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SS Douglas (1864)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

RMS Douglas approaching Douglas, Isle of Man
History
NameDouglas
Owner1864–1888: IOMSPCo.
Operator1864–1888: IOMSPCo.
Port of registryDouglas, Isle of Man
BuilderCaird & Co., Greenock
Cost£24,869
Launched11 May 1864
Out of service1888
Identification
FateScrapped
General characteristics
TypePaddle steamer
Tonnage709 gross register tons (GRT)
Length227 feet (69 m)
Beam26 feet (7.9 m)
Depth14 feet (4.3 m)
Ice classN/A
Installed power1,400 shp (1,000 kW)
PropulsionTwo-cylinder oscillating engines working at 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa), producing an indicated horsepower of approximately 1,400 shp (1,000 kW)
Speed15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)

SS (RMS) Douglas (II) No. 45470 – the second vessel in the line's history to be so named – was an iron-built paddle steamer operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company.

Douglas was the second of three ships ordered for the company from the yards of Caird & Co. of Greenock, and was launched on 11 May 1864.

Sketch of Douglas.

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{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 Illinois, which had so often voted Democratic in the era of Stephen Douglas , became a Republican state after the Civil War. The Civil War cemented many Illinoisians' ties to the party of the Union, and Abraham Lincoln's tragic assassination only deepened their loyalty. But a more complex set of circumstances led to a fundamental realignment of Illinois politics as well. The Civil War gave rise to new organizations, such as the Union League Club, which had often acted as Republican auxiliaries in their bitter battles with pro-southern copperheads. In peacetime, many of these group s turned their energies to electing Republican candidates. The emergence of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union war veterans first organized at Decatur in 1866, bolstered the Republican Party's electoral cause as well. Economic changes also affected Illinois politics. During the war Illinois had become an increasingly industrial state receptive to Republicans' high tariffs and railroad promotion. \par But the Republican Party was not without its own dilemmas, conflicts, and crises. The feder al government faced the task of reconstruction, or returning the southern states to the Union and securing the rights of freedmen and women. With Lincoln's assassination, the task of leading this work fell to Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, who had replaced Hannibal Hamlin on Lincoln's 1864 ticket in an effort to appeal to southern unionists. \par After a brief honeymoon, many party leaders came to reject Lincoln's southern successor. Although he was willing to accept the Thirteenth Amendment's emancipation and so me civil rights for African-Americans, Johnson soon proved receptive to the entreaties of southern white supremacists eager to rejoin the Union on favorable terms and devise new ways to control the black population. Johnson's call for leniency toward the South outraged his party, and many feared that he would follow in the steps of John Tyler, another vice president added to balance a ticket, only to turn upon the party that elected him. \par Republicans divided in their approach to Johnson. Radicals demanded t hat the federal government take up an active program to remake southern society in order to ensure freedmen their rights. Moderates advocated a program of legal rights without larger federal support. While many Republicans advocated an immediate break wit h President Johnson, Illinois leaders, including Senator Lyman Trumbull, counseled patience. But when Johnson vetoed Trumbull's bills to secure blacks' civil rights and empower a Freedmen's Bureau to protect them, he lost the support of his party in Illino is and across the north. \par Ultimately the conflict with Johnson brought moderate and radical Republicans together, and they agreed to form new state governments in the South on the basis of black suffrage and the exclusion of ex-rebels. Where southern states had once enjoyed the opportunity to rejoin the Union with only the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, they now faced an arduous process that obliged t hem to ratify the Amendment, write black voting rights into state constitutions, and apply to the Republican Congress for readmission. \par Despite the voters' rejection of his policies, Johnson continued to obstruct the Congress' Reconstruction project. In Feb ruary of 1868 the House of Representatives voted to impeach him. The House of Representatives' vote sent the president on to a trial before the Senate, which would determine his fate. Ultimately, seven Republicans broke with the Radicals and held the Sena te one vote short of the required two-thirds necessary to remove Johnson from office. \par The matter of political spoils badly damaged the Republican Party, both nationally and in Illinois . Despite the new state constitution's closing of several legal loopholes, many officeholders and their friends persisted in enriching themselves at the public's expense. In 1869's local elections Republicans and Democrats often combined forces to run "ci tizens" tickets that defeated the "ring tickets" put forward by Republican machines. In other locales Democratic candidates displaced Republicans tarnished by scandal. At a national level, the issue of political corruption split the Republican Party. \par Losin g confidence in the administration of Ulysses S. Grant, many Republicans distanced themselves from their party and began to work for political reform. Reformers often criticized governments' persistent awards of lucrative state contracts to political insi ders and the wholesale appointment of political hacks to civil service positions. Their movement resulted in the Liberal Republican Party's challenge to the two-party system in 1872. \par Many of Illinois' top Republicans, including Governor John Palmer, the Ge rman-American leader Gustave Koerner, Senator Lyman Trumbull and Supreme Court Chief Justice David Davis, sought the new party's presidential nomination. But the Liberal Republican convention in Cincinnati, Ohio could not agree on a strong candidate, and compromised by naming the New York newspaper editor Horace Greeley. Democrats, at loose ends, accepted Greeley as their own nominee as well. \par The new party signaled the emergence of a n ew middle class of professional men, including many Republicans and some northern Democrats, devoted to administrative competence in government, but the Liberal Republicans made little attempt to appeal to traditional Democratic voters. Nor did they addre ss the concerns of farmers or other voters alienated by the two-party system. Illinois, like the rest of the north, gave its solid support to President Grant, and he returned to Washington for a second term marred by corruption and scandal. \par In the fall of 1876 the national electorate seemed to return the Democratic Party to the White House. Democrats disputed close election returns in three southern states still controlled by Republican Reconstruction government. They suggested that officials in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana had awarded their states' electoral votes to the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes, when the popular vote had actually supported the Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. Hayes' campaign relied upon these three states to secure a narrow majority in the electoral college. Without them, Tilden would be president. \par Democrats and Republicans agreed upon a special commission made up of equal members of each party and a Supreme Court Justice. When it became plain that the Justice was deciding all matters in favor of the Republicans, Democrats' protests included talk of another Civil War. In this atmosphere, the parties agreed upon a plan that awarded Hayes the presidenc y . In return, Republicans agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from the southern states, provide political patronage to white southerners, and enact legislation to facilitate southern economic development. Hayes, who had once defended the rights o f black southerners, presided over the end of Reconstruction. \par After 1876 the two major political parties entered a period of close electoral competition in which economic issues often took center stage. While both parties remained largely devoted to the ma intenance of the gold standard, new parties, such as the Greenbackers, continued to agitate for an expanded money supply to mitigate the effects of the period's pervasive deflation. In many quarters of the North, Republicans continued to motivate their vo t ers with the practice of "waving the bloody shirt," or reminding them that the Democrats had been the party of secession. Ethnocultural concerns also contributed to voters' party identifications, as Republicans became increasingly concerned with the regul ation, and even prohibition, of alcoholic beverages, much to the chagrin of Germans and other ethnic minorities who did not share their Yankee virtues. \par The protective tariff became one of the Gilded Age's most contentious national political issues. Despite the Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock's insistence that the tariff remained a local issue, the matter illuminated two competing visions of the United States' future development. Advoca t es of high tariff duties, usually Republican, argued that the policy protected American manufacturers from competition with powerful British industries intent upon destroying their new competitors by charging low prices, and hence secured the national int e rest. These proponents also argued that tariffs, by allowing manufacturers to earn liberal profits, allowed them to pay workers a higher wage, thereby insuring their comfort and security. Economic development so constructed could produce a civilization at once prosperous and peaceful. \par Free-traders,' who were usually Democrats (with the exception of some local deviation in Pennsylvania and other manufacturing states), insisted that this policy of "protection" represented a gigantic fraud in which privileged special interests, like iron and steel makers or sheep farmers, used federal policy to enrich themselves. The resulting high prices cost American consumers money as well. And, to make matters worse, American tariffs led foreign countries to respond with their own duties upon American goods, thereby drying up the export trade. These advocates insisted that the hated tariff undermined the otherwise beneficent working of the free marketplace, and hence held back American economic development. \par In Chicago, the Great Fire, coupled with massive immigration and the rise of new labor violence, presented unique political challenges. In 1873 the electorate responded by making a People's Party candidate mayor of Chicago and controlled the city council. Native born, e v angelical reformers saw the new party as an obstacle to their goal of reforming and uplifting the poor. Newly arrived Germans also began to organize a Socialist Party in Chicago and clashed with the People's Party administration during the long depression of the 1870s. Socialists demanded jobs or relief for unemployed workers, while the city administration advised the jobless to rely upon self-help and individual initiative. \par The Illino is Republican Party dominated the statehouse in Springfield until the election of the Chicago Democrat John Altgeld in 1892. Altgeld became the first Illinois governor not born in the United States. He enforced labor legislation more closely than his pred ecessors, often refused to call out the state militia in support of employers in labor disagreements, and overturned the convictions of three defendants in the notorious Haymarket incident. Illinois voters returned Altgeld to private life in 1896. \par In the 1870s farmers, including many in Illinois, had formed Granges devoted to self-help and political lobbying. In the 1880s many agriculturalists formed Farmer's Alliances, which establishe d cooperative grain elevators and other ventures to free themselves from the power of highly organized businesses. By 1890 many state Alliances ran their own slates of political candidates, which won nine seats in the House of Representatives and two in t he Senate. \par By 1892 the Alliance had formed a new national political organization, the }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 HYPERLINK "http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/populism.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid1903590 People's Party}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 , which many simply called }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 HYPERLINK "http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/populism.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid1903590 "the Populists."}}}\sectd \ltrsect \linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 Its platform endorsed a national system of government crop warehouses, or subtreasuries, which would allow farmers to store their harvests until they found favorable prices. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 HYPERLINK "http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/populism.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid1903590 The Populists}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 also advocated an expansion of the American money supply through the free coinage of silver. In the preceding decades the federal government's retirement of Civil War "greenbacks" and insistence upon the gold standard had effectively deflated the American dollar, placing an enormous strain upon debtors like farmers. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 HYPERLINK "http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/populism.html" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf2\insrsid1903590 The Populists}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9840608\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1903590 polled over one million votes and carried three states in the election. \par The election of William McKinley in 1896 began a new period of Republican dominance in presidential politics, but political realignment really occurred in the midterm elections of 1894. In that year the Republican Party regrouped from its disastrous 1892 results, which had sent Grover Cleveland to the White House for the second time, to sweep the Congress. The Populists' call for expanding the currency through the coinage of silver had proven popular with many southern a nd western Democrats, splitting the party and dooming the conservative Cleveland. 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Dimensions

Built at Greenock, Douglas cost £24,869. She had a registered tonnage of 709 GRT; length 227 ft; beam 26 ft; depth 14 ft.

Douglas had a service speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph),[2] with an indicated horse power listed as 1400, and a boiler pressure of 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa). She had one funnel forward and one aft of the paddle boxes, with the main mast close to the after funnel.

Service life

Douglas and her two sisters, Snaefell and Tynwald, were all considered to be fast vessels. Indeed, Snaefell is documented as being able to perform the run from Douglas to Liverpool in 4 hours 20 minutes, which would suggest a speed of slightly in excess of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).

Gallery

Douglas was considered a successful ship, and was reboilered in 1869 at a cost of £4,000.

Disposal

After an uneventful career with the company, Douglas, along with her sister Tynwald, were disposed of by auction in 1888. The two ships together realised the sum of £24,622.

References

  1. ^ Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company (Fred Henry) p.64
  2. ^ Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company (Fred Henry, 1973) p.64

Bibliography

  • Chappell, Connery (1980). Island Lifeline. T.Stephenson & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-901314-20-X.
This page was last edited on 8 January 2024, at 13:14
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