| Muqan Qaghan æšæĄżćŻæ± Ashina Yandou éżćČéŁäżæ€ | |
|---|---|
| Third Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate | |
| Reign | 553 â 572 |
| Predecessor | Issik Qaghan |
| Successor | Taspar Qaghan |
| Died | 572 |
| Issue | Apa Qaghan Empress Ashina Yangsu Tegin |
| House | Ashina |
| Father | Bumin Qaghan |
| Religion | Tengrism |
Muqan Qaghan[1] (Old Turkic: đ°ąđ°đ°Žđ°Łđ°Žđ°đ°Ł Muqan qaÎłan,[2] Chinese:æšæĄżćŻæ±/æšæćŻæ±, Pinyin: mĂčgÇn kÄhĂ n, Wade-Giles: mu-kan k'o-han or æšæ±ćŻæ±, mĂčhĂ n kÄhĂ n, mu-han k'o-han, personal name: éżćČéŁçéœ, ÄshÇnĂ yĂ ndĆu, a-shih-na yen-to, Sogdian: mwxân xâÎłân, Rouran: MuÉŁan QaÉŁan) was the second son of Bumin Qaghan and the third khagan of the GöktĂŒrks who expanded their khaganate and secured the borders against the Hephthalites.
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Transcription
Reign
His accession to power was followed by finishing off remnants of Rouran. Around the new year 554, after defeat of YujiulĂŒ Kangdi at the hands of GöktĂŒrks, the remnants of Rouran, which by that point was near its end, surrendered to Northern Qi to seek protection from Gökturks attacks. Emperor Wenxuan personally attacked Muqan Qaghan, fighting his army off and then created YujiulĂŒ Anluochen as the new khagan of Rouran, settling the Rouran people within Northern Qi territory, at Mayi (銏é, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi).
Eventually last khagan of Rouran YujiulĂŒ Dengshuzi was executed by Emperor Gong because of Gökturks' pressure.
In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with GöktĂŒrks against Northern Qi, part of which involved a promise that Emperor Wu would marry the daughter of Muqan Qaghan. In winter 563, the joint forces of Northern Zhou and Gökturks launched a two-prong attack on Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (æéœ, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (ćčłéœ, in modern Linfen, Shanxi).
In spring 565, Emperor Wu sent his brother Yuwen Chun (ćźæçŽ), Yuwen Gui (ćźæèČŽ), Dou Yi (ç«æŻ ) and Yang Jian (æ„èŠ) to lead a ceremonial guard corps to Tujue to welcome back Muqan's daughter for marriage to him. However, when they arrived at Qaghan's headquarters, he turned against the treaty and detained Yuwen Chun and his attendants.
In spring 568, a major storm at GöktĂŒrks' headquarters inflicted substantial damage, and Muqan Qaghan took it as a sign of divine displeasure at his rescission of the marriage agreement with Northern Zhou. He therefore returned Yuwen Chun, along with the daughter he promised Emperor Wu, back to Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu personally welcomed her and created her empress.
Campaigns in West
His uncle Istemi autonomously ruled the far-west region in his name. GöktĂŒrk army destroyed Hephtalite power in 557 near Bukhara.[3] The northern part of the Oxus river was annexed to the GöktĂŒrks and southern part to Sassanid Persia.
Legacy
This expansion also pushed against the Avars who were driven toward the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire and eventually toward the Danube. Other tribes of the Central Asia, such as the eastern Bulgars were also displaced.[4]
Muqan's reign marked the pinnacle of Sogdian cultural influence in the GöktĂŒrk Empire. Sogdian culture was transmitted by merchants from Turpan who worked as ambassadors and advisers. The Sogdian language and script were used to govern the empire.[5] The importance of Sogdians cannot be understated in keeping the early Turks safely outside of the Chinese cultural sphere. The Sogdian language and script were used to administer the empire, because it was the only written language in the cities under his control.
Muqan Qaghan was friendly to Buddhist people, and is credited with being the first to introduce Buddhism to the TĂŒrks.[6][7] He promoted the construction of a TĂŒrkic Buddhist temple in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an. Despite his promotion of Buddhism in China, it is not known if he himself converted to Buddhism, and it is also uncertain whether or not a substantial number of TĂŒrks were Buddhists during his reign.[8]
He expanded the GöktĂŒrk Qaghanate and secured the borders against the last of the Rouran people. He conquered the Töles tribes in the west, the Kitans in the east and the Kyrgyz in the north. Thus, he expanded his state to all the former Xiongnu territory.
After Muqan's death in 572 the title of Qaghan passed to his younger brother Taspar.
Physical appearance
According to Chinese sources, Muqan Qaghan's appearance was strange: the third Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate, was described by Chinese authors as having an unusual appearance. His eyes were described as like "çç" (liĂșli),[9] generally meaning "colored glazes",[10] but sometimes translated as "lapis lazuli"-like (implying a blue color),[11][12][13] [14] and he had a red complexion. His face was wide.[15] He was characterized as being "tough and fierce", and he was regarded as brave and knowledgeable by the historians.
A complete genetic analysis of Muqan Qaghan's daughter Empress Ashina (551â582) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports the Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the GöktĂŒrk Khanate.[16] According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the TĂŒrks.[17]
Family
Muhan Qaghan's TĂŒrkic wife was childless. This caused difficulties for his son Talopien, as he was born to a non-Turkic woman who Muhan married as part of diplomatic relations with other states.[18]
His daughter Empress Ashina became the wife of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. His son Apa Qaghan claimed the throne after the death of his uncle Taspar unsuccessfully while his other son Yangsu Tegin was ancestor of later Western Turkic Qaghans.
Ancestry
| Ashina Tuwu (Grand Yabgu) | |||||||||||
| Bumin Qaghan (r.552) First khagan of the GöktĂŒrks and founder of the First Turkic Khaganate | |||||||||||
| Muqan Qaghan (r.553-572) Third khagan of the GöktĂŒrks | |||||||||||
| Princess Changle(é·æšć Źäž») of Western Wei (Xianbei) | |||||||||||
References
- ^ Gary Seaman, Daniel Marksm, Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery, Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California, 1991, ISBNÂ 978-1-878986-01-6, pp. 96â97.
- ^ Ethno Cultural Dictionary, TĂRIK BITIG
- ^ "ណOSROW II â Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 238â241. ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5.
- ^ Roux 2000, p. 79.
- ^ Durand-Guedy, David (2013). Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life. Leiden. p. 41. ISBN 978-9004257009.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kwanten, Luc (1979). Imperial nomads: a history of central Asia, 500-1500. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 45. ISBN 0812277503.
- ^ Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Magyar TudomĂĄnyos AkadĂ©mia. 1972. p. 78. "During the reign of Muqan, the TĂŒrks were receptive toward Buddhism, but whether or not it was actually adopted by a substantial number of TĂŒrks or by Muqan himself is not known."
- ^ Beishi vol. 99 "çèČć„ç°ïŒéąć»Łć°șé€ïŒć ¶èČ蔀çïŒçŒè„ççă" "His appearance was strange, his face was broad, his complexion was red, his eyes were like glazes"
- ^ Wang (2018), p. 190.
- ^ Balogh, Dåniel (31 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. p. 83, I.068/A. ISBN 978-94-93194-05-2.
- ^ Esin, Emel (1968). Proceedings Of The Twenty Sixth International Congress Of Orientalists Volume II. New Delhi: Organising Committee, XXVI International Congress of Orientalists. p. 126. "Muhan's blue eyes DaniĆmend p.208" * Other blue-eyed Kök-TĂŒrk kings see Eberhard"
- ^ Esin, Emel (1980). A History of Pre-Islamic and Early-Islamic Turkish Culture. Istanbul: Ănal Matbaasi. p. 116. "The Kök-TĂŒrk kagan Mu-kan was also depicted with blue eyes..."
- ^ The name for lapis-lazuli is normally ééćČ©, but Buddhists sometimes call lapis-lazuli ç§çç ("blue-green glaze"): "äœæ称äčäžșć ćȘ犻æç§ççïŒć±äșäœæäžćźäčäžă" [1]
- ^ Zhoushu, vol. 50 ""çèČć€ć„ç°ïŒéąć»Łć°șé€ïŒć ¶èČç蔀ïŒçŒè„ç çă"
- ^ Yang, Xiaomin (2023). "Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of GöktĂŒrk Khanate". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 61 (6): 1056â1064. doi:10.1111/jse.12938. S2CID 255690237.
In the principal component analysis (PCA) (Figs. 1B, S3), the Ashina individual clustered with modern Tungusic and Mongolic speakers, ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunterâgatherers previously referred to as "Ancient Northeast Asian" (ANA), that is, DevilsCave_N, Mongolia_N_North, Boisman_MN, AR_EN (Jeong et al., 2020; Ning et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021), as well as postâIron Age Eastern Steppe nomadic people including Xianbei, Rouran, Khitan, and part of the Mongol population. The shared genetic similarity between Ashina and Northeast Eurasians, especially ANA, was also evident in outgroupâf3 statistics (Fig. S5A).
- ^ Yang, Xiaomin; Meng, Hailiang; Zhang, Jianlin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Ziyang; Zhu, Kongyang; Du, Panxin; Ren, Xiaoying; Xiong, Jianxue; Lu, Xiaoyu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Weipeng; Jin, Li (2023-01-09). "Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of GöktĂŒrk Khanate". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 61 (6): 1056â1064. doi:10.1111/jse.12938. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 255690237.
- ^ Basan, Osman Aziz (24 June 2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-136-95392-7. "The problem with this seems to have been that Mukan Kagan's TĂŒrk wife was childless. Talopien was not of a TĂŒrk mother, being the offspring of a marriage of dynastic convenience."
Sources
- Roux, Jean-Paul (2000). Histoire des Turcs (in French). Fayard.
The YujiulĂŒ clan of Rouran tribe Khagans of Rouran (includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants) | ||||||||||||
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This page was last edited on 23 March 2024, at 16:34