Opuntia engelmannii

Opuntia engelmannii

Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Cactaceae
Genus:	Opuntia
Species:	O. engelmannii
Binomial name
*Opuntia engelmannii* Salm-Dyck ex Engelmann
Synonyms
Opuntia engelmanni (a common lapsus)

Opuntia engelmannii is a prickly pear common across the south-central and Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It goes by a variety of common names, including desert prickly pear, discus prickly pear, Engelmann's prickly pear^[2] in the US, and nopal, abrojo, joconostle, and vela de coyote in Mexico.

The nomenclatural history of this species is somewhat complicated due to the varieties, as well as its habit of hybridizing with Opuntia phaeacantha. It differs from Opuntia phaeacantha by being green year round instead of turning reddish purple during winter or dry seasons, as well as having yellow flowers with red centers.^[3]

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Varieties

Opuntia engelmannii var. cuija — nopal cuijo; endemic to Mexico, in Guanajuato, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí.^[4]
Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii — Engelmann's prickly pear; Mexico, southwestern U.S., California ^[5]^[6]
Opuntia engelmannii var. flavispina — yellow-spined prickly pear; Arizona, Mexico
Opuntia engelmannii var. laevis — smooth prickly pear; Arizona^[3]
Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri — Texas prickly pear; endemic to U.S. in Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas.^[7]
Opuntia engelmannii var. linguiformis — cow's tongue cactus, cow tongue prickly pear; Texas ^[8]

Opuntia engelmannii var. flexospina is most likely a spiny form of Opuntia aciculata.^[9]^[10]

O. e. var. engelmannii
O. e. var. flavispina
An unusual orange-red form of O. e. var. lindheimeri
O. e. var. linguiformis
O. e. var. laevis (right)

Distribution

The Opuntia engelmannii range extends from California to Louisiana in the United States, and from Sonora (state) and Chihuahua (state), to the Tamaulipan matorral in north and central Tamaulipas.^[2]

In the Sonoran Desert, terminal pads face predominantly east-west, so as to maximize the absorption of solar radiation during summer rains. Although found occasionally in the Mojave Desert, it tends to be replaced by Opuntia basilaris, which does not need the summer rain.

Naturalised in southern and eastern Africa, including Loisaba in Kenya.^[11]

Description

The overall form of Opuntia engelmannii is generally shrubby, with dense clumps up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) high, usually with no apparent trunk. The pads are green (rarely blue-green), obovate to round, about 15–30 cm long and 12–20 cm wide.^[12]

The glochids are yellow initially, then brown with age. Spines are extremely variable, with anywhere from 1-8 per areole, and often absent from lower areoles; they are yellow to white, slightly flattened, and 1–6 cm long.

The flowers are yellow, occasionally reddish, 5–8 cm in diameter and about as long. Flowering is in April and May, with each bloom lasting only one day, opening at about 8AM and closing 8 hours later. Pollinators include solitary bees, such as the Antophoridae, and sap beetles.

The purple fleshy fruits are 3–7 cm long.

Uses

The fruits were a reliable summer food for Native American tribes.^[13] The Tohono O'odham of the Sonoran Desert, in particular, classified the fruits by color, time of ripening, and how well they kept in storage.

Opuntia engelmannii is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use in drought tolerant gardens, container plantings, and natural landscaping projects.^[14]

References

^ Corral-Díaz, R.; Goettsch, B.K.; Gómez-Hinostrosa, C.; Heil, K.; Hernández, H.M.; Terry, M. (2017) [amended version of 2013 assessment]. "Opuntia engelmannii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T152531A121598710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T152531A121598710.en. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Opuntia engelmannii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
^ ^a ^b Felger, R.S; Hawkins, J.A.; Verrier, J. (2017-07-18). "New combinations for Sonoran Desert plants" (PDF). Phytoneuron (48): 1–6.
^ "Opuntia engelmannii var. cuija". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ "Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ Jepson Manual treatment for Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii
'^ USDA: var. lindheimeri
^ "Opuntia engelmannii var. linguiformis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ "Opuntia aciculata". Opuntia Web. 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
^ "Opuntia engelmannii var. flexospina (Griffiths) B.D.Parfitt & Pinkava". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
^ "Factsheet - Opuntia engelmannii (Prickly Pear Cactus)". Lucid Key Server. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ "Opuntia engelmannii, original description" (PDF). 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
^ U. of Michigan: Native American Ethnobotany Database
^ Master Gardeners of the University of Arizona Pima County Cooperative Extension — Opuntia engelmannii

Edward F. Anderson, The Cactus Family (Timber Press, 2001), pp. 497–498
Raymond M. Turner, Janice E. Bowers, and Tony L. Burgess, Sonoran Desert Plants: an Ecological Atlas (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1995) pp. 291–293