| Siege of Maymun-Diz | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Mongol campaign against the Nizaris | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Supported by the local rulers of Anatolia, Tabaristan, Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Arran, Shirvan, Georgia, and Armenia |
 Nizari state of Alamut | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
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| Strength | |||||||
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80,000 men
| Heavily outnumbered and outgunned | ||||||
The siege of Maymun-Diz, an unlocated fortress and the stronghold of the leader of the Nizari Ismaili state, Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, occurred in 1256, during the Mongol campaign against the Nizaris led by Hülegü.
The new Nizari Imam was already engaged in negotiations with Hülegü as he was advancing toward his stronghold. The Mongols insisted that all Nizari fortresses be dismantled, but the Imam tried to negotiate a compromise. After several days of fighting, the Imam and his family capitulated and were received well by Hülegü. Maymun-Diz was demolished, and the Imam ordered his subordinates to surrender and demolish their fortresses likewise. The subsequent capitulation of the symbolic stronghold of Alamut marked the end of the Nizari state in Persia.
Sources
The siege is described in detail in the Tarikh-i Jahangushay written by Ata-Malik Juvayni, a Persian historian and official who was a participant in the siege. It is also narrated in Rashid al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-Tawarikh.
The Chinese work History of Yuan has conflated the siege of Maymun-Diz with that of Girdkuh. In the narration, it mostly focuses on the performance of the Chinese general Guo Kan who allegedly devised a new siege engine to attack the unusual fortification of Maymun-Diz.[1]
Background
Khurshah had announced his willingness to submit to the Mongol rule to the nearest Mongol commander, the noyan Yasur in Qazvin. Yasur replied that he should visit Hülegü's camp personally. Yasur later engaged in fighting against the Nizaris of Rudbar: on June 12, he was defeated in a battle on Mount Siyalan near Alamut, where the Nizari forces had been mustered. He then began a campaign of harassment against the Nizaris of Rudbar.[3][4]
As Hülegü reached Bistam, his army had enlarged into five tümens, and new commanders were added. Many of them were the relatives of Batu Khan. From the ulus of Jochi representing the Golden Horde came Quli (son of Orda), Balagha, and Tutar. The Chagatai Khanate forces were under the prince Tegüder. A contingent of Oirat tribesmen also joined under Buqa Temür. No member of Ögedei's family is mentioned.[5] Hülegü had with him a thousand squads of siege engineers (probably north Chinese, Khitan and Muslim) skilled in the use of mangonels and naphtha.[6][7]
The Mongols campaigned against the Nizari heartland of Alamut and Rudbar from three directions. The right wing, under Buqa Temür and Köke Ilgei, marched via Tabaristan. The left wing, under Tegüder and Kitbuqa, marched via Khuwar and Semnan. The center was under Hülegü himself. Meanwhile, Hülegü sent another warning to Khurshah. Khurshah was in the Maymun-Diz fortress and was apparently playing for time, because by resisting longer, the arrival of winter could have stopped the Mongols whose military was dependant on available fodder for their horses. Khurshah sent his vizier Kayqubad who met the Mongols in Firuzkuh and offered the surrender of all strongholds except Alamut and Lambsar, and again asked for a year's delay for Khurshah to visit Hülegü in person. Meanwhile, as a show of good faith, Khurshah ordered Gerdkuh and the fortresses of Quhistan to surrender, which their chiefs did, but the garrison of Gerdkuh continued to resist. The Mongols continued to advance and reached Lar, Damavand, and Shahdiz. Khurshah sent his 7- or 8-years-old son as a show of good faith, but he was sent back due to his young age. Khurshah then sent his second brother Shahanshah (Shahin Shah) who met Hülegü in Ray. However, Hülegü demanded from Khurshah the dismantling of all of the Nizari fortresses to show his goodwill.[7][8][9][10] Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the Mongols insisted on full submission.[11]
The siege
On 8 November 1256, Hülegü set his camp on a hilltop facing Maymun-Diz and encircled the fortress with his forces by marching over the Alamut mountains via Taleqan valley and appearing at the foot of Maymun-Diz.[7] Teams of hand-picked Mongol fighters were distributed at around 250 meters (820 ft) intervals from the hilltop down to the valley.[12]
Maymun-Diz could have been attacked by mangonels; thiw was not the case with Alamut, Nevisar Shah, Lambsar and Gerdkuh, all of which were on top of high peaks. Nevertheless, the strength of the fortification impressed the Mongols, who surveyed them from various angles to find a weak point. The majority of the Mongol officers advised Hülegü to postpone the siege, but he decided to proceed. Preliminary bombardments were performed for three days by mangonels from a nearby hilltop with casualties on both sides. A direct Mongol assault on the fourth day was repulsed. The Mongols then used heavier siege engines hurling javelins dipped in burning pitch and set up additional mangonels all around the fortifications.[7]
Later that month, Khurshah sent a message offering his surrender on the condition of the immunity of him and his family. Ata-Malik Juvayni personally brought Hülegü's jarlig (royal decree) to Khurshah to receive his signature, but Khurshah was hesitant. After several days, Hülegü began another round of bombardment and on November 19, Khurshah and his entourage descended from the fortress and capitulated. The full evacuation of the fortress continued until the next day. A small part of the garrison refused to leave the stronghold and fought in a last stand in the "qubba" (literally "domed structure"), supposedly a high domed building in the fortress; they were defeated and killed after three days.[7][8][13]
According to the History of Yuan, the Chinese general Guo Kan attacked the fortress by "catapults on mounts" (jiapao). "General Khwaja Nasir" (the scholar Nasir al-Din al-Tusi) then opened the gate and surrendered.[1] The Nizaris' leadership decision to surrender was apparently influenced by al-Tusi and other outside scholars.[14][1] He later entered Hulegu's entourage.[15]
An inexplicable aspect of the events for historians is that why the forces at Alamut made no effort to assist their besieged comrades in Maymun-Diz.[16]
Aftermath
The subsequent capitulation of the garrison of Alamut Castle, also outnumbered but well-provisioned, marked the official end of the Nizari state in Persia.
References
- ^ a b c Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (2020). Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals. Univ of California Press. p. 30-31. ISBN 978-0-520-29875-0.
- ^ Lewis, Bernard (2011). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-86333-5.
- ^ "TARIKH - E - IMAMAT". www.ismaili.net.
- ^ Jami' al-Tawarikh
- ^ Sneath, David; Kaplonski, Christopher (2010). The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.). Global Oriental. p. 329. ISBN 978-90-04-21635-8.
- ^ Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 510b. ISBN 978-0-415-96692-4.
- ^ a b c d e Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–85. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
- ^ a b Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888). History of the Mongols: The Mongols of Persia. B. Franklin. pp. 104–109. ISBN 9781605201351.
- ^ Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, J. A.; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6.
- ^ Virani, Shafique N. (2003). "The Eagle Returns: Evidence of Continued Isma?ili Activity at Alamut and in the South Caspian Region Following the Mongol Conquests". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 351–370. doi:10.2307/3217688. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3217688.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies". www.iis.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Nicolle, David (2004). The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane. Brockhampton Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-1-86019-407-8.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- ^ Lane, George (September 2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. Routledge. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-134-43103-8.
- ^ Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998). The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane. Brockhampton Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-86019-407-8.
This page was last edited on 16 February 2024, at 08:14