| Shipibo-Conibo | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | Ucayali Region |
| Ethnicity | Shipibo-Conibo people |
Native speakers | 26,000 (2003)[1] |
Panoan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:shp – Shipibo-Conibokaq – Tapiche Capanahua |
| Glottolog | ship1253 |
 | |
Shipibo (also Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo) is a Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil by approximately 26,000 speakers. Shipibo is a recognized indigenous language of Peru.
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Transcription
Dialects
Shipibo has three attested dialects:
- Shipibo and Konibo (Conibo), which have merged
- Kapanawa of the Tapiche River,[2] which is obsolescent
Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well,[3] but there is no linguistic data.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ ⟨i⟩ | ɯ ɯ̃ ⟨e⟩ | |
| Mid | o õ ⟨o⟩ | ||
| Open | a ã ⟨a⟩ |
- /i/ and /o/ are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): [i̞], [o̽], /ɯ/ is more front than cardinal [ɯ]: [ɯ̟], whereas /a/ is more close and more central [ɐ] than cardinal [a]. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas /ɯ/ before coronal consonants (especially /n, t, s/) can be as central as [ɨ].[5]
- In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.[6]
Nasal
- The oral vowels /i, ɯ, o, a/ are phonetically nasalized [ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã] after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes /ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã/.[4]
- Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than /w, j/ intervenes.[6]
Unstressed
- The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted.[6]
- Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.[6]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palato- alveolar |
Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |||||
| Plosive | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨c/qu⟩ | ||||
| Affricate | ts ⟨ts⟩ | tʃ ⟨ch⟩ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s ⟨s⟩ | ʂ ⟨s̈h⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | h ⟨j⟩ | ||
| voiced | β ⟨b⟩ | ||||||
| Approximant | w ⟨hu⟩ | ɻ ⟨r⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
- /m, p, β/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
- /β/ is most typically a fricative [β], but other realizations (such as an approximant [β̞], a stop [b] and an affricate [bβ]) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.[4]
- /n, ts, s/ are alveolar [n, ts, s], whereas /t/ is dental [t̪].[7]
- The /ʂ–ʃ/ distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.[4]
- /k/ is velar, whereas /j/ is palatal.[7]
- Before nasal vowels, /w, j/ are nasalized [w̃, j̃] and may be even realized close to nasal stops [ŋʷ, ɲ].[6]
- /w/ is realized as [w] before /a, ã/, as [ɥ] before /i, ĩ/ and as [ɰ] before /ɯ, ɯ̃/. It does not occur before /o, õ/.[6]
- /ɻ/ is a very variable sound:
- Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ([ɻ] or [ʐ]).[4]
- Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate [d̠͡z̠], or a stop-approximant sequence [d̠ɹ̠].[6]
- It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap [ɾ̠].[4]
References
- ^ Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tapiche Capanahua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Fleck (2013), p. 18.
- ^ Fleck (2013), p. 14.
- ^ a b c d e f Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- ^ Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), pp. 282–283.
- ^ a b c d e f g Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
- ^ a b c Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 281.
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru.
- Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 [1].
- Fleck, David W. (10 October 2013). "Panoan Languages and Linguistics" (PDF). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History (99). ISSN 0065-9452.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
- Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43–66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956–7.)
- Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shipibo-Conibo.
- Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue
- Lengua Shipibo at Proel
- Shipibo-Conibo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
This page was last edited on 3 November 2023, at 06:47