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Oblique arytenoid

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oblique arytenoid
Muscles of larynx. Posterior view.
Oblique arytenoid: The "X" in the center.
Transverse arytenoid: Bands underneath the "X".
Aryepiglotticus: Wraps around back.
Sagittal section of the larynx and upper part of the trachea. (Arytenoideus visible at center right.)
Details
OriginPosterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
InsertionPosterior surface of apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage; extends into aryepiglottic fold
Nerverecurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve [X]
ActionsSphincter of the laryngeal inlet
Identifiers
Latinmusculus arytenoideus obliquus
TA98A06.2.08.010
TA22203
FMA46583
Anatomical terms of muscle

The oblique arytenoid is bilaterally paired intrinsic muscle of the larynx. It is superficial to the transverse arytenoid; the oblique and transverse arytenoids are often considered two parts of a single muscle - the interarytenoid muscle (which is then said to have an oblique part and a transverse part).[1]

Each oblique arytenoid muscle attaches to both arytenoid cartilages; the two oblique arytenoids thus cross each other.[1]

Some muscle fibres of the oblique arytenoid muscle proceed to extend laterally around the apex of arythenoid cartilage into the aryepiglottic fold, thus forming the aryepiglottic muscle.[1]

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Larynx - Membranes, Ligaments and Muscles - Human Anatomy | Kenhub
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  • Muscles of the Larynx

Transcription

Hello everyone! This is Joao from Kenhub, and welcome to another tutorial. This time, I'm going to be talking about the membranes, the ligaments, and also the muscles of the larynx. You probably, by now, are thinking that what am I doing. I'm combining three huge topics into one tutorial, but I wanted to give you a general overview of all of the structures combined into one tutorial so you can have a good overview of the structure of your body that you see now on the screen—your larynx. Now, what I'm going to be doing here on this tutorial are these topics. I'm going to go through them. And the first one is a logical one. I want to define the larynx, clarify what is the larynx. Now, followed by that, I'm going to cover the cartilages, which are structures that you find within the larynx, then followed by the membranes and ligaments, and then I'm going to finalize this tutorial with the muscles of the larynx. So let's start here with the very first topic on our list, the larynx. What is the larynx? Let's define this structure. This structure is usually a subject of confusion, and we need to clarify it right now on this tutorial before we go and talk about every structure that you find within the larynx. Now, this is an intricate anatomical complex that you find, as you can see here on this image, within your neck. And we're looking at the anterior view of the neck, and you can clearly see here the larynx. And it is comprised of different soft and hard tissues. As you've seen on the list that we talked about in the beginning, it's comprised of muscles all the way to cartilages. We're going to be covering them here on this tutorial. Now, it's important to mention that this structure allows us, human beings, to articulate sound. Without it, I couldn't be doing this tutorial right now. And also, this is going to be the inlet that's going to have air coming through and go all the way to your lungs and also out of your lungs. So this is an inlet where air passes through, and we're going to see, more or less, a bit more details of where it's going to go through. Now, also important to mention is that, if you want to give exact coordinates of where to find the larynx in your body, you can say that it's found in the midline of the human body at the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae. And also another important thing for your notes is that the larynx connects the pharynx to the trachea. Before we move any further, I want to make a clarification between two structures that we already talked about briefly: the larynx, which is the subject of this tutorial, and also the pharynx, which has a very similar name and sometimes can be subject of confusion. Believe it or not, it has been for me. It was a subject of confusion, and I definitely have to clarify this for myself, and now, for you guys. Now, what you're looking at right now is an image of the dorsal view or the posterior view of your neck, of the pharynx. If we were to cut it open, we cut the muscles of the pharynx, as you can see here, and open them or open the pharynx as a book, like a book as you can see here, exposing the structures, clearly seeing the connection between them, and this is how we're going to make the distinction between these two structures. Now, as you can see here, there is, here, the nasal cavity or part of the nasal cavity and also the oral cavity. You'll notice here the root of the tongue. Now, keep in mind that the pharynx is going to be an entrance hallway. Imagine that we're talking about a house. The nasal and oral cavities will serve as a door where food and air is going to come through, and then there is an entrance hallway called the pharynx where they're going to, then, be or split in two different places in your body, into two different corridors let's say. One is going to be this one right here, the structure that we're going to talk about on this tutorial, the larynx, where air is going to go through. And then the other one is going to be this one right here, the esophagus, where food is going to go to. And as you know, the esophagus is then connected to your stomach. If we were to remove the esophagus and the thyroid gland, you can clearly see that the larynx, this inlet that we're going to talk about, is connected to the trachea, and as you know, the trachea is, then, connected to the lungs, so you can clearly see that this, or the larynx serves as the inlet for air to come through. So now, the distinction is done between pharynx and larynx, we are definitely ready to move on and talk about the larynx in a lot more detail. Now, let's move on to the second topic on our list, the cartilages of the larynx. Now, what you need to know is that there are nine total, nine individual cartilages. So three of them are paired, and three are not. And if we count them all, then there're nine in total. And the first group of them that we're going to talk about are known as the hyaline cartilages. Now, the first one on the list of the hyaline cartilages is this one here that is the largest of all laryngeal cartilages and is known as the thyroid cartilage. Now, the thyroid cartilage is comprised of two laminae. We can see here on the image on the right side—two laminae and one lamina here that will, then, fuse on the lower third as you can see here. So they will fuse these two laminae. And keep in mind, yes, lamina is singular; laminae is plural. Now, on the superior portion of these two laminae, you see that they're not fusing which allows the formation of what is known to be the laryngeal notch. Now, the thyroid cartilage is somewhat famous because it defines one of your, the landmarks in your body. If you look at your neck, especially the neck of men, you'll notice the Adam's apple. Now, the thyroid cartilage is what defines this landmark, specifically this prominence here that is known as the laryngeal prominence, and this is what defines the Adam's apple. So if you want to be a little bit more technical next time you talk to your friends, just say, "Look at my laryngeal prominence." I would say this wouldn't be a common practice, but okay, you can use a more technical term from now on. Now, what I'm going to do now is to move on to also the posterior view of the thyroid cartilage using that image that I talked about to distinguish larynx versus pharynx, and you can still see here the thyroid cartilage in green because I want to show you this membrane here. This is known as the thyrohyoid membrane, which we will briefly mention later on as well. But you can also see here in this image. If I were to close one of the portions of the muscular layer of the pharynx and strip the other one completely, you can see more structures exposed, including the thyroid cartilage, which you see that the thyrohyoid membrane is connecting the superior part of the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone. You see a portion of the hyoid bone right here. So this thyrohyoid membrane is connecting these two structures. So let's move on to the next one, the second cartilage on our list, hyaline cartilage, also known as the cricoid cartilage. Now, the cricoid cartilage is shaped as a cygnet ring, and you can notice here that the cygnet-shaped lamina faces posteriorly. Another important thing to know about the cricoid cartilage, and you can notice here on this image, is that it's a complete ring of cartilage—so no interruptions like we've seen on the thyroid cartilage. Now, another important thing to also notice here on the cricoid cartilage is on the inferior portion. It has here a ligament that we need to remember. This is the cricotracheal ligament, which connects the cricoid cartilage to this structure here, the trachea. Now, what you need to also remember is that the strength of this structure is very important, and also the thickness, because it's necessary for holding the upper and lower respiratory tracts together. It's time for us to move on to the third hyaline cartilage on our list, the arytenoid cartilage. Notice that this is a paired cartilage. So there are two arytenoid cartilages. Now, one important thing is that, in terms of articulation, you'll notice that the arytenoid cartilage is articulating inferiorly with cricoid cartilage right about here. Now, on its apex right here, it's articulating with these small cartilages that we're also going to talk about later on. They are known as the corniculate cartilages. An important thing to also see here is that it interacts a lot. There are a lot of important points where the muscles will use as attachment points on the arytenoid cartilages. We're going to look at that in more detail later on in different tutorials, but you can have here an illustration showing that. And also, an important note that I need to highlight here on this tutorial is the fact that the arytenoid cartilages are, from those three hyaline cartilages that we looked at, are the only cartilages or only hyaline cartilages that are actually paired. The cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage are clearly not paired. Yes, you've seen that the thyroid cartilage has two laminae, but in terms of the full thyroid cartilage, it's only one. So the only paired are definitely the arytenoid cartilages. We are definitely done talking about the hyaline cartilages. It is time for us to move on and talk about the elastic ones, the elastic cartilages, starting off with this one here seen highlighted in green on a lateral view of the cartilage that defines as the cartilaginous framework, let's say, of the epiglottis. For that reason, we call it the epiglottic cartilage. This is a very important structure that you find within your neck because, once you swallow food, what's going to happen is food is in that hallway that we talked about, the pharynx, and this epiglottic cartilage will function to close the laryngeal inlet. That way, preventing food from going into your lungs, and instead, going into where it's supposed to be, which is the esophagus followed by the stomach. Next on our list is also a paired cartilage known as the corniculate cartilage, and as you can see here, we talked about it before when we talked about these ones here that have a pyramidal shape, the arytenoid cartilages, and they're articulating. So the corniculate cartilage is articulating inferiorly with the apex of the arytenoid cartilages—very important. I also have here an image that shows you an important feature of the corniculate cartilages, also the posterior view of all those structures that we talked about in the beginning. We're going to zoom in to show you here the posterior view of the corniculate cartilages and also the arytenoid cartilages, because it is here that, on the apex of the arytenoid cartilages where the aryepiglottic fold inserts, and that is how the nodule shape of the fold is formed as you can see here. It's thanks to these structures. This is the aryepiglottic fold. Now, moving on to the next cartilage on our list, also a pair, known as the cuneiform cartilages. Now, keep in mind that, here, you can see the actual cartilage. It's covered in this layer here of, let's say, the mucus layer that you cannot see, that it's not allowed us to see, these very small cartilages that are elongated pieces placed on either side of the aryepiglottic fold. And the cuneiform cartilages do not attach themselves to any other cartilages, just the muscles and ligaments. I have mentioned it before, but I wanted to do a quick reminder, a quick note, so you can add to your own notes, is that, of those three elastic cartilages, only two are paired: the corniculate as you see here on the left side, and on the right side, the cuneiform cartilages. Only these two cartilages are paired. At this stage, we have covered all the cartilages, all the laryngeal cartilages, but I still want to mention a few points, clarify a few points here about the thyroid cartilage. Notice, now, that we're looking at it on the interview, and you can clearly now see the thyrohyoid membrane right about here. It is connecting the superior portion of the thyroid cartilage with this bone right here, the hyoid bone. Now, what I also want to mention about the thyroid cartilage is that it contains a few structures, a few projections that are paired, and they are important to mention also and to highlight on this tutorial. Now, these are known as horns. We couldn't find a better name. Horns, they're superior and inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage. And their actual projections from the inferior border—sorry—the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage as you can see here. And they have these projections that we call horns. And of course, if we're talking about a superior projection or a projection that goes superiorly, we're talking then about a superior horn or two superior horns. And then also, you have, alternatively, the inferior projection that is known as the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage. Moving past all the cartilages, we're going to go to the third topic on our main list, the membranes and ligaments of the larynx. Now, what we're going to do, I want to cover nine of the major ligaments and membranes that we need to—I think they are the most important ones to remember. And an important distinction here is that there are extrinsic and also intrinsic membranes and ligaments that you find within the larynx. We're going to start off with the extrinsic, and first on our list is the one that we've been talking about throughout this tutorial, especially when we talk about the thyroid cartilage, the thyrohyoid membrane, which is the membrane that is definitely stretching between the superior border of the thyroid cartilage all the way to the hyoid bone. And you can also see here a new view, a complete view of our posterior view of the thyrohyoid membrane. Now, moving onto the next one. This is a small one. Let's say a small ligament or two ligaments that you find on the posterior side of the thyrohyoid membrane. They are known as the lateral thyrohyoid ligaments. And these are thickened portions of the thyrohyoid membrane, like I mentioned, that which pass through the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage, as you can see here, and then connects all the way to the posterior end of the greater horn of the hyoid bone as you can see. Moving on to the next ligament on our list, this one seen here anteriorly now known as the median thyrohyoid ligament. Now, this is a thickened band of fibers of the thyrohyoid membrane which, if I zoom in a bit, you can see that it's connecting here to the superior thyroid notch or the laryngeal notch all the way with the body of the hyoid bone right about here. The next one, next ligament, is this one seen here a bit more inferiorly. This is known as the median cricothyroid ligament, and this is a band that is a part of the conus elasticus, as you can see here, and connects anteriorly with the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage, as you can see here, all the way with this arch of the cricoid cartilage, right about here. You can also see another image laterally where we can show the inferior portion of the thyroid cartilage which this ligament's connecting all the way with the arch of the cricoid cartilage. The next one on our list is the cricotracheal ligament, which I also talked about previously, which connects caudally the cricoid cartilage, as you can see here. So inferiorly, it's connecting the cricoid cartilage with this ring here, the first cartilage from the trachea—so the first tracheal cartilage. You can also see it here laterally, the cricotracheal ligament. We have covered all the extrinsic membranes and ligaments of the larynx. It is time for us to talk about those we find on the inside, the intrinsic membranes and ligaments of this structure. And the first one that we're going to talk about is this one seen here, highlighted in green, known as the elastic cone. Also, we can call it conus elasticus. So you can use these two terms interchangeably. Now, this is a thicker inferior portion of fibroelastic membrane of the larynx, and it arises from the inner surface of this cartilage that we talked about. If you remember well, yes, this is the cricoid cartilage, and this elastic cone is continuous with the vocal folds, as you can see here. Now, moving on to the next one, this is a very important ligament, especially if I want to be talking with you right now. This is the vocal ligament, which is enclosed within the vocal folds. They are enclosed because this is a pair of two ligaments. And each ligament consists of a band of elastic tissue or yellow elastic tissue attached in front of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, as you can see right about here all the way to these pyramid-shaped cartilages. If you remember well, yes, these are the arytenoid cartilages, and you'll notice here that the vocal ligament is just attaching behind the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. The next one on our list is actually a membrane known as the quadrangular membrane, and as the name indicates, this is a square-shaped membrane—relatively large when compared to the other structures that we talked about. This is a layer of submucosa. It contains the cuneiform cartilages, as you can see here, and it extend from here, the lateral aspect of the epiglottis, all the way to the arytenoid cartilages, as you can see here. Now, the superior border is in the aryepiglottic folds. So as you can see here, this is clearly a definition of what actually defines that aryepiglottic folds. And the free inferior border of the quadrangular membrane, as you can see here, is this ligament—the next ligament, the final ligament that we're going to look at—and this is known as the vestibular ligament, which is the vestibular fold when covered by mucosa. It is time for us to move on to the last topic on our list, the muscles of the larynx. Without further ado, let's list the seven muscles that we're going to be talking about. The first one, the cricothyroid, followed by the thyroarytenoid, then the posterior, and the lateral cricoarytenoids. The transverse and oblique arytenoids, and then finally, the vocalis. Let's start off with the very first one on our list seen here, highlighted in green, this is the cricothyroid muscle. Now, look that... notice here that the origin point is going to be the arch of this structure here that we talked about, the arch of the cricoid cartilage, and then it's going to insert on the lamina of the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. Now, this structure is important because it increases the tension on the vocal ligaments. Another important thing that I need to add, other than just these muscles, for more context, I need to add that this is the only laryngeal muscle that is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve. Whereas, all the others are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Now, let's move on to the next one on our list, this muscle also seen here, highlighted in green. It is known as the thyroarytenoid muscle. This muscle actually decreases the tension of the vocal ligaments because it originates right on the angle of the thyroid, as you can see here. Then, it stretches all the way to the arytenoid cartilage. Now, another muscle that I want to talk about before I include all the muscles, so you can see the thyroarytenoid muscle in context, we're going to, now, move on to the next one. And this one is an eighth muscle. It's not included in the list that I talked about of the seven muscles, but I wanted to include, because sometimes, this is considered as a separate muscle. And it is known as the thyroepiglottic muscle. And it is a considerable number of fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle that are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold. So as you can see here, now, I'm adding the thyroarytenoid muscle so you can see the prolonged fibers that, then, are then considered as a separate muscle, the thyroepiglottic muscle. The next muscle on our list is going to be this one seen here, also highlighted in green. This is known as the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Now, as you notice, this is muscle is originating from the posterior lamina of or the posterior portion of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage, and it goes to insert on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. Now, an important point that I need to add here about the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is that this muscle is responsible for opening an important structure within the larynx known as rima glottidis. Now, this is a space that you... a space actually or an opening that you find between the vocal chords and also the arytenoid cartilages. Now, there are other muscles that are going to contribute for the closing of this structure, the rima glottidis, and these are going to be the lateral cricoarytenoid, the transverse arytenoid, and also the oblique arytenoid muscle. So write it down that these muscles, this list will actually do the opposite function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Next muscle on our list is this one that you see on the screen right now. This is known as the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. Now, as you notice, it's originating from the lateral portion of the arch of the cricoid cartilage, and that inserts right next to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle on the arytenoid cartilage, as you can also see here on this image. Now, moving on, we can talk about the next muscle on our list. This is known as the transverse arytenoid muscle. Now, this muscle is originating from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and fastens itself to the muscular process of the opposing arytenoid cartilage. The next muscle is going to be this one seen here in a very similar location to the previous one, and this is known as the oblique arytenoid muscle. Now, the oblique arytenoid muscle has an interesting origin insertion, and as you can see, it's originating from the muscular process of this arytenoid cartilage, and then it's supposed to go and insert on the opposite side on a different arytenoid cartilage, specifically on the apex, as you see the other portion that should be coming from the other side, and it's now inserting here on the apex of this arytenoid cartilage. Also, notice here on this image that the oblique arytenoid muscle lies on the surface of the transverse arytenoid muscle. Now, we're going to be talking about the last muscle on our list—this one that you see on your screen. This is known as the vocalis, and this muscle is originating from the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage as you can see here and goes all the way to insert on the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. Now that you'd just completed this video tutorial, then it's time for you to continue your learning experience by testing and also applying your knowledge. There are three ways you can do so here at Kenhub. The first one is by clicking on our "start training" button, the second one is by browsing through our related articles library, and the third one is by checking out our atlas. Now, good luck everyone, and I will see you next time. https://www.kenhub.com

Anatomy

Attachments

Each oblique arytenoid muscle attaches to the posterior aspect of the muscular process of arytenoid cartilage of one side, and to the apex of the arytenoid cartilage of the opposite side; the two oblique arytenoid muscles thus cross each other obliquely.[1]

Vasculature

Arterial supply is provided by laryngeal branches of superior thyroid arteries and inferior thyroid arteries.[1]

Innervation

The muscle receives motor innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X))[1] (as is the case with all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle).[citation needed]

Function

Together with the aryepiglottic muscles, the two oblique arytenoid muscles function as a sphincter of the laryngeal inlet by adducting aryepiglottic folds, and approximating the arytenoid cartilages and the tubercle of epiglottis.[1]

The muscles act during swallowing or coughing.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links


This page was last edited on 22 July 2023, at 02:45
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