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Normal School for Colored Girls

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Miner Normal School
Miner Normal School in 2008
Location2565 Georgia Ave., NW., Washington, D.C.
Coordinates38°55′24″N 77°1′21″W / 38.92333°N 77.02250°W / 38.92333; -77.02250
Built1913
ArchitectLeon E. Dessez; Snowden Ashford
Architectural styleColonial Revival,
Georgian Revival
NRHP reference No.91001490[1]
Added to NRHPOctober 11, 1991

Normal School for Colored Girls (now known as University of the District of Columbia) established in Washington, D.C., in 1851 as an institution of learning and training for young African-American women, especially to train teachers.[2][3]

As Miner Normal School, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

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Transcription

There have been many different things written and said about marriage. From the sweetly inspirational to the hilariously cynical. But what many of them have in common is that they sound like they express a universal and timeless truth, when in fact nearly everything about marriage, from its main purpose to the kinds of relationships it covers to the rights and responsibilities involved, has varied greatly between different eras, cultures and social classes. So, let's take a quick look at the evolution of marriage. Pair bonding and raising children is as old as humanity itself. With the rise of sedentary agricultural societies about 10,000 years ago, marriage was also a way of securing rights to land and property by designating children born under certain circumstances as rightful heirs. As these societies became larger and more complex, marriage became not just a matter between individuals and families, but also an official institution governed by religious and civil authorities. And it was already well established by 2100 B.C. when the earliest surviving written laws in the Mesopotamian Code of Ur-Nammu provided many specifics governing marriage, from punishments for adultery to the legal status of children born to slaves. Many ancient civilizations allowed some form of multiple simultaneous marriage. And even today, less than a quarter of the world's hundreds of different cultures prohibit it. But just because something was allowed doesn't mean it was always possible. Demographic realities, as well as the link between marriage and wealth, meant that even though rulers and elites in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and Israel had multiple concubines or wives, most commoners could only afford one or two tending towards monogamy in practice. In other places, the tables were turned, and a woman could have multiple husbands as in the Himalayan Mountains where all brothers in a family marrying the same woman kept the small amount of fertile land from being constantly divided into new households. Marriages could vary not only in the number of people they involved but the types of people as well. Although the names and laws for such arrangements may have differed, publicly recognized same-sex unions have popped up in various civilizations throughout history. Mesopotamian prayers included blessings for such couples, while Native American Two-Spirit individuals had relationships with both sexes. The first instances of such arrangements actually being called "Marriage" come from Rome, where the Emperors Nero and Elagabalus both married men in public ceremonies with the practice being explictly banned in 342 A.D. But similar traditions survived well into the Christian era, such as Adelphopoiesis, or "brother-making" in Orthodox churches, and even an actual marriage between two men recorded in 1061 at a small chapel in Spain. Nor was marriage even necessarily between two living people. Ghost marriages, where either the bride or groom were deceased, were conducted in China to continue family lineages or appease restless spirits. And some tribes in Sudan maintain similar practices. Despite all these differences, a lot of marriages throughout history did have one thing in common. With crucial matters like property and reproduction at stake, they were way too important to depend on young love. Especially among the upperclasses, matches were often made by families or rulers. But even for commoners, who had some degree of choice, the main concern was practicality. The modern idea of marriage as being mainly about love and companionship only emerged in the last couple of centuries. With industrialization, urbanization and the growth of the middle class more people became independent from large extended families and were able to support a new household on their own. Encouraged by new ideas from the Enlightenment, people began to focus on individual happiness and pursuits, rather than familial duty or wealth and status, at least some of the time. And this focus on individual happiness soon led to other transformations, such as easing restrictions on divorce and more people marrying at a later age. So, as we continue to debate the role and definition of marriage in the modern world, it might help to keep in mind that marriage has always been shaped by society, and as a society's structure, values and goals change over time, its ideas of marriage will continue to change along with them.

History

19th century

The school was founded by Myrtilla Miner in 1851, with the encouragement from Henry Ward Beecher and funding from a Quaker philanthropist after the school in Mississippi where she taught refused her permission to conduct classes for African-American girls.[3] While inappropriate today, the use of the term "colored" was considered polite in 19th-century speech.

Although the school offered primary schooling and classes in domestic skills, its emphasis from the outset was on training teachers. Miner stressed hygiene and nature study in addition to rigorous academic training.[3]

Within two months of opening, school enrollment grew from 6 to 40. Despite hostility from a portion of the community, the school prospered with the help of continued contributions from Quakers and a gift from Harriet Beecher Stowe (sister of Beecher) of $1,000 of the royalties she earned from Uncle Tom's Cabin.[3]

As it grew, the school was forced to move three times in its first two years, but in 1854, it settled on a 3-acre (1.2-hectare) lot with a house and barn on the city's edge. Around this time, Emily Edmonson enrolled in the school. To help protect the school and those involved with it, the Edmonson family took up residence on the grounds, and both Emily Edmonson and Myrtilla Miner learned to shoot.[3][4]

First graders from Miner Normal School, ca. 1910

In 1856, the school came under the care of a board of trustees, among whom were Beecher and wealthy Quaker Johns Hopkins. By 1858, six former students were teaching in schools of their own. By that time, her failing health had lessened Miner's connection with the school, and from 1857 Emily Howland was in charge.[3]

Myrtilla Miner, founder of Normal School for Colored Girls

In 1860, the school had to be closed, and the next year, Myrtilla Miner went to California to regain her health. A carriage accident in 1864 ended that hope, and Miner died shortly after her return to Washington, D.C.[3]

During the American Civil War, on March 3, 1863, the United States Senate granted the school a charter as the "Institution for the Education of Colored Youth" and named Henry Addison, John C. Underwood, George C. Abbott, William H. Channing, Nancy M. Johnson, and Myrtella Miner as directors.[5]

From 1871 to 1876, the school was associated with Howard University. In 1879, as Miner Normal School it became part of the District of Columbia public school system.

20th century

In 1929 an act of the U.S. Congress accredited it as Miner Teachers College.[2][3][6][7] Miner Teachers College and its predecessors were instrumental in the development of the black school system in the district between the 1890s and the 1950s and held a virtual monopoly on teaching jobs in black schools during that period. Many graduates found jobs in black school districts in other parts of the country, expanding the influence of the Miner school outside the district.[7]

In 1955, the school merged with Wilson Teachers College to form the District of Columbia Teachers College. In 1976, after additional incorporations, the school was renamed University of the District of Columbia.[2][6]

Building

The current Colonial RevivalGeorgian Revival style building, built in 1913, was designed by Leon E. Dessez and Snowden Ashford.[1] The building is used for a broad range of community education programs, in addition to the teacher-training classes, which have been continuously offered there since it opened in 1914.[7]

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.[1] In 2009, Howard University received an $800,000 grant from the National Park Service's Historic Preservation Fund to replace the building's roof and windows, as well as initiate a renovation on the building's auditorium.[8] In 2023, Howard announced that the building will go under further renovation, with the plan to share the space between the Howard University School of Education and the Howard University Middle School of Mathematics and Science.[9]

Notable people

Students

Faculty and staff

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c "University of the District of Columbia". Peterson's. 2002. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Myrtilla Miner". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  4. ^ http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/cfwtmpl.asp?url=/Content/CFW/MCWHProject/MCWHArchives/MCWomensHistoryEdmonson.asp Archived 2006-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Harriet Beecher Stowe, A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, (1852), John H. Paynter, Fugitives of the Pearl, Washington DC: Associated Publishers (1930) and Mary Kay Ricks, "A Passage to Freedom", Washington Post Magazine (February 17, 2002): 21-36
  5. ^ congressional charter by S. 536
  6. ^ a b [1] Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine History of the University of the District of Columbia
  7. ^ a b c "Miner Normal School (Miner Building, Howard University) - Home of Miner Normal School and Miner Teachers College, centers for the training of Washington's African-American teachers for almost 80 years. | DC Historic Sites". DC Historic Sites. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  8. ^ McCann, Hannah (September 18, 2009). "20 Historically Black Colleges and Universities Receive Stimulus Grants for Building Preservation". Architect Magazine.
  9. ^ "Howard University Announces Historic Miner Building's Rebirth, Jumpstarts $785M Campus Master Plan". The Dig at Howard University. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  10. ^ "Louise Daniel Hutchinson Interviews". Record Unit 9558. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  11. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle (1992). Notable Black American Women, Book 2. ISBN 9780810391772.

External links

This page was last edited on 2 March 2024, at 15:46
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