, Pentagon, Tork-Nut, T-Slope and Spanner designs.[68]
Breakaway head
The breakaway head (also called breakoff or shear fastener)[69] is a high-security fastener whose head breaks off during installation, during or immediately after the driving process, to leave only a smooth surface. It typically consists of a countersunk flat-head bolt, with a thin shank and hex head protruding from the flat head. The hex head is used to drive the bolt into the countersunk hole, then either a wrench or hammer is used to break the shank and hex head from the flat head, or it is driven until the driving head shears off. Either method leaves only a smooth bolt head exposed. This type of bolt is commonly used with prison door locks, automobile ignition switches, and street signs, to prevent easy removal. An alternative design leaves a low-profile button head visible after installation.[69] In addition to breakaway bolts, breakaway nuts of similar design are available.[70]
In non-security applications, a breakaway head fastener is sometimes used as a crude torque limiter, intended to break off at an approximate torque limit. For example, certain toilet seat fastener bolts use a breakaway plastic nut, with the driver part intended to shear at a torque high enough to prevent wobbling, while not shattering the porcelain toilet from excessive pressure. Breakaway fasteners used in a non-security application may have a second driveable surface (such as a hex head) to allow later removal or adjustment of the fastener after the initial breakaway installation.
This drive type has the disadvantage of not being as precisely controlled as can be obtained by proper use of a torque wrench; applications may still fail due to either too little torque being applied to correctly fasten the joint, or too much torque being required to shear the head, resulting in damage to the material being fastened.
Line Head and Line Recess
Internal | External | Tamper-resistant |
---|---|---|
ALR2 | ALH2 | |
ALR3 | ALH3 | ALR3T |
ALR4 | ALH4 | ALR4T |
ALR5 | ALH5 | ALR5T |
ALR6 | ALH6 | ALR6T |
The fasteners are commonly called line head screws. They are also known as Gamebit screws, due to their use on some video game consoles. They are found on IBM computers such as the PS/2, as well as Nintendo and Sega systems and their game cartridges. The female sizes are designated ALR2, ALR3, ALR4, ALR5, ALR6; the male sizes are designated with an "H" instead of an "R"; and the tamper-resistant female have a "T" at the end of the designation (e.g. ALR3T).[1]
In Japan, the male sizes are often designated as DTC-20, DTC-27, DTC-40 (discontinued) and DTC-45 corresponding to a respective screw head size of 3.2mm, 4.6mm, 6.4mm and 7.7mm; with the size of the screw measured across the widest portion of the mating part of the head. The most common sizes in use for consumer electronics are DTC-20 and DTC-27.
One-way
One-way screws are practical only when the need for removal is unlikely. They are difficult to remove with conventional tools because the slot is designed to cause cam out when even minimal torque is applied in the direction to unscrew it. Instead, a one-way screw can be removed by drilling a hole through the head of the screw and inserting a screw extractor. Alternatively, a rotary tool with cutting disk can be used to extend the slot, the head can be gripped with locking pliers, or the screw can be removed with a pin spanner (snake-eyes driver) after drilling two holes in the slot. It can also sometimes be removed by attaching a precision drill chuck tightly to the screw head, in a manner similar to removing screws that have broken heads.[72]
Oval
Polydrive
Proprietary head
For further security, there are custom-designed fastener heads requiring matching drivers available only from the manufacturer and only supplied to registered owners, similar to keyed locks.[75]
The Ultra-Lok, and Ultra-Lok II are some of these designs that use custom keyed drivers, which tend to be confined to industrial and institutional uses that are unavailable to the average layperson. Key-Rex screws are another design, and are used in such things as ballot boxes and bank vaults.[40]
One example familiar to laypersons is for the attachment of wheels and spare tires of passenger vehicles to deter theft; one of the lug nuts on each wheel may require a specialized socket provided with the set of lug nuts. Similar security fasteners are also available for bicycle wheels and seats.
Security hex
Security Torx
Spanner
The knife manufacturer Microtech uses a variation of this with 3 round holes arranged in a triangle shape. The camera company Leica Camera has used versions of this on rewind knobs and other levers on their rangefinder cameras.[citation needed]
12-spline flange
Spline drives were specified for 5, 6.3, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 20 mm size screws.[81] Its primary advantage is its ability to resist cam out, so it is used in high-torque applications, such as tamper-proof lug nuts, cylinder head bolts, and other engine bolts.
Care should be taken not to confuse the name of this pattern with the casual phrase "spline head" which usually refers to the XZN pattern.
Tri-angle
Tri-point
Tri-point-3
Tri-groove
Tri-wing
The design was adopted by some parts of the aerospace industry, led by Lockheed in the early 1970s on the L-1011, but met with mixed results due to complaints of insert damage during installation.[citation needed] McDonnell Douglas also used this as a primary fastener on its commercial aircraft. British Aerospace and Airbus are also users of this fastener.
Other types
A U-drive screw has a helical thread with an angle acute enough to be driven by a hammer or pressure from an arbor press, and thus has a domed head with no means of turning it.[89] These are most frequently driven into plastics with a pre-drilled pilot hole.
See also
References
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- ^ a b c d Capotosto, Rosario (December 1996). "Screwdriver Basics". Popular Mechanics. 173 (12): 82–83. ISSN 0032-4558. Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
- ^ a b ISO 2380-1:2004(en) (3 ed.). ISO. 2004-12-01. Section 3.2 Dimensions.
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- ^ Ryder Windham (2006). You Know You're in Rhode Island When...: 101 Quintessential Places, People, Events, Customs, Lingo, and Eats of the Ocean State. Globe Pequot Press. pp. 60ff. ISBN 978-0-7627-3940-0.
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Further reading
- Rybczynski, Witold (2000), One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw, Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-86729-8, LCCN 00036988, OCLC 462234518. Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).
External links
- Spanner Jaw Sizes Archived 2010-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Security Fasteners at the University of Wyoming, featuring an extensive list of fastener insert designs Archived 2016-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
- When a Phillips is not a Phillips
- When a Phillips is Not a Phillips Plus So Much More!
- Screw Drive Systems