Mortier de 58 T N°1

Mortier de 58 T N°1

Type	Medium trench mortar
Place of origin	France
Service history
In service	1915-1916
Used by	France
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Commandant du Génie Duchêne Général de Brigade Jean Dumézil
Designed	1914
Manufacturer	Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne
No. built	180
Specifications
Mass	114 kg (251 lb)
Crew	5

Shell weight	16 kg (35 lb)
Caliber	58.3 mm (2.3 in) (barrel only)
Recoil	None
Elevation	+45° to +80°
Traverse	None
Rate of fire	1 rpm
Muzzle velocity	55 m/s (180 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	350 m (380 yd) at +45°
Filling	Melinite
Filling weight	6 kg (13 lb)
Detonation mechanism	Contact fuze^[1]

The Mortier de 58 T N°1 sometimes referred to as Lance Torpilles was an early French medium trench mortar of World War I. Built in small numbers it was a transitional type in the development of later French mortars.

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Background

The majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells at formations of troops in the open. The problem facing the combatants was that their light field guns were designed for direct fire and only had limited angles of elevation and weren't capable of providing the high-angle indirect fire needed to deal with enemy troops in dug-in positions.^[2]

The simple expedient was to elevate the guns by having them fire from pits but the size and weight of the guns were excessive and pack animals couldn't move the guns in the trenches or across the shell-pocked quagmire of no man's land. What the theorists hadn't foreseen was that land mines, trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns would rob them of mobility and as the Western Front stagnated into trench warfare the light field guns that the combatants went to war with began to show their limitations.^[2]

Often defenders would wait out a preparatory artillery bombardment in reinforced dugouts and once the bombardment had lifted they would man their trenches and machine-gun nests in anticipation of an enemy attack across no man's land. Barbed wire was often used to channel attackers away from vulnerable areas of the defender's trenches and funnel attackers into predefined kill zones where overlapping fields of machine-gun fire could be brought to bear or to hold attackers at a safe distance to call in defensive artillery fire. The machine-gun nests could be constructed of sandbags, timber, corrugated metal, and concrete with overhead protection. For infantry advancing across no man's land, all they may see is a small horizontal opening at waist level, with just the top of the gun shield showing. Attacking infantry would have to close on these positions while under fire and destroy them with rifle fire, grenades, and flamethrowers.^[3]

The problem for the French Army was they lacked light, portable, simple, and inexpensive firepower that could be brought with them to overcome enemy machine gun nests and wire entanglements. Early on they experimented with crossbows, catapults, and slingshots to propel hand grenades with limited success. Unlike the Germans the French lacked portable mortars like the 7.58 cm Minenwerfer, 17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer or 25 cm schwere Minenwerfer. The mortars that the French did have the Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 and Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880 were siege artillery designed to arm France's forts that were much heavier than their opponents and not designed to be mobile.^[4]

History

In 1914, Major Duchêne of the Engineers (of the 33rd Corps belonging to X Army) began experimenting with a simple improvised tube mortar made from discarded Canon de 75 mle 1897 cases at the end of a pole. He found he was able to build a simple high-explosive fragmentation projectile that could be used as an anti-personnel weapon and to clear barbed wire entanglements. On November 7, 1914, Commander Duchêne was sent to the Bourges pyrotechnics school by order of General Joseph Joffre to develop a mortar under the direction of General Dumézil, inspector of artillery studies and testing.^[5]

Design

The basic specification was for a light, mobile, and inexpensive mortar which could fire a 10 kg (22 lb) projectile to a range of 200 m (220 yd) using a smokeless powder propellant charge. The requirement also specified a weapon that could be produced from non-strategic materials, using simple production methods and produced by companies not currently engaged in war work.^[5]

The launcher was a simple pole 58 mm (2.3 in) in diameter with a round weighted base at one end and a hollow cup that held the propellant charge at the other. An adjustable sleeve was attached to the pole that connected to a crescent-shaped elevation mechanism with holes for elevation. The elevation mechanism then fit into the center of an A-shaped bi-pod and elevation was set by pushing a bolt through the elevation hole. The 60 g (2.1 oz) propellant charge was then inserted in the muzzle and the projectile slid onto the end of the launch tube. The mortar was fired by pulling on a lanyard which was attached to a friction igniter embedded in the propellant.^[4]

The first 70 mortars were delivered in mid-January 1915 to troops in the Argonne region for testing. The tests were considered successful and General Joffre ordered another 110 mortars and the production of 4,000 projectiles a day. However, the tests revealed that the launcher was unstable and had a tendency to tip over when pulling on the firing lanyard. The launcher often fell over after being fired and had to be re-aimed between shots which limited its rate of fire. The troops also requested heavier projectiles with larger explosive charges to deal with enemy troops in dug-in positions and these factors led to the Mortier de 58 T N°1 being replaced in 1916.^[5]

Mortier de 58 T N°1 bis and Mortier de 58 T N°2

To address deficiencies in the design of the Mortier de 58 T N°1 Major Duchêne continued to work on the design of two new mortars concurrently with completely different bases. Where the N°1 was tall, thin, and top-heavy the N°1 bis and N°2 launchers were short, had a broad footprint, and low center of gravity. The long launch tube wasn't needed to elevate the projectiles past the lip of the trench so a shorter and sturdier launch tube was used instead. Both designs were much more stable which led to a higher rate of fire because they didn't need as much setup time between shots. Their short and fat appearance earned them the nickname "little toads".^[6]

The Mortier de 58 T N°1 bis were lighter and weighed 181 kg (399 lb) and could fire the same projectiles as the Mortier de 58 T N°1 to 450 m (490 yd) at +45°. However, the projectiles were considered too light and the Mortier de 58 T N°1 bis were in turn replaced by the Mortier de 58 T N°2. The advantage of the Mortier de 58 T N°2 was that it could fire new heavier projectiles of similar design to a greater range but it weighed 410 kg (900 lb) so it wasn't as mobile.^[6]

Gallery

Diagram of the launcher.
Diagram of the projectile.
A Mortier de 58 T n°1 near Vauquois, France, 1915
The Mortier de 58 T n°1 bis is to the left and the later Mortier de 58 T N°2 is to the right.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mortier de 58 T N°1.

^ "Mortier de 58 T N°1". www.passioncompassion1418.com. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
^ ^a ^b Batchelor, John (1979). Land power. John H. Batchelor. New York: Exeter Books. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-89673-010-7. OCLC 5718938.
^ Batchelor, John (1979). Land power. John H. Batchelor. New York: Exeter Books. pp. 30–34. ISBN 0-89673-010-7. OCLC 5718938.
^ ^a ^b "Les Français à Verdun - 1916". www.lesfrancaisaverdun-1916.fr. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Les mortiers de 58 de tranchée". artillerie.asso.fr. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
^ ^a ^b "Le Crapouillot". Batterie de l'Eperon - Frouard (in French). 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2021-04-02.

Émile Auguste Duchêne (January 1925). "Comment naquit l'artillerie de tranchée française". Revue militaire française. Librairie Berger-Levrault. XV (43): 107–124..

v t e French artillery of World War I
Anti-aircraft guns	Canon de 75 antiaérien mle 1913-1917
Coastal artillery	Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891 Canon de 19 C modèle 1870/93 Canon de 19 C modèle 1875 Canon de 24 C modèle 1876 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Field artillery	Canon de 75 modèle 1897 Canon de 75 modèle 1912 Schneider Canon de 75 modèle 1914 Schneider De Bange 90 mm cannon Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 Obusier de 120 mm mle 15TR
Infantry guns	Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP
Medium and heavy artillery	Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider Canon de 155 court modèle 1904 Rimailho Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878 Canon de 145 L modele 1916 Saint-Chamond Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 C modèle 1915 St. Chamond Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider Canon de 155 mm GPF De Bange 155 mm cannon Canon de 220 L mle 1917 Mortier de 220 modèle 1915/1916 Schneider
Mortars	Cellerier Mortar Mortier de 58 T N°1 Mortier de 58 T N°1 bis Mortier de 58 mm type 2 Mortier de 75 modèle 1915 Schneider Mortier de 150 mm T Mle 1917 Fabry Mortier de 240 mm Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Mountain artillery	Canon de 65 M modele 1906 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 Canon Court de 105 M modele 1909 Schneider
Railway artillery	Canon de 120 L mle 1878 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 Canon de 140 sur affut-truc mle 1884 Obusier de 155 C mle 1881 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 Materiel de 155 sur affut-truc Schneider Canon de 164 modèle 1893/96 TAZ Canon de 19 C modèle 1875 Canon de 19 modèle 1870/93 TAZ Obusier de 200 "Pérou" sur affût-truck TAZ Schneider 24 cm Canon G modèle 1916 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Canon de 240 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 274 modèle 93/96 Berceau Canon de 274 modèle 87/93 Glissement Canon de 305 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 305 modèle 1893/96 à berceau Canon de 305 modèle 1893/96 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/81 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/84 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/93 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1893 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à berceau Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à glissement Obusier de 370 modèle 1915 à berceau Canon de 370 modèle 75/79 Glissement Obusier de 400 Modèle 1915/1916 Obusier de 520 modèle 1916
Siege artillery	Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Canon de 240 TR Mle 1903 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889 Mortier de 280 modèle 1914 Schneider Mortier de 293 Danois sur affut-truck modèle 1914 Mortier de 370 modèle 1914 Filloux
Self propelled artillery	Canon de 194 GPF Canon de 220mm L Mle1917 Schneider (FAHM) Mortier 280 mm TR de Schneider sur affût-chenilles St Chamond
Armoured vehicle guns	Puteaux 37 mm SA 18 Canon de 75 modèle 1897

This page was last edited on 23 June 2023, at 06:55

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