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Rōjū

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Rōjū (老中), usually translated as Elder, was one of the highest-ranking government posts under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The term refers either to individual Elders, or to the Council of Elders as a whole; under the first two shōguns, there were only two Rōjū. The number was then increased to five, and later reduced to four. The Rōjū were appointed from the ranks of the fudai daimyōs with domains of between 25,000 and 50,000 koku.[1]

Duties

The Rōjū had a number of responsibilities, most clearly delineated in the 1634 ordinance that reorganized the government and created a number of new posts:

  1. Relations with the Emperor, the Court, and the Prince-Abbots.
  2. Supervision of those daimyō who controlled lands worth at least 10,000 koku.
  3. Managing the forms taken by official documents in official communications.
  4. Supervision of the internal affairs of the Shogun's domains.
  5. Coinage, public works, and enfiefment.
  6. Governmental relations and supervision of monasteries and shrines.
  7. Compilation of maps, charts, and other government records.

The Rōjū served not simultaneously, but in rotation, each serving the Shogun for a month at a time, communicating with the Shogun through a chamberlain, called Soba-yōnin. However, the Rōjū also served as members of the Hyōjōsho council, along with the Ō-Metsuke and representatives of various Bugyō (Commissions or Departments). As part of the Hyōjōsho, the Rōjū sometimes served a role similar to that of a supreme court, deciding succession disputes and other such disputed matters of state.

Under the reign of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1680–1709) the Rōjū lost nearly all their power, as the Shogun began to work more closely with the Tairō, Chamberlains, and others, including Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, who held the power of a Tairō, but not the title. The Rōjū became little more than messengers, going through the motions of their proper roles as intermediaries between the Shogun and other offices, but not being able to exercise any power to change or decide policy. As Arai Hakuseki, a major Confucian poet and politician of the time wrote, "All the Rōjū did was to pass on his [Yoshiyasu's] instructions" (Sansom 141). Even after Tsunayoshi's death, the Rōjū did not regain their former power. They continued to exist, however, as a government post and a council with, officially if not in fact, all the powers and responsibilities they originally held, through the Edo period.

List of Rōjū

Each office-holder is listed once. Some may have served under multiple shōguns, and as a result of multiple terms, the list may not fully accurate reflect the order in which the office was held. For example, Hotta Masayoshi served in 1857–58 after Abe Masahiro (1843–57), but also served earlier, and is listed earlier; he is not also listed after Abe.

Under Tokugawa Ieyasu

Under Tokugawa Hidetada

  • Aoyama Narishige (青山成重)(1608–1613)
  • Sakai Tadatoshi (酒井忠利)(1609–1627)
  • Sakai Tadayo (酒井忠世)(1610–1634)
  • Doi Toshikatsu (土井利勝)(1610–1638)
  • Andō Shigenobu (安藤重信)(1611–1621)
  • Naitō Kiyotsugu (内藤清次)(1616–1617)
  • Aoyama Tadatoshi (青山忠俊)(1616–1623)
  • Inoue Masanari (井上正就)(1617–1628)
  • Nagai Naomasa (永井尚政)(1622–1633)

Under Tokugawa Iemitsu

Under Tokugawa Ietsuna

Under Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

  • Toda Tadamasa (戸田忠昌)(1681–1699)
  • Abe Masatake (阿部正武)(1681–1704)
  • Matsudaira Nobuyuki (松平信之)(1685–1686)
  • Tsuchiya Masanao (土屋政直)(1687–1718)
  • Ogasawara Nagashige (小笠原長重)(1697–1705, 1709–1710)
  • Akimoto Takatomo (秋元喬知)(1699–1707)
  • Inaba Masamichi (稲葉正往)(1701–1707)
  • Honda Masanaga (本多正永)(1704–1711)
  • Ōkubo Tadamasu (大久保忠増)(1705–1713)
  • Inoue Masamine (井上正岑)(1705–1722)

Under Tokugawa Ienobu and Ietsugu

  • Abe Masataka (阿部正喬)(1711–1717)
  • Kuze Shigeyuki (久世重之)(1713–1720)
  • Matsudaira Nobutsune (松平信庸)(1714–1716)
  • Toda Tadazane (戸田忠真)(1714–1729)

Under Tokugawa Yoshimune

Under Tokugawa Ieshige

  • Nishio Tadanao (西尾忠尚)(1746–1760)
  • Honda Masayoshi (本多正珍)(1746–1758)
  • Matsudaira Takechika (松平武元)(1746–1779)
  • Sakai Tadayori (酒井忠寄)(1749–1764)
  • Matsudaira Terutaka (松平輝高)(1758–1781)
  • Inoue Masatsune (井上正経)(1760–1763)
  • Akimoto Sumitomo (秋元凉朝)(1747–1764, 1765–1767)

Under Tokugawa Ieharu

  • Matsudaira Yasutoshi (松平康福)(1762–1788)
  • Abe Masasuke (阿部正右)(1764–1769)
  • Itakura Katsukiyo (板倉勝清)(1769–1780)
  • Tanuma Okitsugu (田沼意次)(1769–1786)
  • Abe Masachika (阿部正允)(1780)
  • Kuze Hiroakira (久世広明)(1781–1785)
  • Mizuno Tadatomo (水野忠友)(1781–1788, 1796–1802)
  • Torii Tadaoki (鳥居忠意)(1781–1793)
  • Makino Sadanaga (牧野貞長)(1784–1790)

Under Tokugawa Ienari

Under Tokugawa Ieyoshi

Under Tokugawa Iesada

Under Tokugawa Iemochi and Yoshinobu

Notes

  1. ^ Beasley, William G (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0804708150.
  2. ^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822, p. 242n91. Also known as "Honda Tadayoshi"

References

This page was last edited on 11 May 2024, at 20:45
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