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Nez Perce County, Idaho

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nez Perce County
Nez Perce County Courthouse in Lewiston, Idaho
Nez Perce County Courthouse in Lewiston, Idaho
Official seal of Nez Perce County
Map of Idaho highlighting Nez Perce County
Location within the U.S. state of Idaho
Map of the United States highlighting Idaho
Idaho's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 46°20′N 116°45′W / 46.33°N 116.75°W / 46.33; -116.75
Country United States
State Idaho
FoundedFebruary 4, 1864
Named forNez Percé tribe
SeatLewiston
Largest cityLewiston
Area
 • Total856 sq mi (2,220 km2)
 • Land848 sq mi (2,200 km2)
 • Water8.2 sq mi (21 km2)  0.85%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total42,090
 • Density49/sq mi (19/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
Congressional district1st
Websitewww.co.nezperce.id.us

Nez Perce County (pron. Nezz Purse) is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,090.[1] The county seat is Lewiston.[2] The county is named after the Native American Nez Perce tribe. Nez Perce County is part of the Lewiston, IdahoWA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Landscape Of History: The Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Tra
  • Nez Perce National Historic Park - Across Northern Idaho
  • Lewiston, Idaho | 4k Driving Tour | Dashcam
  • Nez Perce War: Explained
  • The Nez Perce last stand | Chief Joseph (Part 1)

Transcription

[music] >> NARRATOR: There is a landscape that begins in the deep canyons and fertile valleys of Oregon and rolls like a ribbon through Idaho until it reaches the high plains of north central Montana. Embedded in the fabric of this land and the people who live here is the memory of one of our nation's most enduring stories. It is an epic story of hope, despair, and ultimately loss of a homeland. Even though it happened long ago, this story remains as current as today's headlines. This is the Nez Perce National Historic Trail, and as you travel the landscape, this journey grows more significant with time. For thousands of generations the people who call themselves "Nimiipuu" used this trail across the mountains to visit friends and relatives on the plains; to trade and to hunt the buffalo. They learned to follow the trail in the days of foot travel, long before horses. According to legend, Grizzly bears found a brave, lost boy and showed him the path through the mountains and how to survive in this rugged country. Then in 1877, the path became a trail of sadness. In that year 750 Nez Perce men, women and children made a heroic yet futile flight seeking freedom and peace far from their homeland. But this trail is not just about yesterday's journeys. Today's and tomorrow's travelers may also find meaning here. The Nez Perce National Historic Trail is a landscape of history that carries understanding to those who travel it. The Nez Perce Tribe's native homeland extended across a plateau country of ancient volcanic rock, deep canyons and mighty rivers between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. Separate Nez Perce bands once lived from Oregon's Wallowa Valley, up and down the Snake River Canyon, to the Clearwater Valley in Idaho. Their lands spread north and south along the Bitterroot Range, encompassing the rugged Lochsa and Selway drainages and the extensive Salmon River country. It was, and still is, a beautiful and abundant land, rich in wildlife, productive forests and lush meadows. Nez Perce ancestors thrived here for thousands of generations. The story of the Nez Perce conflict began with the arrival of white men in the early 1800s. The Nez Perce aided explorers Lewis and Clark, and they traded with early fur trappers. Christian missionaries lived among them. Early settlers knew and respected the Nez Perce as skillful horse breeders, hunters and warriors. For fifty years the Nez Perce and their new neighbors lived together, side by side. By 1855, increasing numbers of settlers looking for land and prosperity expanded into Nez Perce country. That year Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens established a Nez Perce Reservation of nearly 12,000 square miles, preserving much of the tribe's native homeland. Just five years later, prospectors encroaching on Nez Perce land discovered gold, and the U.S. government demanded new treaty talks. In 1863 new negotiations led to a tenfold reduction in land for the Nez Perce. Several bands whose traditional lands were not included in the reservation refused to sign the treaty. They became known as the "Non-treaty" Nez Perce. Now divided, the Nez Perce Tribe became increasingly vulnerable to pressure from homesteaders and the U.S. Government. For over a decade, the non-treaty bands refused to leave their lands. But tensions mounted with growing numbers of settlers, and in 1877 the Army ordered the non-treaty Nez Perce to move on to the reduced reservation near Lapwai, Idaho. Of the 750 Nez Perce, most were women, children, or elderly. They took with them their 2000 horses and all their belongings. In the months before their departure, relations had grown tense between Nez Perce and neighboring settlers. Some settlers badly mistreated and even killed some Nez Perce. On the journey to the reservation, several young angry warriors sought justice for these unprosecuted murders and killed a number of settlers they believed were responsible. This set the stage for further bloodshed. Army troops and civilian volunteers led by General Oliver Otis Howard first confronted the Nez Perce at White Bird Canyon. Fighting broke out, and the troops retreated with heavy casualties. This was the first of nearly 20 battles and skirmishes. Even though many Americans were sympathetic to the Nez Perce, the policy of Manifest Destiny, the taming of the "wild west" and expansion of American commerce and civilization was still of prime importance in 1877. The rights of the non-treaty Nez Perce were largely ignored. From the Whitebird Battlefield, the Nez Perce fled northwest to the Salmon River, then east toward the Clearwater River. General Howard's troops attacked again, with little success. After the Clearwater battle, the Nez Perce camped at Weippe Prairie where leaders met to decide what to do next. The leaders included, among many others, Joseph, Whitebird, Toohoolhoolzote, Hahtalekin, Husishusis Kute, and Looking Glass. >> CHIEF JOSEPH: "What are we fighting for? Is it for our lives? No. It is for this land where the bones of our fathers lie buried. I do not want to take my women among strangers. I do not want to die in a strange land." Chief Joseph. >>NARRATOR: Chief Looking Glass had only recently joined the fleeing bands when his Clearwater River camp was destroyed by troops. Because of his knowledge of buffalo country, the chiefs agreed to follow Looking Glass from Idaho to Montana in search of allies. As they pursued the fleeing bands onto the Weippe Prairie, General Howard's troops intercepted Chief Redheart's band returning home from a buffalo hunt. Victims of bad timing, Redheart's band were captured and taken as prisoners of war to Fort Vancouver, Washington. They remained there until April of 1878. The fleeing Nez Perce followed the winding Lolo Trail up the Lochsa River and over the Bitterroot Mountains. The Lolo Trail was a well-known hunters' trail, but considered tortuous with dense forests, steep canyons and a 7000-foot summit. Across this rugged terrain the Nez Perce deftly outdistanced the pursuing army. Hoping to stop the Nez Perce at the east end of the Lolo trail, Army and volunteer forces hastily built a blockade near Lolo Creek in Montana. The Nez Perce easily outflanked the blockade, and the location became known as Fort Fizzle for the failed attempt. Traveling about twelve miles per day, the Nez Perce moved south through Montana's Bitterroot Valley to avoid Missoula and other settlements. They traded for supplies with wary settlers along the way. The Nez Perce crossed the Continental Divide at what is now called Gibbon's Pass and dropped into the Big Hole Valley. Believing the army was far away, they stopped to rest and gather tipi poles along the North Fork of the Big Hole River. Here, at the Big Hole National Battlefield, the National Park Service tells how the 7th Infantry, under the command of Colonel John Gibbon, surprised the resting tribe on the morning of August 9th. Gibbon described the attack. >> GIBBON: "Suddenly a single shot rang out in the clear morning air, followed quickly by several others, and the whole line pushed forward through the brush. A heavy fire was at once opened along the whole line of tepees, the startled Indians rushing from them in every direction, and for a few moments no shots were returned. Few of us will forget the wail of mingled grief, rage and horror which rose from the camp when the Indians returned to it and recognized their slaughtered warriors, women and children." >> RED WOLF: "The women, all scared when the soldiers charged the camp, ran into the water, the brush. Any place where they could hide themselves and children. Many were killed as they ran. They had no guns." Red Wolf, Nez Perce Warrior. >> NARRATOR: Nearly 90 Nez Perce, including many women and children, were killed at the battle of Big Hole. Twenty-nine soldiers and citizen volunteers also lost their lives. Nez Perce leaders suddenly realized the deadly reality of the conflict. Now led by Chief Lean Elk who knew these trails well, the Nez Perce rapidly, and often violently, fled pursuing troops. Wounded men, women and children were dying along the trail. Some, too weary to continue, chose to stay behind. The Nez Perce crossed back into Idaho at Bannock Pass. At Camas Meadows they delayed the pursuing army by raiding and scattering cavalry mules. The Nez Perce crossed Targhee Pass and escaped into Yellowstone National Park pursued closely by the army. Inside the five-year old National Park they captured several tourists. A few vengeful young warriors killed three. Leaders Lean Elk and Yellow Wolf intervened and the remaining tourists were given horses and food and released. General Howard was sure he had the fleeing Nez Perce trapped in the rugged Yellowstone country. He posted troops at every exit. The Nez Perce moved east into the Absaroka Mountains where a blockade of new troops from the 7th Cavalry waited to intercept them. But the Nez Perce baffled the army and escaped by choosing an arduous route through steep terrain. The Nez Perce traveled down the rugged Clark's Fork River canyon and on to the plains where they sought assistance from the Crow Tribe. Under pressure from military and Indian agents, the Crow refused to help their former friends and sided with the army instead. Now intent on reaching the Canadian border, the Nez Perce turned north and followed the Clark's Fork River back into Montana. The cavalry again caught the Nez Perce at Canyon Creek, but failed once more to halt their march. After a pitched battle the Nez Perce bands slipped away into the Buffalo Country. They spread out over the prairies to find game and water and continued their march north. Cow Island crossing was a supply depot and the most upstream point of steamboat navigation on the Missouri River in the fall. Pausing only briefly, Nez Perce warriers managed to take food and supplies from outnumbered and outgunned depot attendants. The fall weather turned bitterly cold. The Nez Perce had been constantly on the march for over four months covering more than 1100 miles. They were exhausted and starving. Assuming the army was far behind, Chief Lookinglass resumed leadership and slowed the pace to protect the weary people. They selected a camp on Snake Creek at the base of the Bear Paw Mountains, more for comfort than for defense. These miscalculations proved fateful. On September 30, Colonel Nelson Miles led 400 soldiers in a surprise attack on the Nez Perce camp. A brutal siege lasted six days, with heavy casualties on both sides. During the battle, Chief Whitebird and nearly 200 Nez Perce managed to escape to the safety of the Canadian border. Most other Nez Perce leaders were killed. On October 5th, to protect his wounded, freezing and starving people, Chief Joseph agreed to end the fighting. The Nez Perce National Historic Trail ends at the Bear Paw Battle Site, but the tragic story does not. The 431 Nez Perce survivors who had been told they would return to Idaho were taken instead down the Missouri River by flatboat to an unexpected exile, first at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, then Indian Territory, Oklahoma. There they were joined by other Nez Perce captured trying to return home from Canada to Idaho. Conditions in exile were extremely poor. Of nearly 500 Nez Perce sent to Oklahoma, only 301 survived. Many military officers and citizens throughout the country pleaded to have the Nez Perce returned to their reservation. In spite of these efforts, the Nez Perce remained in exile for eight years. Finally in 1885 the survivors were sent back to the Northwest. Chief Joseph and half the surviving Nez Perce were re-settled on the Colville Reservation in Washington State; the rest were returned to the reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph was never permitted to live again at his ancestral home in the Wallowa Valley. [music] More than a century has passed. Nez Perce decendents of both treatyand non-treaty bands still live on or near traditional homelands and perpetuate the culture of their proud and once unified tribe. Much of the country once home to the Nez Perce has been parceled out in farms, ranches, and communities: but a significant portion is managed as public lands, by federal agencies like the Forest Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The 1170 mile Nez Perce, or Nimiipuu, National Historic Trail was established by Congress in 1986 to insure that the trail and significant sites will be preserved and appreciated by generations to come. The US Forest Service is responsible for managing the Nez Perce National Historic Trail. With this responsibility comes a commitment to preserve this important heritage. Many trail segments that wind through public land are amazingly undisturbed and have changed little. [music] The Nez Perce conflict touched many lives in 1877. It affected most directly those who fought to enforce the government's will and those who fought for their homeland. It still affects those who travel the trail today, more than a century later. To descendents of both treaty and non-treaty bands of Nez Perce this trail and its history are sacred. The trail speaks in many voices. The important battlefields have been preserved and interpreted. The trail continues to define all of us as people. The trail largely belongs to the future. The Nez Perce flight for freedom, played out over vast distances and varied terrain, can only be imagined today as one travels the trail. But the desire for homeland, that abiding sense of peace and harmony one feels when surrounded by familiar landscapes, is as real today as it was for the Nez Perce over one hundred years ago. [music] For more information, or copies, visit: http://fs.usda.gov/npnht

History

Nez Perce County was originally organized in 1861, when the area was part of Washington Territory.[3] It was reorganized in 1864 by the Idaho Territorial Legislature and was later subdivided into new counties. Rapid migration to the Palouse in the 1880s led to the formation of Latah County in 1888. Isolated from its county seat of Wallace in the Silver Valley, the southern portion of Shoshone County was annexed by Nez Perce County in 1904, then became Clearwater County in 1911.[4] Lewis County was also formed from Nez Perce County in 1911.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 856 square miles (2,220 km2), of which 848 square miles (2,200 km2) is land and 8.2 square miles (21 km2) (1.0%) is water.[5]

Nez Perce County has two rivers, the Clearwater and the Snake, which meet in Lewiston and then flow west. The Clearwater flows from the east and the Snake from the south, creating the state border with Washington (and further upstream, Oregon). The lowest point in the state of Idaho is located on the Snake River in Lewiston in Nez Perce County, where it flows out of Idaho and into Washington.

The northern portion of the county is part of the Palouse, a wide and rolling agricultural region of the middle Columbia basin.

Adjacent counties

Nez Perce County map

Major highways

National protected areas

Government and politics

Nez Perce County is currently strongly Republican, though less so than southern Idaho: it is one of only nine counties (out of 44) in Idaho that has failed to vote Republican in every presidential election since 1968,[6] and indeed supported Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton (by plurality) three times in succession from 1988 to 1996.

In 2004 Republican George W. Bush defeated Democrat John Kerry 62% to 36%. In 2008 Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama by a slightly smaller margin of 58.11 percent to 39.97 percent,[7] a result almost exactly replicated by Mitt Romney in 2012. In 2016 Donald Trump increased the Republican majority to 62.2 percent as against Hillary Clinton's 28.1 percent.[8]

United States presidential election results for Nez Perce County, Idaho[9]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 13,738 65.47% 6,686 31.86% 561 2.67%
2016 10,699 62.20% 4,828 28.07% 1,674 9.73%
2012 9,967 58.65% 6,451 37.96% 575 3.38%
2008 10,357 58.11% 7,123 39.97% 343 1.92%
2004 11,009 62.20% 6,476 36.59% 215 1.21%
2000 10,577 66.02% 4,995 31.18% 449 2.80%
1996 6,675 39.98% 7,491 44.87% 2,530 15.15%
1992 5,431 32.00% 7,069 41.65% 4,474 26.36%
1988 7,027 46.78% 7,754 51.62% 239 1.59%
1984 8,153 56.89% 5,981 41.74% 196 1.37%
1980 7,495 47.61% 6,565 41.70% 1,684 10.70%
1976 6,151 48.22% 6,324 49.58% 280 2.20%
1972 6,232 52.19% 5,081 42.55% 628 5.26%
1968 5,019 39.90% 6,502 51.69% 1,058 8.41%
1964 3,912 29.73% 9,245 70.27% 0 0.00%
1960 5,203 39.58% 7,944 60.42% 0 0.00%
1956 5,635 46.64% 6,448 53.36% 0 0.00%
1952 5,659 50.39% 5,552 49.43% 20 0.18%
1948 3,168 33.98% 5,747 61.65% 407 4.37%
1944 3,159 36.52% 5,453 63.05% 37 0.43%
1940 3,409 36.22% 5,963 63.35% 41 0.44%
1936 1,988 24.90% 5,705 71.45% 292 3.66%
1932 2,211 29.83% 5,077 68.50% 124 1.67%
1928 4,054 61.02% 2,535 38.15% 55 0.83%
1924 2,250 42.42% 1,212 22.85% 1,842 34.73%
1920 2,761 64.05% 1,548 35.91% 2 0.05%
1916 1,753 37.00% 2,675 56.46% 310 6.54%
1912 1,011 24.27% 1,619 38.86% 1,536 36.87%
1908 3,871 51.53% 2,843 37.85% 798 10.62%
1904 3,956 62.99% 1,696 27.01% 628 10.00%
1900 2,184 50.18% 2,168 49.82% 0 0.00%

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18701,607
18803,965146.7%
18902,847−28.2%
190013,748382.9%
191024,86080.8%
192015,253−38.6%
193017,59115.3%
194018,8737.3%
195022,56819.6%
196027,06619.9%
197030,27611.9%
198033,2209.7%
199033,7541.6%
200037,41010.8%
201039,2655.0%
202042,0907.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
1790–1960,[11] 1900–1990,[12]
1990–2000,[13] 2010–2020[14] 2020[1]

2000 census

As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 37,410 people, 15,286 households, and 10,149 families living in the county. The population density was 44 inhabitants per square mile (17/km2). There were 16,203 housing units at an average density of 19 per square mile (7.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 91.58% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 5.31% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. 1.93% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25.1% were of German, 11.3% English, 11.0% American, 8.9% Irish and 5.6% Norwegian ancestry.

There were 15,286 households, out of which 29.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.80% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.60% were non-families. 26.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 10.00% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,282, and the median income for a family was $44,212. Males had a median income of $34,688 versus $23,014 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,544. About 8.60% of families and 12.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 6.70% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,265 people, 16,241 households, and 10,331 families living in the county.[16] The population density was 46.3 inhabitants per square mile (17.9/km2). There were 17,438 housing units at an average density of 20.6 per square mile (8.0/km2).[17] The racial makeup of the county was 90.1% white, 5.6% American Indian, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.7% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.8% of the population.[16] In terms of ancestry, 30.6% were German, 14.5% were Irish, 13.5% were English, and 7.7% were American.[18]

Of the 16,241 households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.4% were non-families, and 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age was 40.8 years.[16]

The median income for a household in the county was $44,395 and the median income for a family was $55,180. Males had a median income of $42,451 versus $31,920 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,899. About 8.5% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.[19]

Communities

Cities

Census-designated place

Unincorporated communities

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "2020 Census Data". data.census.gov.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ "County was mighty big baby at its birth 100 years ago". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). November 30, 1961. p. 14.
  4. ^ clearwatercounty.org - about us - history - accessed December 9, 2011
  5. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  6. ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  7. ^ US Election Atlas.org
  8. ^ 2016 Presidential General Election Data Graphs – Idaho by County
  9. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  10. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  11. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  12. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  13. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  14. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  15. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  16. ^ a b c "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  17. ^ "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  18. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  19. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2016.

Further reading

46°20′N 116°45′W / 46.33°N 116.75°W / 46.33; -116.75

This page was last edited on 24 February 2024, at 21:57
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