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Dusky hopping mouse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dusky hopping mouse
Dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus). Photo: Mike Letnic.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Genus: Notomys
Species:
N. fuscus
Binomial name
Notomys fuscus
Jones, 1925
Current distribution of the dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus), Image: IUCN Red List.

The dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus), is a small rodent endemic to Australia, inhabiting desert regions characterised by sand dunes. Populations have experienced significant declines since the arrival of Europeans, and continue to be subject to threatening processes. It is currently listed as a threatened species.[2]

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Transcription

for plants and animals much of Australia is a difficult place for most of the year little rain falls and the moisture the does reach the ground evaporates quite quickly -living things tend to dry out temperature variations to r extreme on a hot summer afternoon the ground surface may be over 70 degrees Celsius at a winter dawn the temperature maybe below freezing. The soil in many places is dry and Sandy it plans managed to survive here and other animals to once I love animal life is occasional holes in Santa ground each about four centimeters in diameter such holes are often found amongst the porcupine grass plants have Central and Western Australia plan sometimes called spinifex usually business I know what is responsible for the holes unless you go looking after doc this little animal with its large eyes long years from tale with a tough to appear on the end and long hind legs is a desert hopping mouse biologists know it has not only is Alexis the spinifex hopping mouse hoping my so usually about and active at night porcupine grass like many other plans so the dry in land produces an abundance of seed this is an important item in the hopping mouse tired hoping my school so eat other vegetable matter and any small insects they find as they move about they continually made other mice usually the smell is a familiar one for helping my sis live together with others in the group ok perhaps 10 to 15 or so all have a familiar odor sometimes though a hopping mouse with an unfamiliar smelled comes into a feeding area usually the strange a retreat from the area from time to time the mice go back down their holes and into their underground burrows a hopping last photo can be in large and complex affair with underground tunnels larger chambers and vertical shafts leading to popo's at the ground surface to make their Baron hoping mice dig their first up on Downers untangle until they are well below the surface then the horizontal tunnels the Chamber's and the popos the original opening is filled in inside the Baram hoping mice continually made other mice from there own colony part of the time spend grooming themselves but for much of each day the my sleep huddled together in one of the chambers deep inside the Barrow occasionally this significant rain in the area followed by a flash revenue growth this can lead to a new patent activity in the hopping mouse colony several weeks after the rain young animals make their appearance two or three small naked young are born to each female each is blinded first like the young other mammals young hopping mice are cared for by the adults the mother provides a supply of milk the young develop fairly quickly at seventeen days or so there eyes still closed but they can feed and groom themselves by 21 days there Iza open by other 28 days they can look after themselves and by about fifty days they to a capable of breeding provided that the food supply is sufficient if the food supply remains good over a long period as a topping mice may keep reading and become very numerous many new colonies begun the fact that hopping mice can live at all in inland Australia and become very abundant at times suggest that this somehow will suited to the dry conditions and temperature extremes found them nights in winter can be cold and the day's cold too but by living much of the time underground helping my stay warmer than that the surface it may be 0 above-ground and fifteen degrees in the nest chamber by huddling together to individual hopping mice lose less heat and stay warmer the hottest weather is met on summer days with the stand at the surface at sixty or seventy degrees and too hot to walk on the temperature a meter under the soil is really about 32 degrees Celsius there the mice remain until surface conditions a cooler in hot with the two the my soul is an active as a result they produce less heat they also stop huddling and spread themselves out in this way they lose more heat and even if their body temperature rises they can tolerate a greater temperature rise than most other mammals the way they behave then helps them to survive temperature extremes they also have ways of coping with the water shortage we're hoping my slew there's little water to drink they gain much of their water from the food they eat and seem to be very good retaining this water in their bodies living in a bottom and coming out only at night for instance hopes to save water with conditions more humid then they lose less water by the operation also adult animals take in the urine produced by the yen as a result the water that makes up much of the year and has saved and the adults themselves produce very little urine so the behavior updates at helping my eyes and the ways in which their bodies function seem to help these little animals to survive the water shortage and extreme temperatures have been land Australia their body structure to seems to help their survival not many animals for example have long back legs like there's a popping mice those legs are a structural feature that seems to help them survive in particular circumstances like other organisms hopping mice have predators which feed on them one is the bomb now mice on the ground I continually on the alert watch what happens when dangerous detected rapid movements with many changes of direction the my so hard to catch now watch them in slow motion look particularly at the way they use their back legs the long back legs up hopping mice them are a structural feature that affects the way they move and seems to help them avoid attacks by predators like towels study of the lives of desert helping my eyes suggests that the way their bodies a build the ways in which they function and the ways in which the animals behave all suit them very well to the life they lead in the sandy desert country inland Australia helping my sis well adapted to their environment and way of life p up

Taxonomy

Adult dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus). Photo: Katherine Moseby.

The dusky hopping mouse, or Wilkinti,[2][3] is a mammal in the order Rodentia, and suborder Sciurognathi. The species is in the family Muridae and the subfamily Murinae (includes all Australian native rats and mice). The dusky hopping mouse belongs to the genus Notomys, a group of desert-dwelling rodents.[4]

The species was originally described as Ascopharynx fuscus (Wood Jones 1925) from a specimen collected in South Australia. Subsequent collections were described as Notomys fuscus eyreius in 1960.[5] Hopping mice collected in Queensland between 1957 and 1959 were described as a new species, Notomys filmeri, however, later taxonomic investigation revealed these were Notomys fuscus.[6]

Description

Specimen of dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus), showing throat pouch. Image: Queensland Museum.

The dusky hopping mouse has pale orange-brown upper parts, occasionally with grey tinged streaks. The under parts are grey-white.[7] It grows to 80–115 mm long,[7] with an average weight of 35 g.[4][7] The tail is between 120 and 155 mm long,[7] ending in a tuft of dark hairs.[2][8] They have a well-developed throat pouch, with an opening surrounded by a fleshy margin with inward pointing, coarse white hairs.[7][9] Its ears are large and furless for dissipating heat, and they have prominent dark eyes,[2][10] and strong incisor teeth.[8][10] It has short front legs, and long, elongated hind feet.[2][8] with only three pads on the sole.[7] Male reproductive anatomy is distinctive.[4] The glans is small and tapered towards the tip. The surface has large dorsally projecting spines, with slightly curved tips.[11] The testes are extremely small compared to other native rodents.[12][13] Females have two pairs of inguinal teats.[7][8]

Distribution

Sub-adult dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus). Photo: Katherine Moseby.

The species historically inhabited large areas of central Australia, south-west Queensland, and far west South Australia,[14] and Western Australia.[15] Sub-fossil specimens were found in far-south South Australia, near the Flinders Ranges.[14] Populations were recorded in the Northern Territory, however have not been observed since 1939.[16][17] It is highly likely to have occurred in western New South Wales.[18] Distribution has shown a marked decline of more than 90% since the arrival of Europeans,[14] with populations now patchy and highly fragmented.[2][14] It is currently thought to be restricted to the Cobblers Sandhills and Strzelecki Desert in north-east South Australia,[14][15] south-west Queensland and far north-west New South Wales.[7][19] The species was presumed to be extinct in New South Wales, before being re-discovered in Sturt National Park in 2003.[18][20] Since then, a number of sightings have been recorded near Broken Hill, New South Wales.[20][21]

Ecology

Habitat

The Strzelecki Desert, contains habitats preferred by the dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus). Photo: Mike Letnic.

The preferred habitat of the dusky hopping mouse is the crests and slopes of stabilised desert sand dunes and ridges,[15][20] with sand required for digging burrows.[22] Dense populations tend to occur only within the vicinity of major drainage systems.[14] It does not appear to favour a particular vegetation type, occurring in dunes well-vegetated by canegrass (Zygochloa paradoxa), as well as degraded ecosystems dominated by ephemeral herbaceous species.[14] It has also been associated with perennial shrub species such as nitre bush (Nitraria billardierei) and Acacia species.[20]

Behaviour

The dusky hopping mouse is a social species,[7] living in colonies of up to five individuals.[20][22][2] They live in burrows consisting of vertical shafts with a series of entrances approximately 3 cm in diameter,[7][2] leading to a network of horizontal tunnels and chambers[3][4] extending up to 2m deep.[22] Notomys species dig their burrows from below, resulting in an absence of loose sand surrounding the entrance holes.[10] This species prefers to forage at night in sheltered microhabitats, rather than open areas, to avoid the risk of predation.[23] It is an opportunistic,[14] omnivorous feeder, however is considered a granivore (74% of the diet).[24] Green plant material, insects,[24] and fruits are also eaten.[14] It does not need to drink water.[2][20] The neck throat pouch is a glandular area, used for marking territories. Females may scent-mark their young, ensuring they acquire a smell that grants them acceptance within the colony.[9]

Dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus) tracks in the sand. Photo: Mike Letnic.

Life cycle and reproduction

In the wild, lifespan has been recorded as being up to 13 months of age.[22] In captivity, males and females reach reproductive maturity at 70 days of age.[25] This species is likely monogamous, and females may display selectivity in choosing which males will sire offspring.[10][13] Breeding is non-seasonal, occurring year-round, in both wet and dry conditions.[14][25] Females are observed to be polyoestrous, with a gestation period of 32 to 38 days, and a litter size of one to five offspring. An average of 42 days occurs between litters, and the maximum reproductive life for females is approximately 24 months, and males 36 months.[25] Subpopulations may persist at low but stable numbers, however others exhibit “boom-and-bust” variation, with numbers increasing and decreasing rapidly in response to rainfall and resource availability.[21][22][26][27]

Dispersal and movement

When travelling slowly, hopping mice move on all fours, however they hop on the hind feet when travelling at speed.[4][8] Individuals can disperse over large distances to colonise isolated habitats, crossing areas of hard unsuitable substrate.[22] Foraging distances are up to 400m per night, extending up to 1.5 km over three nights.[22][26] Individuals inhabiting degraded habitats with limited vegetation and food resources show lower mobility, whereas those inhabiting highly diverse habitats with a wide variety of resources have wider ranging movement patterns.[26]

Threats

Predation

Feral cats (Felis catus) target small mammals as prey, such as native rodents. Photo: Megan Moppett.

Introduced predators such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)[28] and feral cat (Felis catus) have detrimental impacts on dusky hopping mouse populations.[23][29] Where cat and fox abundance is high, dusky hopping mouse populations decline.[28][29][30] Cats target smaller prey such as rodents, which can make up a large proportion of their diet.[31] Native species, such as the barn owl (Tyto alba), frequently consume this species,[23][32] as does the dingo.[23][33] Dingoes may de-populate localised populations of hopping mice within months,[34] particularly under drought conditions.[33] Crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda) have also been recorded eating this species.[35]

Habitat degradation

Livestock, kangaroos and rabbits overgraze vegetation required for shelter and food sources,[20] leading to scalding, wind and sheet erosion and a shift from perennial, to less productive ephemeral plant species.[14][26] Livestock also damage habitats by trampling.[31][36] Reduced food availability limits hopping mice abundance, and the availability of suitable habitat limits their distribution.[14][26] However, higher annual rainfall and more productive ecosystems may buffer the effects of livestock, by providing more dependable and abundant resources, allowing mice to proliferate.[14][33]

Sub-adult Dusky Hopping Mouse (Notomys fuscus). Photo: Katherine Moseby.

Competition

Competition for food and habitat occurs with the house mouse (Mus musculus),[22] which increase in abundance more rapidly under favourable conditions, depleting resources and outcompeting the native mice.[14] The rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) also competes with dusky hopping mice for food. Declines in rabbit abundance, and increased resources, following the release of the Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) in Australia in 1995, saw the dusky hopping mouse increased their extent of occurrence by 241 to 365% over 14 years.[37]

Climate Change

This species experiences natural population declines during dry periods, when food resources are limited, and increase strongly following rainfall events.[26][33] Decreases in rainfall, less frequent rainfall events and more frequent droughts under climate change may cause declines or extinctions.[19][22] Predation of hopping mice by dingoes intensifies under drought conditions, which may significantly impact populations.[33]

Conservation status

Dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus) in the Strzelecki Desert. Photo: Sue Rodwell.

The total remaining population is estimated to be between 2,500 and 10,000 individuals.[2][14]

  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List: Vulnerable[22]
  • Australia: Vulnerable (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999)[2][19]
  • New South Wales: Endangered (Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 No 63)[38]
  • South Australia: Vulnerable (National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972)[39]
  • Queensland: Endangered (Nature Conservation Act 1992)[40][41]
  • Northern Territory: Endangered (Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000)[17][42]

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Species Profile and Threats Database. Notomys fuscus - Dusky Hopping-mouse, Wilkinti". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. 16 July 2000. Archived from the original on 2009-11-12. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board (16 June 2021). Biodiversity Studies. Wikinti (Dusky Hopping Mouse) and Ooarri (Fawn Hopping Mouse) Student Fact Sheet. South Australia: South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board. pp. 1–2.
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  5. ^ Jackson, S. and Groves, C. (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. Clayton South, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 199–200.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Dickman, C R., and Robin, L. (2014). "Putting science in its place: the role of Sandringham Station in fostering arid zone science in Australia". Historical Records of Australian Science. 25 (2): 186–201. doi:10.1071/HR14014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  42. ^ Northern Territory Government. (2021). "Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976". Northern Territory Government. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
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