Piano Trio No. 1 (Brahms)

Piano Trio in B major
No. 1
by Johannes Brahms
The composer in 1853
Key	B major
Opus	8
Composed	1854 (1854), revised 1889
Performed	13 October 1855 (1855-10-13): Gdańsk
Published	1854 (1854)
Movements	four

The Piano Trio No. 1 in B major, Op. 8, by Johannes Brahms was completed in January 1854, when the composer was only twenty years old, published in November 1854 and premiered on 13 October 1855 in Danzig.^[1] It has often been mistakenly claimed that the first performance had taken place in the United States.^[2] Brahms produced a revised version of the work in summer 1889 that shows significant alterations so that it may even be regarded as a distinct (fourth) piano trio.^[3]^[4] This "New Edition" (Neue Ausgabe), as he called it, was premiered on 10 January 1890 in Budapest and published in February 1891.

The trio is scored for piano, violin and cello, and it is the only work of Brahms to exist today in two published versions, although it is almost always the revised version that is performed today. The work is homotonal, with two movements in the key of B major and two in B minor.^[5] It is also among the few multimovement works to begin in a major key and end in the tonic minor (another example being Felix Mendelssohn's "Italian" Symphony).

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Transcription

Structure

The trio is in four movements:

Original version (1854): (a performance typically takes around 42 minutes)

Allegro con moto — Tempo un poco più Moderato — Schnell (494 bars)
Scherzo: Allegro molto — Trio: Più lento — Tempo primo (459 bars)
Adagio non troppo — Allegro — Tempo primo (157 bars)
Finale: Allegro molto agitato — Un poco più lento — Tempo primo (518 bars)

Revised version (Neue Ausgabe) (1889): (a performance typically takes around 33 minutes)

Allegro con brio — Tranquillo — In tempo ma sempre sostenuto (289 bars)
Scherzo: Allegro molto — Meno allegro — Tempo primo (460 bars)
Adagio (99 bars)
Finale: Allegro (322 bars)

Analysis

First movement

B major, ⁴
₄, alla breve in revised version

This movement is a sonata form movement in B major. It begins with a broad theme in the cello and piano and builds in intensity. Between the two versions of the trio, Brahms made hardly any changes to the first 80 bars or so, except for omitting little interjections by the violin that he supposedly only included in the first version to meet a desire of Joseph Joachim.^[6] In the first version, the second subject group in G♯ minor (bar 84) includes various thematic elements, only one of which is taken up in the recapitulation as the basis for a fugue in stile antico (bar 354). In the coda of the original version, the main subject is finally brought to a climactic, fortissimo conclusion on the tonic (bar 473).

Second movement

B minor, trio section and ending in B major, ³
₄

The B minor scherzo combines delicate filigree passages with fortissimo outbursts. The exuberant mood of the first movement returns in the trio section in B major. A Picardy third, which ends the movement in B major, sets the scene for the third movement, also in B major. The only alterations Brahms applied to this movement in his revision of the work were a doubling of the climactic trio melody in the cello, and a reworking of the coda.

Third movement

B major, ⁴
₄

This movement, returning to B major and following a simple ternary form, opens with a spacious chordal theme in the piano, counterpoised by a middle section in which the cello plays a poignant G♯ minor melody making use of chromaticism (bar 33). In the first version, a different second theme was used – a quotation from Franz Schubert's "Am Meer" from Schwanengesang^[7] (bar 33) – and an Allegro section was included near the end of the movement (bar 82).

Fourth movement

B minor, ³
₄

Back in B minor, the first theme of this movement is highly chromatic and slightly ambiguous tonally, with a very agitated dotted rhythm. This is perhaps the movement Brahms altered the most between the two versions, with the cello's original smooth second theme in F♯ major (bar 105)—an apparent allusion to Beethoven's "Nimm sie hin denn, diese Lieder" from An die ferne Geliebte, which is also quoted in Schumann's Fantasie Op. 17—being replaced by a more vigorous arpeggiated piano theme in D major (bar 64). The combined contour and rhythm of this new theme in its first four bars bear a striking resemblance to "The Star-Spangled Banner".^[8] After a B major episode recalling the mood of the first movement, the music returns to B minor and ends very turbulently.

References

^ Struck, Michael (1997). "Zwischen Alter und Neuer Welt. Unbekannte Dokumente zur Uraufführung und frühen Rezeption des Klaviertrios op. 8 von Johannes Brahms in der Erstfassung". In Hortschanksy, Klaus (ed.). Traditionen – Neuansätze. Für Anna Amalie Abert. pp. 663–676.
^ Sunday Classics: Which mainstay of the chamber music literature was first heard in 1855 in, of all places, NYC? - Down With Tyranny!
^ Oechsle, Siegfried (2009). "Klaviertrios, Klavierquartette, Klavierquintett". In Sandberger, Wolfgang (ed.). Brahms-Handbuch. Metzler/Bärenreiter. pp. 408–436. ISBN 978-3-476-02233-2.
^ Conrad Wilson: Notes on Brahms: 20 Crucial Works (Edinboro, Saint Andrew Press: 2005) p. 8
^ Moseley, Roger (2007). "Reforming Johannes: Brahms, Kreisler Junior and the Piano Trio in B, Op. 8". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 132 (2): 252–305, here 260. doi:10.1093/jrma/fkm004. JSTOR 30161409.
^ Tovey, Donald F. (1929). "Brahms". In Cobbett, Walter Willson (ed.). Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music (A–H). pp. 158–182, here 162.
^ "Klaviertrio H-Dur, op. 8 (Urfassung) | Kammermusikführer - Villa Musica Rheinland-Pfalz".
^ "The Star-Spangled Banner", service version, attributed to John Stafford Smith

External links

Piano Trio No.1, Op.8: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Performance of Piano Trio No. 1 by the Claremont Trio from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format

v t e Chamber music by Johannes Brahms
Duos	Cello Sonata No. 1 in E minor, Op. 38 Cello Sonata No. 2 in F major, Op. 99 Clarinet Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 120, No. 1 Clarinet Sonata No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 120, No. 2 Violin Sonata No. 1 in G major, Op. 78 Violin Sonata No. 2 in A major, Op. 100 Violin Sonata No. 3 in D minor, Op. 108
Trios	Clarinet Trio in A minor, Op. 114 Horn Trio in E-flat major, Op. 40 Piano Trio No. 1 in B major, Op. 8 Piano Trio No. 2 in C major, Op. 87 Piano Trio No. 3 in C minor, Op. 101 Piano Trio in A major, Anh. 4/5 (doubtful)
Quartets	Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor, Op. 25 Piano Quartet No. 2 in A major, Op. 26 Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60 String Quartets, Op. 51 (No. 1 in C minor; No. 2 in A minor) String Quartet No. 3 in B-flat major, Op. 67
Quintets & Sextets	Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115 Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34 String Quintet No. 1 in F major, Op. 88 String Quintet No. 2 in G major, Op. 111 String Sextet No. 1 in B-flat major, Op. 18 String Sextet No. 2 in G major, Op. 36
List of compositions by Johannes Brahms

v t e Johannes Brahms
List of compositions
Orchestral works	Academic Festival Overture Serenades Symphony No. 1 in C minor Symphony No. 2 in D major Symphony No. 3 in F major Symphony No. 4 in E minor Tragic Overture Variations on a Theme by Haydn
Concertante	Double Concerto Piano Concerto No. 1 Piano Concerto No. 2 Violin Concerto
Vocal works with orchestra	A German Requiem Alto Rhapsody Gesang der Parzen Nänie Rinaldo Schicksalslied Triumphlied
Chamber music	Cello Sonata No. 1 Cello Sonata No. 2 Clarinet Quintet Clarinet Sonatas Clarinet Trio Horn Trio Piano Quartet No. 1 Piano Quartet No. 2 Piano Quartet No. 3 Piano Quintet Piano Trio No. 1 Piano Trio No. 2 Piano Trio No. 3 String Quartet No. 3 String Quintet No. 1 String Quintet No. 2 String Sextet No. 1 String Sextet No. 2 Two String Quartets, Op. 51 Violin Sonata No. 1 Violin Sonata No. 2 Violin Sonata No. 3
Piano works	Ballades, Op. 10 Fantasies, Op. 116 Four Pieces for Piano, Op. 119 Hungarian Dances Piano Sonata No. 1 Piano Sonata No. 2 Piano Sonata No. 3 Rhapsodies, Op. 79 Six Pieces for Piano, Op. 118 Sixteen Waltzes, Op. 39 Three Intermezzi for piano, Op. 117 Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel Variations on a Theme of Paganini
Other compositions	Eleven Chorale Preludes Fest- und Gedenksprüche Fünf Gesänge, Op. 104 Fünf Lieder, Op. 105 Geistliches Lied Liebeslieder Waltzes, Op. 52 Neue Liebeslieder Two Motets, Op. 74 Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano, Op. 91 Vier ernste Gesänge "Wiegenlied (Lullaby)", Op. 49, no. 4 Zigeunerlieder
Collaborations	F-A-E Sonata
Named for Brahms	1818 Brahms Brahms (crater) Brahms Inlet
Related articles	Brahms House (Baden-Baden) Brahms Museum (Hamburg) Brahms Museum, Mürzzuschlag Brahms guitar Brahms-Institut Brahms-Preis German Romanticism International Johannes Brahms Competition Musical cryptogram Three Bs
Category Audio