Prunus lusitanica

Prunus lusitanica Temporal range: 11.46–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Miocene - Present^[1]

Foliage and immature fruit
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)^[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Prunus
Subgenus:	Prunus subg. Padus
Species:	P. lusitanica
Binomial name
*Prunus lusitanica* L.
Synonyms^[3]
Cerasus lusitanica (L.) Dum.Cours. Laurocerasus lusitanica (L.) M.Roem. Padus lusitanica (L.) Mill.

Prunus lusitanica, the Portuguese laurel cherry^[4] or Portugal laurel,^[5] is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae, native to the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, the Macaronesian archipelagos, and the French Basque Country.^[6]^[7]^[8]

The split between the two subspecies (subsp. azorica, found in the Azores, and subsp. hixa / subsp. lusitanica, found elsewhere) is dated around the Pliocene.^[9]

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Description

Prunus lusitanica is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 3-8m tall (though it can reach 15-20m in cultivation).^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] The bark is smooth and dark-grey.^[10] The leaves are alternate, oval, 7–15 cm long and 3–5 cm broad,^[10] with an acute apex and a dentate margin, glossy dark green above, lighter below.^[12] They superficially resemble those of the bay laurel, which accounts for its often being mistaken for one.

The flowers are small (10–15 mm diameter) with five small white petals; they are produced on erect or spreading racemes 15–25 cm long in late spring. The fruit is a small cherry-like drupe 8–13 mm in diameter, green or reddish green at first, turning dark purple or black when ripe in late summer or early autumn.^[10]^[14]

Distribution and habitat

Prunus lusitanica is rare in the wild, found mainly along mountain streams, preferring sunshine and moist but well-drained soils. It is moderately drought-tolerant. It reproduces either sexually (the most successful method) or asexually by cloning from shoots.^[15]

Name

The species was first scientifically described by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753. Its specific epithet lusitanica means "of Lusitania", referring to the Roman name for Portugal.^[16]

Subspecies

Three subspecies are accepted:^[3]

Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica. Mainland Europe.
Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica (Mouill.) Franco. Azores.^[17]
Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa (Willd.) Franco. Canary Islands, Madeira, Morocco.

Cultivation

Prunus lusitanica is grown as an ornamental shrub and is widely planted as a hedge and for screening in gardens and parks. It is introduced and locally naturalised in the temperate zone in northern France, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Western Canada- including the southern BC Mainland and Vancouver Island From Victoria Up Island through the Cowichan, Nanaimo and Parksville as well as the western United States in California, Oregon and Washington State.^{[citation needed]}

Similar to its relative Prunus laurocerasus, P. lusitanica has been recognized by some botanists and land managers in both western Washington and Oregon as invasive. It is thought to have spread from cultivated areas into natural areas by birds who consume the fruit and then defecate the seeds away from the source plant.^{[citation needed]}

It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[18]

Toxicity

The leaves of Prunus lusitanica contain cyanide and will release this into the environment if burnt^[19] or if crushed.^[20] The fruit is somewhat edible if fully ripe, but if it is bitter, it is toxic and should not be eaten.^[21]