| Nickeline | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Arsenide mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | nickel arsenide (NiAs) |
| IMA symbol | Nc[1] |
| Strunz classification | 2.CC.05 |
| Crystal system | Hexagonal |
| Crystal class | Dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) H-M symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | P63/mmc |
| Unit cell | a = 3.602 Å, c = 5.009 Å; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Pale copper red with blackish tarnish. white with strong yellowish pink hue on polished section strongly anisotropic |
| Crystal habit | Massive columnar to reniform, rarely as distorted, horizontally striated, {1011} terminated crystals |
| Twinning | On {1011} producing fourlings |
| Cleavage | {1010} Imperfect, {0001} Imperfect |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5 – 5.5 |
| Luster | metallic |
| Streak | brownish black |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque |
| Specific gravity | 7.8 |
| Pleochroism | Strong (reflected light) |
| Fusibility | 2 |
| Other characteristics | garlic odor on heating |
| References | [2][3][4] |
Nickeline or niccolite is a mineral consisting primarily of nickel arsenide (NiAs). The naturally-occurring mineral contains roughly 43.9% nickel and 56.1% arsenic by mass, but composition of the mineral may vary slightly.[2]
Small quantities of sulfur, iron and cobalt are usually present, and sometimes the arsenic is largely replaced by antimony. This last forms an isomorphous series with breithauptite (nickel antimonide).
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Stearns & Foster Signature & Estate Mattress Collection Overview
Transcription
HI, I'M JED HARRINGTON AND TODAY WE'RE GONNA DO AN OVERVIEW OF THE NEW STERNS AND FOSTER SIGNATURE AND ESTATE COLLECTIONS. STERNS AND FOSTER IS A WELL ESTABLISHED LUXURY BRAND WITHIN THE MATTRESS INDUSTRY. THEY'RE ACTUALLY OWNED BY SEALY AND THEY ARE CONSIDERED MUCH LIKE CHEVY AND CADILLAC TO BE THE CADILLAC OF THE MATTRESS INDUSTRY. THEY'RE DIVIDED INTO TWO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES THAT YOU'LL FIND ON OUR WEBSITE. THE ENTRY LEVEL SIGNATURE LINE AND THE TOP OF THE LINE ESTATE COLLECTION. WE HAVE SOME SIMILARITIES AND SOME DIFFERENCES, BUT WE'RE GONNA GO THROUGH ALL THOSE TODAY JUST SO YOU'LL HAVE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT YOU CAN EXPECT FROM THESE TWO LINES. LET'S START WITH THE SIMILARITIES, ONE OF THE GREAT PARTS ABOUT STEARNS AND FOSTER THAT BOTH COLLECTIONS SHARE IN COMMON IS THEIR ATTENTION TO DETAIL. ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF SEALY EMPLOYEES ARE AUTHORIZED TO BUILD STEARNS AND FOSTER. AND MOST OF THE EMPLOYEES THAT HAVE BEEN HAND SELECTED BECAUSE OF THEIR COMMITMENT TO QUALITY AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRAND AND HOW TO REALLY MAKE THESE MATTRESSES THE WAY THAT SEALY WANTS THEM TO BE BUILT SO WHEN THEY GET TO YOU THEY REPRESENT THE HIGH QUALITY IMAGE THAT THIS BRAND IS ALL ABOUT. AND ACTUALLY YOU WILL SEE THE NAME OF THE PERSON WHO BUILT YOUR MATTRESS ON THE TAG. WHICH IS A NEW IN THE MATTRESS INDUSTRY AS FAR AS I KNOW. AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE HERE, IF YOU LOOK AT THE TAG, YOU'LL SEE AT THE BOTTOM IT'S ACTUALLY SIGNED BY THE PERSON WHO BUILT IT. IT'LL ALSO SHOW YOU THE STATE IN WHICH THE PLANT WAS LOCATED WHERE IT WAS BUILT. IN THIS CASE, IT WAS HANDCRAFTED IN OHIO. ANOTHER THING THESE TWO LINES HAVE IN COMMON IS THAT THEY CAN BE MOVED VERY EASILY. AND BECAUSE, UNLIKE OTHER MATTRESSES THAT MAY NOT HAVE HANDLES AT ALL OR ONLY HAVE HANDLES ON THE SIDE OF THE MATTRESS,STEARNS AND FOSTER HAS PUT HANDLES ON BOTH THE FRONT OF THE MATTRESS, THE HEAD AND THE FOOT, AS WELL AS THE SIDES. SO NO MATTER WHAT ANGLE YOU NEED TO MANEUVER YOUR MATTRESS, YOU MAY NOT MOVE IT VERY OFTEN, BUT WHEN YOU DO YOU CAN DO IT VERY EASILY WITHOUT HAVING TO GET INTO SOME AWKWARD POSITIONS TO FIT IT THROUGH A DOORWAY AS AN EXAMPLE. IT'S A SMALL TOUCH, BUT A NICE ONE WHEN YOU NEED IT. ANOTHER COMMON FEATURE THAT'S NICE, IS THE EDGE SUPPORT. BOTH THE SIGNATURE AND THE ESTATE COLLECTIONS FEATURE THE STABILILUXE EDGE, WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO SLEEP ALL THE WAY TO THE EDGE OF THE MATTRESS, OR SIT DOWN WITHOUT NOTICING A BIG DIFFERENCE IN COMFORT OR SUPPORT. IT'S VERY NICE FOR PEOPLE WHO MAY SHARE A QUEEN SIZE BECAUSE YOU'RE ALLOWED TO SLEEP ALL THE WAY TO THE EDGE WITHOUT EXPERIENCING ROLL OFF THAT IS COMMON WITH OTHER MATTRESSES THAT DON'T HAVE A FOAM-ENCASED PARIMETER. EVERY STERNS AND FOSTER FEATURES A SILKEN WOOL QUILT, WHICH IS A NICE FEATURE BECAUSE IT'S GOOD AT KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE NEUTRAL THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT AS WELL, IT'S VERY BREATHABLE. IT'S ALSO VERY SOFT TO THE TOUCH, SO IT GIVES IT THAT VERY LUXURIOUS FEEL. EVERY STEARNS AND FOSTER IN THESE TWO COLLECTIONS IS ALSO ADJUSTABLE BASE FRIENDLY, SO IF YOU'RE IN THE MARKET FOR ONE OF THESE STEARNS AND FOSTER UP BASES OR REFLEXION BASES, YOU CAN USE ANY OF THESE MATTRESSES WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE ULTRA FIRM COMFORTS, WITHOUT EXPERIENCING ANY ISSUES. ANOTHER THING THE TWO LINES SHARE IN COMMON IS THAT THEY BOTH USE PRIMER STYLE COMFORT MATERIAL THAT COME PRE-COMPRESSED. THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE PRE-COMPRESSED COMFORT MATERIALS ARE GOING TO HAVE A VERY CONSISTENT COMFORT RIGHT OF THE BAG ON DAY ONE. THEY'RE ALSO GOING TO RETAIN THEIR SHOWROOM FEEL FOR A MUCH LONGER PERIOD OF TIME, WHICH MEANS THAT YOUR HIGH END INVESTMENT THAT YOU MAKE IN STEARNS & FOSTER IS GONNA FEEL THE SAME WAY YEARS FROM NOW THAT IT DOES ON THE FIRST DAY THAT YOU HAVE IT. SO AS YOU CAN SEE, BOTH COLLECTIONS SHARE A LOT IN COMMON. SO, YOU MIGHT BE ASKING, WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES? THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO COLLECTIONS IS THAT YOU'RE GONNA GENERALLY SEE A HIGHER AMOUNT OF MEMORY FOAM IN THE ESTATE COLLECTION WHICH IS GONNA BE BETTER AT REDUCING PRESSURE POINTS THAT LEAD TO TOSSING AND TURNING. IT'S ALSO GONNA HELP THE MATTRESS RETAIN ITS COMFORT LIFE FOR A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME BECAUSE MEMORY FOAM IS INCREDIBLY DURABLE. BUT THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO COLLECTIONS, OTHER THAN THE MEMORY FOAM, IS THE COIL. THE STEARNS AND FOSTER SIGNATURE COLLECTION FEATURES AN INDIVIDUALLY WRAPPED COIL THAT IS DESIGNED TO GIVE YOU GREAT BODY CONTOURING, AS WELL AS ELIMINATE MOTION TRANSFER BETWEEN COUPLES, WHICH IS GOING TO ALLOW YOU TO SLEEP UNDISTURBED IF ONE PERSON MOVES. THE ESTATE COLLECTION USES THE SAME STYLE OF COIL, BUT IT ACTUALLY IS AN UPGRADED VERSION. IT'S A DUAL STAGE COIL IN-COIL DESIGN WHICH MEANS THERE'S AN OUTER COIL THAT'S DESIGNED TO BE A BIT SOFTER TO ALLOW YOUR BODY TO GENTLY CONTOUR TO THE COIL SYSTEM WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY ONCE YOU PUT PRESSURE DOWN AND YOU HIT A CERTAIN POINT, YOU'RE GONNA HIT THE SECOND STAGE OF THE COIL. WHICH IS DESIGNED TO GIVE YOU FIRM SOLID SUPPORT TO THE LOWER BACK. AGAIN, VERY GOOD AT MOTION SEPARATION BETWEEN COUPLES TO HELP YOU SLEEP UNDISTURBED. AND BOTH COILS ARE MADE FROM TITANIUM ALLOY, WHICH ARE VERY STRONG AND DESIGNED TO RETAIN THEIR ORIGINAL COIL MEMORY FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. SO, AS YOU CAN SEE, THESE TWO COLLECTIONS ACTUALLY HAVE A LOT MORE IN COMMON THAN THEY DON'T. BUT, GENERALLY SPEAKING, ESTATE COLLECTION IS GONNA HAVE MORE MEMORY FOAM, AS WELL AS IT'S GOING TO HAVE AN UPGRADED COIL SYSTEM. WHICH MAKES IT GIVE YOU BETTER SUPPORT TO YOUR LOWER BACK, AS WELL AS GENERALLY SPEAKING, A LONGER AVERAGE COMFORT LIFE. I HOPE YOU FOUND THIS VIDEO INFORMATIVE. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO LEAVE A COMMENT, OR GIVE US A CALL, AT 1-800-455-1052
Etymology and history
Medieval miners looking for copper in the German Ore Mountains would sometimes find a red mineral, superficially resembling copper ore. Upon attempting extraction, no copper was produced, and subsequently, the miners would be afflicted with mysterious illness. They blamed a mischievous sprite of German mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick) for besetting the copper (German: Kupfer).[5] This German equivalent of "copper-nickel" was used as early as 1694 (other old German synonyms are Rotnickelkies and Arsennickel).
In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel mineral, and obtained instead a white metal which he named "nickel", after the sprite.[6] In modern German, Kupfernickel and Kupfer-Nickel designates the alloy Cupronickel.
The names subsequently given to the ore, nickeline from F. S. Beudant, 1832, and niccolite, from J. D. Dana, 1868, refer to the presence of nickel; in Latin, niccolum.
In 1971, the International Mineralogical Association recommended use of the name nickeline rather than niccolite.[7]
Preparation of NiAs
The main compound within nickeline, nickel arsenide (NiAs), can be prepared by direct combination of the elements:
Ni(s) + As(s) → NiAs(s)[8]
Occurrence
Nickeline is formed by hydrothermal modification of ultramafic rocks and associated ore deposits, and may be formed by replacement of nickel-copper bearing sulfides (replacing pentlandite, and in association with copper arsenic sulfides), or via metasomatism of sulfide-free ultramafic rocks, where metasomatic fluids introduce sulfur, carbonate, and arsenic. This typically results in mineral assemblages including millerite, heazelwoodite and metamorphic pentlandite-pyrite via sulfidation and associated arsenopyrite-nickeline-breithauptite.
Associated minerals include: arsenopyrite, barite, silver, cobaltite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, breithauptite and maucherite. Nickeline alters to annabergite (a coating of green nickel arsenate) on exposure to moist air.
Most of these minerals can be found in the areas surrounding Sudbury and Cobalt, Ontario. Other localities include the eastern flank of the Widgiemooltha Dome, Western Australia, from altered pentlndite-pyrite-pyrrhotite assemblages within the Mariners, Redross and Miitel nickel mines where nickeline is produced by regional Au-As-Ag-bearing alteration and carbonate metasomatism. Other occurrences include within similarly modified nickel mines of the Kambalda area.
Crystal structure
The unit cell of nickeline is used as the prototype of a group of crystalline solids with similar crystal structures.[9] The structure consists of two interpenetrating sublattices: a primitive hexagonal nickel sublattice and a hexagonal close-packed arsenic sublattice. Each nickel atom is octahedrally coordinated to six arsenic atoms, while each arsenic atom is trigonal prismatically coordinated to six nickel atoms.[10] Compounds adopting the NiAs structure are generally the chalcogenides, arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of transition metals.[citation needed]
The following are the members of the nickeline group:[3]
- Achavalite: FeSe
- Breithauptite: NiSb
- Freboldite: CoSe
- Kotulskite: Pd(Te,Bi)
- Langistite: (Co,Ni)As
- Nickeline: NiAs
- Sobolevskite: Pd(Bi,Te)
- Sudburyite: (Pd,Ni)Sb
Economic importance
Nickeline is rarely used as a source of nickel due to the presence of arsenic, which is deleterious to most smelting and milling techniques. When nickel sulfide ore deposits have been altered to produce nickeline, often the presence of arsenic renders the ore uneconomic when concentrations of As reach several hundred parts per million. However, arsenic bearing nickel ore may be treated by blending with 'clean' ore sources, to produce a blended feedstock which the mill and smelter can handle with acceptable recovery.
The primary problem for treating nickeline in conventionally constructed nickel mills is the specific gravity of nickeline versus that of pentlandite. This renders the ore difficult to treat via the froth flotation technique. Within the smelter itself, the nickeline contributes to high arsenic contents which require additional reagents and fluxes to strip from the nickel metal.
References
- ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ a b Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005). "Nickeline" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- ^ a b Nickeline, Mindat.org, retrieved 13 August 2022
- ^ Barthelmy, David (2014). "Nickeline Mineral Data". Webmineral.com. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- ^ Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary, p888, W&R Chambers Ltd, 1977.
- ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: III. Some eighteenth-century metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1): 22. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9...22W. doi:10.1021/ed009p22.
- ^ "International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 38 (293): 102–105. 1971. Bibcode:1971MinM...38..102.. doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.293.14.
- ^ Shriver, D.; Atkins, P. (2009). Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-4292-1820-7.
- ^ The Mineral Nickeline". Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ Inorganic Chemistry by Duward Shriver and Peter Atkins, 3rd Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999, pp.47,48.
- Dana's Manual of Mineralogy ISBN 0-471-03288-3
This page was last edited on 20 March 2024, at 10:21