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Sandy inland mouse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sandy inland mouse
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Genus: Pseudomys
Species:
P. hermannsburgensis
Binomial name
Pseudomys hermannsburgensis
(Waite, 1896)
Sandy inland mouse range
Synonyms
  • Mus hermannsburgensis
  • Leggadina hermannsburgensis brazenori

The sandy inland mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.[1] Also known as the Hermannsburg (Mission) false-mouse or Hermannsburg mouse,[2] it is endemic to Australia and found widely yet sparsely through arid and semi-arid areas.

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Transcription

for plants and animals much of Australia is a difficult place for most of the year little rain falls and the moisture the does reach the ground evaporates quite quickly -living things tend to dry out temperature variations to r extreme on a hot summer afternoon the ground surface may be over 70 degrees Celsius at a winter dawn the temperature maybe below freezing. The soil in many places is dry and Sandy it plans managed to survive here and other animals to once I love animal life is occasional holes in Santa ground each about four centimeters in diameter such holes are often found amongst the porcupine grass plants have Central and Western Australia plan sometimes called spinifex usually business I know what is responsible for the holes unless you go looking after doc this little animal with its large eyes long years from tale with a tough to appear on the end and long hind legs is a desert hopping mouse biologists know it has not only is Alexis the spinifex hopping mouse hoping my so usually about and active at night porcupine grass like many other plans so the dry in land produces an abundance of seed this is an important item in the hopping mouse tired hoping my school so eat other vegetable matter and any small insects they find as they move about they continually made other mice usually the smell is a familiar one for helping my sis live together with others in the group ok perhaps 10 to 15 or so all have a familiar odor sometimes though a hopping mouse with an unfamiliar smelled comes into a feeding area usually the strange a retreat from the area from time to time the mice go back down their holes and into their underground burrows a hopping last photo can be in large and complex affair with underground tunnels larger chambers and vertical shafts leading to popo's at the ground surface to make their Baron hoping mice dig their first up on Downers untangle until they are well below the surface then the horizontal tunnels the Chamber's and the popos the original opening is filled in inside the Baram hoping mice continually made other mice from there own colony part of the time spend grooming themselves but for much of each day the my sleep huddled together in one of the chambers deep inside the Barrow occasionally this significant rain in the area followed by a flash revenue growth this can lead to a new patent activity in the hopping mouse colony several weeks after the rain young animals make their appearance two or three small naked young are born to each female each is blinded first like the young other mammals young hopping mice are cared for by the adults the mother provides a supply of milk the young develop fairly quickly at seventeen days or so there eyes still closed but they can feed and groom themselves by 21 days there Iza open by other 28 days they can look after themselves and by about fifty days they to a capable of breeding provided that the food supply is sufficient if the food supply remains good over a long period as a topping mice may keep reading and become very numerous many new colonies begun the fact that hopping mice can live at all in inland Australia and become very abundant at times suggest that this somehow will suited to the dry conditions and temperature extremes found them nights in winter can be cold and the day's cold too but by living much of the time underground helping my stay warmer than that the surface it may be 0 above-ground and fifteen degrees in the nest chamber by huddling together to individual hopping mice lose less heat and stay warmer the hottest weather is met on summer days with the stand at the surface at sixty or seventy degrees and too hot to walk on the temperature a meter under the soil is really about 32 degrees Celsius there the mice remain until surface conditions a cooler in hot with the two the my soul is an active as a result they produce less heat they also stop huddling and spread themselves out in this way they lose more heat and even if their body temperature rises they can tolerate a greater temperature rise than most other mammals the way they behave then helps them to survive temperature extremes they also have ways of coping with the water shortage we're hoping my slew there's little water to drink they gain much of their water from the food they eat and seem to be very good retaining this water in their bodies living in a bottom and coming out only at night for instance hopes to save water with conditions more humid then they lose less water by the operation also adult animals take in the urine produced by the yen as a result the water that makes up much of the year and has saved and the adults themselves produce very little urine so the behavior updates at helping my eyes and the ways in which their bodies function seem to help these little animals to survive the water shortage and extreme temperatures have been land Australia their body structure to seems to help their survival not many animals for example have long back legs like there's a popping mice those legs are a structural feature that seems to help them survive in particular circumstances like other organisms hopping mice have predators which feed on them one is the bomb now mice on the ground I continually on the alert watch what happens when dangerous detected rapid movements with many changes of direction the my so hard to catch now watch them in slow motion look particularly at the way they use their back legs the long back legs up hopping mice them are a structural feature that affects the way they move and seems to help them avoid attacks by predators like towels study of the lives of desert helping my eyes suggests that the way their bodies a build the ways in which they function and the ways in which the animals behave all suit them very well to the life they lead in the sandy desert country inland Australia helping my sis well adapted to their environment and way of life p up

Description

The sandy inland mouse is greyish-brown to sandy-brown with off-white underside. Adults weigh approximately 9 to 15 grams, and measure 55–80 mm from nose to base of tail with a tail between 70 and 90 mm.[3][4][2][5] Physically similar to the several other species including the house mouse it differs in lacking the notched incisors and distinctive musty odour of M. domesticus. The sandy inland mouse can be distinguished from several species including P. chapmani, P. delicatulus and Mus musculus by the pattern of the footpads.[6][4] Furthermore it has smaller ears and hind feet than Bolam's mouse, and the tail is shorter and less heavily furred[4] allowing distinction between the two species.

Taxonomy and naming

The sandy inland mouse was first described by ham (1896) as Mus hermannsburgensis following the Horn scientific expedition in 1894 during which the natural history of central Australia was studied.[7][8] Following this it was placed in Pseudomys and Leggadina by various people, but has prevailed in Pseudomys since 1970.[7]

Leggadina hermannsburgensis brazenori has been identified as a synonym of Pseudomys hermannsburgensis, and while it has no currently identified subspecies Pseudomys bolami was previously thought of as a subspecies.[8]

Distribution

Endemic to Australia, the sandy inland mouse can be found widely yet sparsely throughout arid and semi-arid areas of central southern and western Australia.[9]

The sandy inland mouse is present through New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. The major focus of studies on the species appears to centre on NSW where it has been found in Sturt National Park, Fowlers Gap Station north of Broken Hill, near Kajuligah Nature Reserve north of Ivanhoe, the Enngonia area north-east of Bourke, and at several locations in the Tibooburra area.[4] It is also found on some islands off the coast of Western Australia, including Dirk Hartog, Dixon, Rosemary, and Hope off the Pilbara.[10] Populations in central Australia are thought to be largely sedentary despite observations of individuals covering distances of up to 14 km in NSW and Queensland[11][4]

Habitat

Sandy inland mouse habitat is generally characterised by open vegetation, with a preference for friable soils such as sands and sandy loams on arid plains and dunes. Examples include, hummock grasslands, Mulga flats, alluvial flats and gibber plains, with Coolibah and Acacia woodlands having been observed as popular habitat.[4]

With a diet heavy in spinifex seed the sandy inland mouse is known to forage under heavy spinifex cover,[12] with a preference for burnt over unburnt habitat.[13]

Ecology

Life cycle

Nocturnal in nature, the sandy inland mouse will hide in burrows up to 50 cm underground during the day[3][9] sometimes in the burrows of other animals.[4][14] During non-breeding periods large congregation of individuals in a single burrow are common, while during breeding periods groups are generally smaller, with four or five members.[9] Burrows have been characterised by the absence of a soil mound by the entrance.[4]

Despite some previous observations of individuals entering a torpor like state[4] it is believed that sandy inland mouse do not use torpor as an energy or water conservation strategy.[15] However, they are understood to be able to survive hypothermia.[15]

Diet

The sandy inland mouse is omnivorous,[12] feeding on a range of plant and animal matter depending upon availability. While grains, in particular spinifex seed and other plant materials make ups the bulk of the mouse's diet during autumn the proportion of invertebrates consumed has been observed to increase considerably, to as much as 60% of food intake.[12] Spiders are the most common invertebrate found in the diet, with beetles and beetle larvae also being eaten.[4] It has been proposed that the increase in invertebrate consumption during autumn is a function of increased invertebrate numbers which result following rain.[12]

Several factors have been listed as reasons for omnivory as its dietary strategy. The sandy inland mouse lacks the physical and behavioural adaptations of the granivorous North American heteromyid such as cheek pouches and seed-caching through scratch digging holes; in addition, it is thought their digestive anatomy makes them better suited to an omnivorous diet. It has also been suggested that due to the extreme nature of the climate in the areas the species inhabits, dietary opportunism is the favoured mechanism for survival.[12]

Trials have indicated that sandy inland mouse will select seed with high water content over seed with lower water content, which is an important dietary adaptation for survival in the conditions of arid Australia.[16] Evidence also exists that it can survive indefinitely on a diet of air dried seed without drinking water.[17]

Reproduction

Sandy inland mouse does not adhere to a strict seasonal breeding strategy, instead employing a combination of opportunistic and seasonal strategy, breeding following rainfall or when food resources are abundant.[4] Gestation lasts between 29 and 34 days with a typical litter of three or four[18][19] in captivity litter size can be up to five or six.[4][20] Young are naked and weigh roughly 2 g at birth, but mature quickly with independence at 30 days and reproductive maturity at three months.[4]

Population dynamics

Classified as an r-strategist, populations of sandy inland mouse are known to persist in low densities during extended periods of dry conditions in Australia's arid and semi-arid interior, and then erupt dramatically following significant rain.[4][21] Concomitantly, they exhibit decreased heterozygosity during dry periods and recover healthy levels of genetic diversity following wet periods.[22] Population fluctuations of up to 40 fold have been observed in parts of western Queensland.[23] Fluctuations in population numbers have been primarily linked to food availability which increases following significant rain events.[4][24]

Threats

Habitat modification because of grazing activity presents the greatest threat to the Sandy Inland mouse,[3] while predation by foxes, cats and barn owls, use of 1080 baits, pesticides, and establishment of artificial water points have all been identified as potential threats to populations of the sandy inland mouse.[4]

Conservation

Sandy inland mouse is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[10]

In New South Wales the species is listed as vulnerable under Schedule 2 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (as of September 2017).[4][25]

Queensland lists the species as Least Concern under the Nature Conservation Act 1992.[26]

As of May 2024, the species is not listed in any other state or territory listing, additionally the species is not listed under the Australian Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1995.

References

  1. ^ Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801882210. OCLC 57557352.
  2. ^ a b The mammals of Australia (2nd ed.). Sydney: Australian Museum. 1998. ISBN 978-1876334888. OCLC 223154432.
  3. ^ a b c Dickman, Christopher R. (1993). The biology and management of native rodents of the arid zone in NSW. Hurstville, NSW: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. ISBN 978-0730573913. OCLC 38376119.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Forrest's Mouse (Leggadina forresti) and Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis) recovery plan : prepared in accordance with the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Hurstville, NSW: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2002. ISBN 978-0731365159. OCLC 223379720.
  5. ^ Breed, Bill; Ford, Fred (2007). Native mice and rats. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. ISBN 9780643091665. OCLC 191028535.
  6. ^ Cooper, N. K. (1993). "Identification of Pseudomys chapmani, P. hermannsburgensis, P. delicatulus and Mus musculus using footpad patterns". Western Australian Naturalist. 19: 69–73.
  7. ^ a b Jackson, Stephen M.; Groves, Colin P. (2015). Taxonomy of Australian mammals. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9781486300136. OCLC 882909166.
  8. ^ a b Troughton, Ellis Le G. (1932). "On five new rats of the genus Pseudomys". Records of the Australian Museum. 18 (6): 287–294. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.18.1932.731. ISSN 0067-1975.
  9. ^ a b c Ayers, Danielle; Nash, Sharon; Baggett, Karen (1996). Threatened species of Western New South Wales. Hurstville, NSW: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. ISBN 978-0731076420. OCLC 38758828.
  10. ^ a b Kemper, C.; Burbidge, A. (2008). "Pseudomys hermannsburgensis: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t18566a8454168.en.
  11. ^ Dickman, C.R.; Predavec, M.; Downey, F.J. (1995). "Long-range movements of small mammals in arid Australia: implications for land management". Journal of Arid Environments. 31 (4): 441–452. Bibcode:1995JArEn..31..441D. doi:10.1016/s0140-1963(05)80127-2. ISSN 0140-1963.
  12. ^ a b c d e Murray, Brad R.; Dickman, Chris R. (1994). "Granivory and microhabitat use in Australian desert rodents: are seeds important?". Oecologia. 99 (3–4): 216–225. Bibcode:1994Oecol..99..216M. doi:10.1007/bf00627733. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28313875. S2CID 25433907.
  13. ^ Doherty, Tim S.; Davis, Robert A.; van Etten, Eddie J. B. (2015). "A game of cat-and-mouse: microhabitat influences rodent foraging in recently burnt but not long unburnt shrublands". Journal of Mammalogy. 96 (2): 324–331. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv034. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30082531. ISSN 0022-2372.
  14. ^ Triggs, Barbara (1996). Tracks, scats, and other traces : a field guide to Australian mammals. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195536430. OCLC 36205234.
  15. ^ a b Tomlinson, Sean; Withers, Philip C.; Cooper, Christine (2007). "Hypothermia versus torpor in response to cold stress in the native Australian mouse Pseudomys hermannsburgensis and the introduced house mouse Mus musculus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 148 (3): 645–650. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.013. ISSN 1095-6433. PMID 17826203.
  16. ^ Murray, Brad; Dickman, Chris (1997). "Factors affecting selection of native seeds in two species of Australian desert rodents". Journal of Arid Environments. 35 (3): 517–525. Bibcode:1997JArEn..35..517M. doi:10.1006/jare.1996.0180. ISSN 0140-1963.
  17. ^ MacMillen, Richard E.; Baudinette, Russell V.; Lee, Anthony K. (1972). "Water Economy and Energy Metabolism of the Sandy Inland Mouse, Leggadina hermannsburgensis". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 529–539. doi:10.2307/1379042. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1379042.
  18. ^ Breed, W. G. (1990). "Comparative studies on the timing of reproduction and foetal number in six species of Australian conilurine rodents (Muridae: Hydromyinae)". Journal of Zoology. 221 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb03770.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  19. ^ Firman, Renée C.; Bentley, Blair; Bowman, Faye; Marchant, Fernando García-Solís; Parthenay, Jahmila; Sawyer, Jessica; Stewart, Tom; O'Shea, James E. (2013). "No evidence of sperm conjugate formation in an Australian mouse bearing sperm with three hooks". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (7): 1856–1863. doi:10.1002/ece3.577. PMC 3728929. PMID 23919134.
  20. ^ Firman, Renée C. (2013). "Female fitness, sperm traits and patterns of paternity in an Australian polyandrous mouse". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 68 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1643-1. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 253806078.
  21. ^ Dickman, Christopher R.; Greenville, Aaron C.; Beh, Chin-Liang; Tamayo, Bobby; Wardle, Glenda M. (2010). "Social organization and movements of desert rodents during population "booms" and "busts" in central Australia". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 798–810. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-205.1. ISSN 0022-2372.
  22. ^ Stringer, Emily J.; Gruber, Bernd; Sarre, Stephen D.; Wardle, Glenda M.; Edwards, Scott V.; Dickman, Christopher R.; Greenville, Aaron C.; Duncan, Richard P. (2024-04-30). "Boom-bust population dynamics drive rapid genetic change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (18). doi:10.1073/pnas.2320590121. ISSN 0027-8424.
  23. ^ Predavec, M. (1994). "Population dynamics and environemental changes during natural irruptions of Australian desert rodents". Wildlife Research. 21 (5): 569–581. doi:10.1071/wr9940569. ISSN 1448-5494.
  24. ^ Dickman, Christopher R.; Greenville, Aaron C.; Tamayo, Bobby; Wardle, Glenda M. (2011). "Spatial dynamics of small mammals in central Australian desert habitats: the role of drought refugia". Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (6): 1193–1209. doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-S-329.1. ISSN 0022-2372.
  25. ^ "Sandy Inland Mouse - profile". Threatened Species NSW. NSW Environment, Energy and Science. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  26. ^ "Species profile—Pseudomys hermannsburgensis (Muridae)". Queensland Government. State of Queensland. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
This page was last edited on 25 May 2024, at 12:18
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