The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Bosnia and Herzegovina – country in Southwestern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. It comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third region, the Brčko District, governed under local government. The country is home to three ethnic groups: Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second and Croats third.
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The Clinton Years, or the 1990s: Crash Course US History #45
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All World Countries · Map + Flag + Capital City + Pronunciation
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List of CIA coups
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Panel "The Great War as History and Memory"
Transcription
Hi, I’m John Green, this is CrashCourse U.S. history, and today we have finally reached the Clinton years. Bill Clinton and I are really quite similar, actually. We were both brought up in the South. We both come from broken families … well, no, not actually. Also, I did not attended any Ivy League University. Yeah, I’m actually nothing like Bill Clinton. Well, except for the southern thing, and also both of us are married to women who are smarter than we are. Mr. Green, Mr. Green? But he was president. Whatever, I’m still young Me From the Past! Clinton wasn’t even governor of Arkansas until he was like (looks at computer)....oh, crap, he was 32, I’m finished! INTRO So Clinton’s presidency was focused on Domestic Policy and a sex scandal – in fact his campaign war room famously featured a sign that read “It’s the Economy, stupid.” His domestic legacy is pretty complex, though, so we’re going to start with his foreign policy. The Clinton years didn’t feature as many major foreign policy successes as Bush 41, but Clinton did have his moments. Like his administration achieved a partial success with the 1993 Oslo Accords when Israel recognized the legitimacy of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation. However, that eventually resulted in the PLO becoming progressively less powerful and as you may have noticed, it didn’t ultimately achieve peace in the Middle East. Clinton was more successful in Yugoslavia where he pushed NATO to actually do something for once in this case bombing, sending troops, kinda something. Now there had been widespread ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims before the NATO intervention but the fighting ended with the Dayton Accords. And then there’s the Rwandan genocide, which the Clinton administration did absolutely nothing to prevent and where 800,000 people died in less than a month. The Rwandan genocide is probably the international community's greatest failure in the 2nd half of the 20th century and while certainly Clinton was among many people who were complicit to that including like, me, yeah… you know... so far it’s not such a great foreign policy record. Terrorism also became a bigger issue during Clinton’s presidency. The World Trade Center was bombed for the 1st time, the U.S.S. Cole was attacked. But the most destructive terrorist act during Clinton’s presidency was of course committed by Americans - Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols who blew up the Murrah Federal building in Oklahoma City. Which brings us to an awkward transition from domestic terrorism to domestic policy. So Bill Clinton was from Hope Arkansas and he ran as a centrist democrat who wanted to do things differently. He wasn’t going to be inside the Washington beltway. And he wasn’t going to be some old-fashioned liberal who was all about raising taxes funneling billions of dollars to Snuffleupagus. That centrism made him very electable but his first few domestic agenda items faltered, like he tried to end the ban on gay people entering in the military but opposition led him to compromise with the famous Don’t Ask Don’t Tell policy. Essentially you were allowed to be homosexual, if you were in the military, you just weren’t allowed to acknowledge it. And then there was the 1993 Health Care initiative led by Clinton’s wife, Hillary, which was also a failure. By the 90’s the United States was the last industrialized nation not to have universal health care and while Hillary Clinton’s plan would have resulted in Americans having universal health care it was too complicated to sell to us. Also, it faced very powerful opposition from like drug companies, and insurers, and medical device makers… lots of people. But at least it had a working website. What’s that, Stan? There was no web? What did they use, like a mobile app or something? There was no apps? I thought we were in modern history! So on the heels of these failed policy initiatives in 1994 Democrats were swept out of Congress and Republicans took control of both the Senate and the House. The new speaker of the House, whose real name was Newt Gingrich, and who would later run for president despite being named Newt Gingrich issued something called the Contract with America. It promised to cut government, cut taxes, cut regulation, overhaul welfare and end affirmative action -- and this led to a Government shutdown in 1995 over an inability to reach a budget agreement between the Congress and the president. Which in turn made all these new Congressional Republicans very unpopular with the American people as a whole and played into Clinton’s political strategy of “triangulation.” His strategy was to campaign against radical republicans while co-opting some of their ideas. The most obvious example was his declaration in January 1996 that “The era of big government is over”. Spoiler alert: It wasn’t. There has been no president since WWII who decreased the size of the government. And that will change when never because all of the things that actually cost the government a lot of money like Social Security and Medicare are very popular and both of those programs benefit old people who vote disproportionately because they have nothing to do since Murder She Wrote was cancelled. However, Clinton did actually shrink parts of the government with policies like the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which deregulated broadcasting. But Clinton’s signature economic policy was Welfare Reform – aka the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act – of 1996. This law replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program, which had given money directly to poor mothers. But with Clinton’s welfare reform states received block grants that came with strings attached including work requirements and time limits for total benefits. Welfare rolls plummeted and many economists see this as the rare bipartisan victory in the 1990’s but it’s still controversial and many liberal people felt like Bill Clinton had betrayed them. But Clinton still remained popular through much of his presidency largely because it really is the economy stupid - and the economy got better. In fact by the time Clinton left office unemployment was below 4% which hadn’t happened since the 1960s. That meant there should have been inflation but somehow there wasn’t, possibly because of increased global competition that kept wages down and also energy prices that were remarkably low as worldwide oil production increased. Microchips made it possible to develop loads of new products, like personal computers and DVD players, and video games, and cell phones, and Crash Course. And computers completely transformed the American workplace. I mean until the 90’s people would go to work, and they would sit in their offices at their desks, and they would… I don’t know what did because they didn’t have computers! How did anything get done before computers, I mean how were books written, how was the Godfather edited, how was this globe made, I mean did some individual’s human hand sculpt it from clay? So no wonder the economy got better we had stumbled on the biggest innovation since like wheels. And during the Clinton administration we didn’t just have computers we had computers that began to connect to each other. I’m referring of course to the Internet which might have remained like a military communications network if computer scientists and entrepreneurs hadn’t worked out how to use it to sell things. This was the beginning of the e-commerce boom, which would be followed by an e-commerce bust, but then another e-commerce boom, which would eventually give us websites where you can buy Crash Course DVD’s, like DFTBA.com, and also lesser known e-commerce sites like Ebay and Amazon. Oh, it’s time for the mystery document? The rules here are simple. I read the mystery document, I either get the author correct, or I get shocked. Okay here we go. “The information highway will extend the electronic marketplace and make it the ultimate go-between, the universal middleman. Often the only humans involved in a transaction will be the actual buyer and the seller. All the goods for sale in the world will be available for you to examine, compare, and often customize. When you want to buy something you’ll be able to tell your computer to find if for you at the best price offered by any acceptable source or ask your computer to “haggle” with the computers of various sellers. Information about vendors and their products and services will be available to any computer connected to the highway. Servers distributed worldwide will accept bids, resolve offers into completed transactions, control authentication and security, and handle all other aspects of the marketplace, including the transfer of funds. This will carry us into a new world of low-friction, low-overhead capitalism, in which market information will be plentiful and transaction costs low. It will be a shopper’s heaven.” Stan, that sounds like something that Amazon founder Jeff Bezos would say. No? Dangit, Bill Gates. Let me tell you how much I enjoy this, none. Oh, the information super highway it made all of this possible including my shock pen. Ahhh! Now one of the lessons of history is that good news for someone is almost always bad news for someone else and that was certainly the case with the longest period of economic expansion in American history. Increased use of Information Technology facilitated the globalization of manufacturing and the pressure to manufacture cheaply pushed wages down and encouraged companies to locate factories in countries with lower environmental regulations and also lower wages. That’s great for companies, it’s good for prices, arguably good for workers in the developing world, not so great for the environment or for American workers. The deregulation of finance also contributed to global growth. Capital could flow more easily anywhere in the world but this also meant that it could flow out easily, making financial crises more likely and more widespread. The growth of free flowing capital in the 1990’s created a world in which the crash of 2008 was more or less inevitable. But before that we had the crash of 2000. As money flowed into the stock market, bubbles developed. And in some ways this was more problematic than it used to be because a much greater percentage of Americans had become investors in stocks - an actual majority of them by the year 2000. And many of these investors were buying into these hot new dot-com stocks, in fact the tech-heavy NASDAQ exchange soared in 1998 and 1999. And then it lost 80% of its value in 2000 when the bubble burst. It turns out that the Pets.com business model of selling you dog food at a loss is not a sustainable business model. Although to be fair Amazon has been selling stuff at a loss now for 20 years and they’re still at it. So… you know… maybe I’m wrong. So during this period real wages grew but the gains were very unequal like when you adjust for inflation, wages of nonsupervisory workers remained below what they were in the 1970s. And for the poor it was even worse. Our old friend Eric Foner reports that “Average after-tax income of the poorest 1/5 of Americans fell 12 percent, and that of the middle 1/5 decreased by 3 percent.”[1] Meanwhile, the income of the top fifth increased 38%. Now of course this trend towards inequality and the majority of jobs being created in low wage, insecure, service industries would continue into the 21st century. But the economic and political pictures that we’ve sought to paint only tell half of the story of the 1990s, because it was also a decade characterized by what has been called the Culture Wars. A big part of this was immigration, which rose enormously after immigration reform in 1965. Between 1965 and 2000 the US saw almost 24 million immigrants arrive, compared with 27 million during the peak immigration period between 1880 and 1924. Fully half of new immigrants came from Latin America and the Caribbean, 35% came from Asia, only 10% came from Europe and most of them were from the former USSR and the Balkans. As had always been the case, most immigrants were attracted by labor opportunities, but now more were highly educated. In fact, 40% had college educations. Let’s go to the thoughtbubble. Latinos were the largest immigrant group by far, with Mexicans making up the largest contingent and by 2007 Latinos would replace African Americans as the second largest ethnic group. Latinos suffered disproportionate poverty, and, despite significant economic gains during the 1990s, African Americans still found their economic opportunities limited. According to Eric Foner, “In 2007, the total assets of the median white family […] stood at $87,000. For black families, the figure was $5,400.”[2] Diversity also increased in other ways like single parent families became more accepted which was essential as 50% of marriages ended in divorce. Out-of-wedlock births declined, primarily because teenagers were practicing safer sex. And teens and adults were cohabiting before or instead of marriage. Eventually the Mom, Dad, and 2.4 kids standard American household became only one of a number of accepted options for families. Gay and trans people became increasingly visible in the national consciousness as a result of the GLBT rights movement and it becoming safer for people to come out of the closet. On the other hand, the AIDS epidemic, which disproportionately affected the GLBT community was disastrous. By 2000 400,000 Americans had died of AIDS. Then there’s the depressing rise in imprisonment. Politicians competed with each other to see who could be tougher on crime and as the War on Drugs continued, many state legislatures passed “three strikes” laws meaning that people who were convicted of three felonies would go to prison for life. The number of Americans in prison skyrocketed. By 2008 it was 2.3 million, ONE QUARTER of the total number of inmates on planet Earth. Thanks, thoughtbubble. Although I have to say I thought this was going to be a happy one, I mean the economy is growing, things are getting better for people in the GLBTQ community, and then boom, boom, boom, it’s all terrible! I don’t want to underplay the many benefits of our increased prosperity and diversity but all of this multiculturalism and change made for a very tense political atmosphere. To some people it seemed like the open free-wheeling liberalism of the 60’s had run amuck, and those people really started to hate the Clintons. But among Bill Clinton’s many flaws: facelessness, cigar smoking, his biggest was his inability to stop cheating on his wife. Clinton had dodged accusations of extramarital skoodilypooping while running for the presidential nomination which contributed to his unfortunate “Slick Willie” moniker. But while he was president, Clinton’s former employee Paula Jones sued him for sexual harassment that had occurred, allegedly occurred, I guess it probably occurred, allegedly occurred while he was governor of Arkansas. While gathering evidence for that lawsuit, investigators discovered that the president had carried on a sexual relationship with a young intern named Monica Lewinsky. The President denied having “sexual relations” with Monica Lewinsky which was a lie unless you are President Bill Clinton and have a very narrow definition of “sexual relations.” That lie to a justice department official was the basis for articles of impeachment for perjury and obstruction of justice. And so it was that the president of the United States was impeached for saying that he didn’t have sex with a woman that he did have sex with, unless of course you define sex very narrowly, and it all depends on what your definition of is is, and etc. In early 1999, Clinton was acquitted of these charges in a congressional vote that went right down party lines and he served out the remainder of his term but he was significantly weakened. Also, he served out the remainder of his presidency sleeping on the couch. So the 90s were a really pivotal decade to the world we live in right now, a globalized, multicultural, instagram-filtered world But as we became more globally connected political divisions grew within the United States. And this became especially problematic because with the growth of the Internet it was easier than ever to only hear voices that you already know you agree with. To live inside of an echo chamber where your news doesn’t necessarily resemble your neighbor’s news. In some ways Bill Clinton directed these changes but in most ways they directed him. But that’s what I find so fascinating about history, even the fancy people who get their heads on the chalkboard, even they are subject to historical forces. Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is made with all the help of these nice people and it’s possible because of your support through Subbable.com, a voluntary subscription service that allows you to pay monthly for Crash Course whatever you want so that we can keep it free for everyone forever. You’ll find lots of cool perks at Subbable like a chance to sponsor videos, and signed posters and stuff, so please check it out. You can click here on my face or there is a link in the video info below. Thank you so much for watching Crash Course, thanks for making it possible, and as we say in my hometown, “Don’t forget to be awesome.” ________________ [1] Foner. Give me Liberty ebook version p. 1141 [2] Foner, Give me Liberty. Ebook version p. 1150.
General reference
- Pronunciation: /ˈbɒzniə ... ˌhɜːrtsəˈɡoʊvɪnə/ ⓘ BOZ-nee-ə ... HURT-sə-GOH-vin-ə or /ˌhɜːrtsəɡoʊˈviːnə/ HURT-sə-goh-VEE-nə;[1]
- Common English country name: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Official English country name: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Common endonym(s): Bosna i Hercegovina – Босна и Херцеговина
- Official endonym(s): Bosna i Hercegovina – Босна и Херцеговина
- Adjectival(s): Bosnian, Herzegovinian
- Demonym(s):
- Etymology: Name of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- ISO country codes: BA, BIH, 070
- ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:BA
- Internet country code top-level domain: .ba
Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosnia and Herzegovina is: a country
- Location:
- Eastern Hemisphere
- Northern Hemisphere
- Eurasia
- Europe
- Southern Europe
- Balkans (also known as "Southeastern Europe")
- Southern Europe
- Europe
- Eurasia
- Time zone: Central European Time (UTC+01), Central European Summer Time (UTC+02)
- Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- High: Maglić 2,386 m (7,828 ft)
- Low: Adriatic Sea 0 m
- Land boundaries: 1,538 km
- Croatia 932 km
- Serbia 357 km
- Montenegro 249 km
- Coastline: Adriatic Sea 20 km
- Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 3,981,239(2007) - 126th most populous country
- Area of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 51,197 square kilometres (19,767 sq mi) - 127th largest country
- Atlas of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Renewable energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Geology of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Protected areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Biosphere reserves in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National parks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Wildlife of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Natural geographic features of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Glaciers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Islands of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Lakes of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Mountains of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Volcanoes in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ecoregions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of ecoregions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Administrative divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Administrative divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo
- Cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Demography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government and politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Form of government: parliamentary representative democratic republic
- Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo
- Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Branches of government
Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Executive branch of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of state: President of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of government: Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Cabinet of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Legislative branch of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Judicial branch of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Court system of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
International organization membership
The government of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of:[2]
Law and order in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Capital punishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Military of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Military of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Command
- Forces
- Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Navy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Air Force of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Special forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Military history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Military ranks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Local government in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Local government in Bosnia and Herzegovina
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Timeline of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Current events of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Military history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Cuisine of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Festivals in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Media in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- National symbols of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Prostitution in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Public holidays in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Records of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Hinduism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Judaism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Sikhism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Art in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Art in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Television in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Theatre in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Economy and infrastructure of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 102nd (one hundred and second)
- Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Banking in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Communications in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Convertible Mark
- Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Energy policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Oil industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Health care in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Mining in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosnia and Herzegovina Stock Exchange
- Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
See also
- All pages with titles beginning with Bosnia
- All pages with titles beginning with Bosnian
- All pages with titles containing Bosnia
- All pages with titles containing Bosnian
- All pages with titles beginning with Herzegovina
- All pages with titles beginning with Herzegovinian
- All pages with titles containing Herzegovina
- All pages with titles containing Herzegovinian
- Outline of Slavic history and culture
- List of Slavic studies journals
References
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina – Definition of Bosnia and Herzegovina at". Yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 7, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2009.