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Occupational injury

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Partial stadium collapse at Big12 college football championship - 2005

An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. Occupational injuries can result from exposure to occupational hazards (physical, chemical, biological, or psychosocial), such as temperature, noise, insect or animal bites, blood-borne pathogens, aerosols, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and occupational burnout.[1]

While many prevention methods are set in place, injuries may still occur due to poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, and inadequate safety training.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Hazard, Risk & Safety - Understanding Risk Assessment, Management and Perception
  • The Silent Killer -- An Occupational Safety Video Project
  • Workplace Eye Protection-PPE - Safety Video
  • Ergonomics Safety Training Video - Workplace Wellbeing Safetycare Ergonomic Factors
  • Workplace Ergonomics

Transcription

Hazard, Risk & Safety We all hear these terms on a daily basis. So and so a chemical, physical or a biological agent poses a risk; This or that product is a hazard or behaving a certain way is unsafe. A lot of the time “hazard” and “risk” are freely used to mean the same thing. However they are not. Hazard is the potential to cause harm. Risk on the other hand is the likelihood of harm in defined circumstances. But what does this actually mean? Let’s look at two examples First, Potassium Dichromate: it sounds scary and it is indeed a hazardous substance that is both toxic and carcinogenic. It is used in some cases to analyse exhaled breath for alcohol. For this purpose it is sealed in a tube. Therefore although it is intrinsically a hazardous substance, if used and managed as described, it presents little or no risk to people or the environment. Now let’s look at the opposite case. Flour would not be considered by many to be a hazardous substance. However, if a baker were to be exposed over a period of time to airborne flour, he/she could develop dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis and even asthma. So even something that is considered a low hazard can present substantial risk and vice versa. Risk is always a probability, influenced by the level of exposure. To evaluate the risk we have to take many factors into consideration. How, where, how much and how long one can be exposed to the hazard are all things to be taken into account. Toxicological research can map the potentially harmful properties of a product, be it chemical, physical or biological and it can also set a limit under which exposure will have no effect. Based on this research, a risk can be calculated based on frequency, conditions and length of exposure. However, some types of risks are hard to quantify, either because of the complexity of a system, like in the case of climate change, or because we still lack some of the tools to measure it, like in the case of nano-materials. When there is no consensus on the level of risk, policy makers sometimes who have the responsibility to decide on safety levels apply a precautionary principle. “When sufficiently established elements suggest that an activity is seriously expected to potentially produce irreversible damage to health or the environment, measures should be taken even if the definite proof or the causal link is not yet formally established with absolute certainty.” (Communication of the EU in 2000) It is best to err on the side of caution. Nevertheless, the precautionary decisions should remain proportional to this potential but uncertain risk, and be reevaluated when new data become available. Indeed The Proportionality Principle is and should be at the base of most legal thinking. Now, how can we manage a risk? Risk can thus be managed by limiting exposure to a danger and by the adoption of risk-reduction measures. Prevention might be a better idea to reduce risk. For example driving has been made safer by speed limits, the use of seatbelts, bumpers, airbags, driver assistance systems etc. But what is considered safe? Acceptable safety levels greatly depend on where you are on the planet, culture, socio-economic criteria and the sector. Similarly, the safety limit adopted for a pesticide like DDT has to be balanced with its importance in safeguarding health or food resources in some regions of the world. For each specific case, an acceptable safety level has to be determined. This is thus not only a technical, but also a “political” decision. Even if the previous steps are logical, what is considered safe has to take into account the perception and acceptance of risk. These tend to be emotional and rational at the same time. For example flying is commonly considered a greater risk than driving although all statistics point to the contrary. Moreover, once a perception of risk sets in, it is very hard to change. Even if all evidence points to the opposite. For example: fear can be fuelled by debatable science and poor or even sensationalist interpretation of a study by the media. A very limited study that indicates that Substance A could be harmful to mice and would merit further research quickly turns into a ‘Substance A kills’ headline. Once fear sets in, even if risk is not proven, the precautionary principle is often pulled out of the hat. In a nutshell, risk and perception of risk are not always aligned; this can make political decisions difficult to make, in these cases it is especially important to base them on facts rather than on opinions. These facts can be gathered from scientific reports published by reference institutions, but these reports are often written in a technical language that is not accessible to anyone but the specialists. GreenFacts offers faithful summaries of those reports so that non-specialists can get the information they need to build their own opinion.

Worldwide

It has been estimated that worldwide there are more than 350,000 workplace fatalities and more than 270 million workplace injuries annually.[2] In 2000 there were approximately 2.9 billion workers worldwide. Occupational injuries resulted in the loss of 3.5 years of healthy life for every 1,000 workers.[3] 300,000 of the occupational injuries resulted in a fatality.[4]

The most common occupations associated with these hazards vary throughout the world depending on the major industries in a particular country. Overall, the most hazardous occupations are in farming, fishing, and forestry.[5] In more developed countries, construction [6] and manufacturing [7] occupations are associated with high rates of spine, hand, and wrist injuries.[8]

By country

United States

In the United States in 2012, 4,383 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men,[9] and nearly 3 million nonfatal workplace injuries & illness were reported which cost businesses a collective loss of $198.2 billion and 60 million workdays.[10] In 2007, 5,488 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men,[11] and 49,000 died from work-related injuries.[12] NIOSH estimates that 4 million workers in the U.S. in 2007 sustained non-fatal work related injuries or illnesses.[13]

According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an average of 15 workers die from traumatic injuries each day in the United States, and an additional 200 workers are hospitalized.[14]

In a study in the state of Washington, injured workers were followed for 14 years to determine the long term effects of work injury on employment. The work injuries resulted in an average of 1.06 years of lost productivity for each of the 31,588 allowed claims.[15]

In 2010, 25% of occupational injuries and illnesses that were not fatal but caused work absences were related to injuries to the upper limb.[16]

Dangerous sectors

In the U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics makes available extensive statistics on workplace accidents and injuries.[17] For example:

Common injuries

As in the United Kingdom, slips, trips and falls (STF) are common and account for 20-40% of disabling occupational injuries.[18] Often these accidents result in a back injury that can persist to a permanent disability. In the United States, a high risk of back injuries occurs in the health care industry. 25% of reported injuries in health care workers in the state of Pennsylvania are for back pain.[19] Among nurses, the prevalence of lower back pain may be as high as 72% mostly as a result of transferring patients.[20] Some of these injuries can be prevented with the availability of patient lifts, improved worker training, and allocation of more time to perform work procedures.[21] Another common type of injury is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with overuse of the hands and wrists. Studies on a cohort of newly hired workers have thus far identified forceful gripping, repetitive lifting of > 1 kg, and using vibrating power tools as high risk work activities.[22]

Additionally, noise exposure in the workplace can cause hearing loss, which accounted for 14% of reported occupational illnesses in 2007.[23] Many initiatives have been created to prevent this common workplace injury. For example, the Buy Quiet program encourages employers to purchase tools and machines that produce less noise and the Safe-In-Sound Award was created to recognize companies and program that excel in the area of hearing loss prevention.[24][25]

Accidental injection or needlestick injuries are a common injury that plague agriculture workers and veterinarians. The majority of these injuries are located to the hands or legs, and can result in mild to severe reactions, including possible hospitalization.[26] Due to the wide variety of biologics used in animal agriculture, needlestick injuries can result in bacterial or fungal infections, lacerations, local inflammation, vaccine/antibiotic reactions, amputations, miscarriage, and death.[27] Due to daily human-animal interactions, livestock related injuries are also a prevalent injury of agriculture workers, and are responsible for the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on dairy farms.[28] Additionally, approximately 30 people die of cattle and horse-related deaths in the United States annually.[29]

Employees at risk

See also: Accident-proneness

Perhaps the most important personal factor that predisposes to an increased risk is age. In the United States in 1998 17 million workers were over age 55 and by 2018 this population is expected to more than double.[6] Workers in this age group are more likely to develop lower back pain that may be worsened by work conditions that normally do not affect a younger worker. Older workers are also more likely by be killed in a construction related fall.[6] They are also at higher risk for injury due to age-related hearing loss,[30] visual impairment,[31] and use of multiple prescription medications[32] that has been linked to higher rates of work injuries.[33] In addition to age, other personal risk factors for injury include obesity [34] particularly its associated risk with back injury, and depression.[35]

Lack of proper education or training can also predispose an individual to an occupational injury. For example, there is limited needlestick injury awareness among agriculture workers, and there is a need for comprehensive programs to prevent needlestick injuries on livestock operations.[27] Proper animal handling techniques and training, or stockmanship, can also decrease the risk of livestock injury. A handler's timing, positioning, speed, direction of movement, and sounds made will affect the behavior of an animal and consequently the safety of the handler.[29] The agriculture industry has begun to focus more on proper education and training, and has made a variety of resources available to producers. For example, organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center (UMASH) have a variety of informational fact sheets and training videos easily accessible online. Additionally, organizations like Beef Quality Assurance offers stockmanship training seminars and demonstrations.

Regulation

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets and enforces national standards for occupational safety across all sectors.[36]

United Kingdom

In the UK, a total of 111 fatal injuries happened in a single year. According to the HSE, a total of 111 workers died in work related injuries in the UK during 2019–20. The biggest cause for these fatal injuries was falling from heights that alone was responsible for 29 deaths during the same year. Other causes include injuries from moving vehicles and other objects, and contact with the moving machinery.[37]

In the United Kingdom in 2013–2014, 133 people were killed at work. Of those 133 people, 89 were employed, while 44 were self-employed. In 2013–2014, an estimated 629,000 injuries occurred at work. Of these injuries 629,000 injuries, 203,000 led to more than 3 days absence from work. Of these, over 148,000 resulted in them being absent from work for more than 7 days.[38] In the UK, there are workplace injury advice guides online offering support on dealing with occupational injuries.[39]

Dangerous sectors

  • Construction: 42 deaths[38]
  • Agriculture: 27 deaths[38]
  • Waste and Recycling: four deaths[38]
  • Other: 60 deaths

Of all the workplace accidents that resulted in death, the most common were falls from height, contact with moving machinery and being struck by a vehicle. These types of accidents resulted in over half of all recorded deaths.[38]

Common injuries

Vehicle accident injury depression

Slips, trips and falls account for over a third of all injuries that happen at work. Incorrect handling of items was the most common cause of injuries that led to absences from work of more than 7 days.[38] In 2010–2011, injuries to the upper limb injuries made up 47% of non-fatal injuries at work in the UK.[16]

In all, over 1,900,000 working days were lost in 2013–2014 due to slips, trips and falls.[38]

Employees at risk

Beekeeper keeping bees

Unsurprisingly, occupation is the biggest influence on the risk of workplace injuries. Workers new to the job are at a much higher risk of injury than more experienced staff, while shift workers and part-time staff also have a greater risk of being injured at work.[38]

Employer prosecutions

The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) prosecuted 582 cases in 2013–2014, with at least one conviction secured in 547 cases (94%).[38]

Local authorities prosecuted a total of 92 cases during the same period, with at least one conviction achieved in 89 cases (97%).[38]

A total of 13,790 notices were issued by the HSE and local authorities, with over £16,700,000 issued in fines.[38]

Taiwan

Traumatic injuries to the upper limbs are the most frequent type of injury at work in Taiwan.[16] In 2010, there were 14,261 occupational injuries recorded in 2010 and 45% of these involved trauma to the upper limbs.[16]

Prevention

Occupational Safety Equipment

There are many methods of preventing or reducing industrial injuries, including anticipation of problems by risk assessment, safety training, control banding, personal protective equipment safety guards, mechanisms on machinery, and safety barriers. In addition, past problems can be analyzed to find their root causes by using a technique called root cause analysis. A 2013 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence showing that inspections, especially focused inspections, can reduce work-related injuries in the long term.[40]

See also

References

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