The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) (simplified Chinese: 耶稣基督后期圣徒教会; traditional Chinese: 耶穌基督後期聖徒教會; pinyin: yēsūjīdūhòuqīshèngtújiàohuì) has a limited presence in the People's Republic of China and is subject to legal restrictions on the Chinese mainland. Mormonism is not one of the five religions officially recognized by the government of China.[1] Although returned overseas Chinese converts and foreign Latter-day Saints who live in China do attend in-country sacrament meetings, Chinese nationals and expatriates do not attend the same meetings, and the LDS Church has directed its non-Chinese members to avoid proselytizing in Mainland China.[1]
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Transcription
History
Qing Dynasty
LDS missionaries briefly visited Asia in 1851[2]: 43 Three missionaries—Hosea Stout, James Lewis, and Chapman Duncan—arrived in Hong Kong, which was, at that time, a British colony, on April 28, 1853.[3] Missionary efforts in Hong Kong did not succeed, as both locals and colonists did not welcome the religious message and the local climate, culture, and language posed problems for proselytism.[2]: 43 The three missionaries could not afford to learn the language and received negative press coverage in Hong Kong.[3] Meanwhile, another religious movement, the God Worshipping Society, instigated the Taiping Rebellion, preventing missionaries from going to the mainland.[2]: 43 [3] The missionaries left on June 22, 1853; no further missionary activities were conducted in China in the 19th century.[3]
In 1910, missionary Alma O. Taylor visited China. His report to church leaders on the possibility of a proselytization campaign was negative.[2]: 43
1921 visit by LDS Church leaders
Future LDS Church president, David O. McKay, travelled to China with Hugh Cannon in 1921, symbolically consecrating China to missionary efforts without beginning an actual missionary campaign.[2]: 43–44 [4]: 42 Cannon wrote that in the aftermath of China's ongoing famine, unrest, and recent humiliations on the part of foreign powers, China needed "someone to plead her cause before the throne of grace."[4]: 42 McKay's dedicatory prayer hoped for political stability and a cessation of superstition.[4]: 43
The People's Republic of China
In 1949, the LDS Church began missionary activities in Hong Kong and Macao, but was unable to visit the mainland due to the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War.[5][2]: 44 The Chinese Civil War and the Korean War hampered the missionary efforts.[5] The Hong Kong mission, with 9 missionaries and 14 Chinese converts, closed on February 6, 1951.[5]
In 1956, missionary activities returned in Hong Kong and were initiated in Taiwan.[5] Since then, the church has experienced "stable and moderate growth" in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao.[2]: 44
Reform and opening up
In the context of the Chinese economic reforms of the 1980s, LDS Church leaders began engaging in legal and political negotiations with the Chinese state.[2]: 44 In addresses in 1979, church president Spencer W. Kimball called on members to pray for peace and an opening to missionary work in China, while also praising elements of certain Chinese government policies on sexual morality, work ethics, honesty, self-discipline, and hygiene.[4]: 40 Visits between Chinese and church delegations occurred between 1980 and 1996.[2]: 44 The church's Polynesian Cultural Center hosted several Chinese dignitaries, namely Vice Premier Geng Biao, Premier Zhao Ziyang, President Li Xiannian, and Vice President Li Lanqing.[3][2]: 44 LDS Church leaders and lawyers met with religious affairs officials and reported positively concerning the prospect of expanding into China.[2]: 44
Between the late 1970s and the mid 1990s, the church engaged in cultural exchange with China. Since 1979, Brigham Young University (BYU) performance groups have held tours in China to the approbation of Chinese political and business leaders.[2]: 44 [5] Future church president Russell M. Nelson, who was also a surgeon, was recognized as an honorary professor at Shandong Medical College in 1985.[3] Beginning in the 1980s, BYU teachers were sent to Chinese institutions to help teach English.[3]
After 1996, meetings became less publicized as the Chinese state sought to avoid inspiring other religious organizations to make similar demands for greater autonomy.[2]: 44
On August 30, 2010, the church confirmed the formation of a "relationship" that could lead to "regularizing" of its activities in China.[2]: 45 In December 2012, Nelson reiterated that the church was not sending missionaries to China.[2]: 45 In 2013, the church launched a website presented as being for informing Chinese converts on the restrictions they will obey once they return to China.[2]: 45 The website confirmed that officially-approved congregations had existed in China since 2004, and reiterated the restrictions on the church's religious activities imposed by Chinese regulations.[2]: 45
In 2018, Chinese-American Gerrit W. Gong was called as a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[6]
On April 5, 2020, the church announced it would construct a temple in Shanghai to allow "Chinese members to continue to participate in ordinances of the temple" while the Hong Kong temple was undergoing renovation.[7] In response, Shanghai's Municipal Ethnic and Religious Affairs Bureau issued statements denying any knowledge of plans to build such a temple, indicating that it is "wishful thinking" and "not based in reality" and that foreigners are not allowed to establish places of worship in China.[8]
By region
Mainland China
Membership
The LDS Church's lack of legal recognition in China prevents an official count of its members in China from being available.[6] In 2018, researcher Matt Martinich estimated that there were at least 10,000 church members in China.[6]
Religious activities
In Mainland China, the LDS Church holds separate church meetings for Chinese nationals and expatriates. Church members from Taiwan or Hong Kong attend expatriate meetings unless their place of residence is on the mainland. Foreign Latter-day Saints are not allowed to proselytize to those in China, whether in person or online.[1]
Church meetings are held, depending on the circumstances, in rented locations or members' homes.[2]: 47 With the explicit or implicit consent of local or national authorities, local branches possess religious materials for worship activities that may not be distributed to outsiders.[2]: 47–48
Although foreign church members may not proselytize in China, the LDS Church is able to gain believers in China by having Chinese nationals convert while they are overseas, including by sending Mandarin-speaking missionaries to Western cities with a large Chinese population. Chinese converts are permitted to try to convert family members, and friends of converts may ask them about their faith. Those who are converted while in China must travel outside of Mainland China to be baptized. These constrained modalities of proselytism have contributed to the creation of a small group of members that are generally well-educated and well-off.[2]: 48
Secular activities
Organizations linked to the LDS Church conduct secular activities in and relating to China. According to sociologist Pierre Vendassi, these secular activities have the effect or intent of "promoting a positive image of Mormonism", "contributing, marginally, to the spread of Mormonism", and "[convincing] the government of [the church's] social usefulness."[2]: 46
BYU has sent performance troupes and English teachers to China. BYU English teachers have taught at high-ranking Chinese universities, including Tsinghua University, Renmin University, Fudan University, and Jiaotong University, with more than 1,200 students per year encountering LDS teachers. Universities linked to the LDS Church offer academic exchange programs for Chinese students.[2]: 46
LDS Charities work with local groups to engage in humanitarian, social, and educational efforts in low-development regions.[2]: 46 Legal NGOs linked to the LDS Church advise governmental and legal leaders on the rule of law.[2]: 46–47
The secular activities of LDS Church-linked organizations in China are separate from the church's religious activities.[2]: 47
Legal status
The LDS Church is not officially recognized by the national government in Mainland China, and operates under restrictions on fellowshipping and proselytism.[1] Sociologist Pierre Vendassi states that the LDS Church has achieved a "precarious, but no less real, status of recognition" in practice.[2]: 45
According to Vendassi, the legal tolerance of the church by Mainland Chinese authorities is atypical of religious movements based outside of China and can be attributed to the church's practice of engaging in quasi-diplomatic dialogue with governmental authorities and strictly following regulations on religion.[2]: 43 Vendassi identifies a "red church" strategy in the church's actions, coming to the conclusion the church appears to be seeking to become an officially-sanctioned religion in Mainland China.[2]: 45
Scholar Kim-Kwong Chan describes a "dilemma" that the Chinese government faces with regard to the LDS Church's legal status: recognizing the church would "open the floodgates to other world religions" seeking official status. Chan also states that China's regulations on religion have created an "embarrassing situation" in which the LDS Church lacks official status despite "influential business investors" in China like Bill Marriott being members of the church.[9]
Society
Sociologist Pierre Vendassi observed that, compared to members of Evangelical communities in China, the LDS Church's adherents in China tend to more greatly limit the visibility of their religious identity.[2]: 49 According to Vendassi, interviews indicate that some Latter-day Saints in China are concerned that displaying their religious identity too prominently would carry a "political and social risk", citing one member who expressed to Vendassi in an interview that revealing his religious identity would cause others to "think that it's an American church."[2]: 49 Vendassi argues that this can be linked to the church's "red church" policy, which cooperates with government regulations that have the goal of opposing "its development and its very nature".[2]: 50
According to writer Robert Farley, the church is benefitted by good U.S.-China relations because it relies on converting Chinese nationals while they are overseas.[10]
Macau
As of December 31, 2021, the LDS Church counts 1,456 members and 2 Branches in Macau. The LDS Church sees a significant flow members moving in and out of Macau causing fluctuations in membership and congregations. In 2015, Macau served as the pilot program for the Church's 2-hr Sunday meeting block schedule.[11]
Hong Kong
As of December 31, 2022, the LDS Church counts 24,611 members, 1 temple, 1 mission, 6 stakes, 30 wards, and 5 branches in Hong Kong.[13]
Temples
The Hong Kong China Temple was built in 1996 and is located at 2 Cornwell Street, Kowloon Tong.
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| Location: Announced: Groundbreaking: Dedicated: Rededicated: Size: Style: |
Kowloon City, Hong Kong, China 3 October 1992 by Ezra Taft Benson 22 January 1994 by John K. Carmack 26 May 1996 by Gordon B. Hinckley 19 June 2022 by Gerrit W. Gong 51,921 sq ft (4,823.6 m2) on a 0.31-acre (0.13 ha) site Hong Kong colonial, single-spire design - designed by Liang Peddle Thorpe Architects | ||
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| Location: Announced: |
Shanghai, People's Republic of China 5 April 2020 by Russell M. Nelson[14] | ||
See also
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Taiwan
- Christianity in China
- Freedom of religion in China
- Human rights in China
References
- ^ a b c d "THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS IN CHINA". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Intellectual Reserve, Inc. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Vendassi, Pierre (2014). "Mormonism and the Chinese State". China Perspectives. 2014 (1): 43–50. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.6383.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Country information: China". Church News. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d Heaton, Bill (1980). "Mormonism and Maoism: The Church and People's China" (PDF). Dialogue. 13 (1): 40–50. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Asia, the Church in". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. 1992.
- ^ a b c "Gerrit Gong makes Mormon history to become first apostle of Asian ancestry as church signals interest in China". South China Morning Post. Associated Press. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ "Prophet Announces Eight New Temples at General Conference". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. 2020-04-05. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ Stack, Peggy Fletcher (29 April 2020). "Plans for an LDS temple in Shanghai may have hit an obstacle". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Chan, Kim-Kwong (23 January 2007). "Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios". Religion, State and Society. 33 (2): 87–119. doi:10.1080/09637490500118570.
- ^ Farley, Robert (14 June 2016). "Why the Mormon Church Benefits from Good US-China Ties". The Diplomat. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Macau", Newsroom, LDS Church, retrieved August 21, 2022
- ^ Macau Family History Centers, familysearch.org, retrieved August 21, 2022
- ^ "Facts and Statistics: Hong Kong". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Intellectual Reserve, Inc. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- ^ "Prophet Announces Eight New Temples at General Conference: The Church will build its first temple in the Middle East", Newsroom, LDS Church, 5 April 2020
External links
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This page was last edited on 17 February 2024, at 21:20