Qajar dynasty

Qajar
Coat of arms of Qajar Iran (1907–1925)
Flag of Qajar Iran (1906–1925)
Parent house	Qajar tribe
Country	Qajar Iran
Founded	1789
Founder	Agha Mohammad Shah
Final ruler	Ahmad Shah
Titles	Shah of Iran
Deposition	1925
Cadet branches	Bahmani family

The Qajar dynasty (Persian: دودمان قاجار, romanized: Dudemâne Ǧâjâr; 1789–1925)^[a] was an Iranian^[1] dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan (r. 1789–1797) of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman^[2] Qajar tribe.

The dynasty's effective rule in Iran ended in 1925 when Iran's Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, declared Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, as the new shah of the Imperial State of Persia.

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List of Qajar monarchs

No.	Shah	Reigned from	Reigned until

1	Mohammad Khan Qajar	1789^[3]	17 June 1797
2	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	17 June 1797	23 October 1834
3	Mohammad Shah Qajar	23 October 1834	5 September 1848
4	Naser al-Din Shah Qajar	5 September 1848	1 May 1896
5	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar	1 May 1896	3 January 1907
6	Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar	3 January 1907	16 July 1909
7	Ahmad Shah Qajar	16 July 1909	31 October 1925

Qajar imperial family

The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, Sultan Mohammad Ali Mirza Qajar, while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne is Mohammad Hassan Mirza II, the grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, Sultan Ahmad Shah's brother and heir. Mohammad Hassan Mirza died in England in 1943, having proclaimed himself shah in exile in 1930 after the death of his brother in France.

Today, the descendants of the Qajars often identify themselves as such and hold reunions to stay socially acquainted through the Kadjar (Qajar) Family Association,^[4] often coinciding with the annual conferences and meetings of the International Qajar Studies Association (IQSA). The Kadjar (Qajar) Family Association was founded for a third time in 2000. Two earlier family associations were stopped because of political pressure. The offices and archives of IQSA are housed at the International Museum for Family History in Eijsden.

Titles and styles

The shah and his consort were styled Imperial Majesty. Their children were addressed as Imperial Highness, while male-line grandchildren were entitled to the lower style of Highness; all of them bore the title of Shahzadeh or Shahzadeh Khanoum.^[5]

Qajar dynasty since 1925

Heads of the Qajar Imperial Family

The headship of the Imperial Family is inherited by the eldest male descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah.

Sultan Ahmad Shah Qajar (1925–1930)
Fereydoun Mirza (1930–1975)
Sultan Hamid Mirza (1975–1988)
Sultan Mahmoud Mirza (1988)
Sultan Ali Mirza Qajar (1988–2011)
Sultan Mohammad Ali Mirza (2011–present)

Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty

The Heir Presumptive is the Qajar heir to the Persian throne.

Sultan Ahmad Shah Qajar (1925–1930)
Mohammad Hassan Mirza (1930–1943)
Fereydoun Mirza (1943–1975)
Sultan Hamid Mirza (1975–1988)
Mohammad Hassan Mirza II (1988–)

Notable members

Politics

Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma, prime minister of Iran
Mohammad Mosaddegh, prime minister of Iran and nephew of Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma.
Prince Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III, son of Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma, foreign minister of Iran
Hossein Khan Sardar, last ruler of the Erivan Khanate administrative division
Amir Abbas Hoveyda, Iranian economist and politician, prime minister of Iran from 1965 to 1977, a Qajar descendant on his maternal side
Ali Amini, prime minister of Iran
Prince Iraj Eskandari, Iranian communist politician
Princess Maryam Farman Farmaian, Iranian communist politician, founder of the women's section of the Tudeh Party of Iran
Ardeshir Zahedi, Iranian diplomat, Qajar descendant on his maternal side.
Prince Sabbar Farmanfarmaian, health minister in Mosaddeq cabinet
Abdol-Hossein Sardari, Consul General at the Iranian Embassy in Paris 1940–1945; helped and saved the lives of Jews in danger of deportation by issuing them with Iranian passports. A Qajar Qoyunlu and through his mother a grandson of Princess Malekzadeh Khanoum Ezzat od-Doleh, the sister of Nasser ed-Din Shah.
Aga Khan III, President of the League of Nations from 1937 to 1938, one of the founders and the first president of the All-India Muslim League and the 48th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims.

Military

Prince Amanullah Mirza Qajar, Imperial Russian, Azerbaijani, and Iranian military commander
Prince Feyzulla Mirza Qajar, Imperial Russian and Azerbaijani (ADR) military commander
Prince Aleksander Reza Qoli Mirza Qajar, Imperial Russian military leader, commander of Yekaterinburg (1918)
Prince Amanullah Jahanbani, senior Iranian general
Nader Jahanbani, general and vice-deputy chief of the Imperial Iranian Air Force

Social work

Princess Sattareh Farmanfarmaian, Iranian social work pioneer

Business

Princess Fakhr-ol-dowleh

Religion

Aga Khan IV, the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailism, a denomination of Isma'ilism within Shia Islam.

Women's rights

Princess Mohtaram Eskandari, intellectual and pioneering figures in Iranian women's movement.^[6]
Iran Teymourtash (Légion d'honneur), journalist, editor and publisher of the newspaper Rastakhiz, founder of an association for helping destitute women. Daughter of court minister Abdolhossein Teymourtash and through both her maternal grandparents a Qajar.^[7]

Literature

Prince Iraj, Iranian poet and translator
Sadegh Hedayat, a Qajar descendant through the female line
Anvar Khamei, the Iranian economist, politician, and sociologist.

Entertainment

Gholam-Hossein Banan, Iranian musician and singer, Qajar descendant on his maternal side.^[8]

Family tree

Mothers of Qajar Shahs

Notes

^ Also romanized as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.

Citations

^ Amanat 1997, p. 2: "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy."
^ Sümer 1978.
^ Perry, J. R. (1984). "ĀḠĀ MOḤAMMAD KHAN QĀJĀR". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/6. pp. 602–605. in Ramażān, 1210/ March, 1796, he was officially crowned shah of Iran.
^ "Qajar People". Qajars. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Qajar (Kadjar) Titles and Appellations". www.qajarpages.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ Paidar 1997, p. 95.
^ L. A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani) (ed.), "Qajar Studies". Journal of the International Qaja Studies Association, vol. X–XI, Rotterdam, Gronsveld, Santa Barbara and Tehran 2011, p. 220.
^ Caton 1988.

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