 An 1866 drawing of USS Chickasaw
| |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Milwaukee class |
| Operators |  United States Navy |
| Preceded by | USS Ozark |
| Succeeded by | Marietta class |
| Built | 1863–65 |
| Lost | 1 |
| Scrapped | 3 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | River monitor |
| Displacement | 1,300 long tons (1,300 t) |
| Tons burthen | 970 bm |
| Length | 229 ft (69.8 m) |
| Beam | 56 ft (17.1 m) |
| Draft | 6 ft (1.8 m) |
| Installed power | 7 × Tubular boilers |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Complement | 138 |
| Armament | 2 × 2 - 11-inch (279 mm) Smoothbore Dahlgren guns |
| Armor |
|
The Milwaukee-class monitors were a class of four riverine ironclad monitors built during the American Civil War. Several supported Union forces along the Mississippi River in mid-1864 before participating in the Battle of Mobile Bay in August. Chickasaw and Winnebago bombarded Confederate coastal fortifications during the battle and during subsequent operations as well as engaging the ironclad Tennessee II. The other two ships arrived at Mobile Bay after the battle and all four supported the land attacks on Mobile in March–April 1865. Milwaukee struck a torpedo during this time and sank. The surviving three ships were sold in 1874; Chickasaw was converted into a ferry and survived until 1944 when she was scuttled. Her wreck was discovered in 2004.
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Transcription
I have a problem here from my cousin. Let's see what it says. It says Milwaukee, Wisconsin is directly west of Grand Haven, Michigan, on opposite sides of Lake Michigan. So let me draw that. So if we say that this right here is Milwaukee. It's due west of Grand Haven, Michigan. So if I were to draw-- let me draw a horizontal line. We're going over water so let me do it in blue. It's due west of Grand Haven, Michigan. You know, you go straight east. If I were to go straight east, I would get to Grand Haven, Michigan. Which is right here. Let me just label that, g. All right. On a foggy night, a law enforcement boat leaves from Milwaukee on a course of 105 degrees. The hardest part of these problems, in my opinion, is really just trying to figure out the convention they're using. When they say a course of 105 degrees, what does that mean? What direction is it? And I checked with my cousin, and her book says that in, I guess in the boating world, the course is how many degrees clockwise you're going, of due north. So due north is 0 degrees. So 105 degrees. So due north would be 0 degrees. Due north would be-- that's 0 degrees. So he's going 105 degrees clockwise of that. So if we 105 degrees-- so he's going 105 degrees. So that's like 105 degrees. Something like that. He's going 105 degrees. And I'll do him in magenta. His course is 105 degrees. So that's 105 degrees clockwise of due north. And what is that-- oh, it's like my screen just backed up. So what is that angle, in kind of what we're familiar with? Well, this would be 90 degrees right here. Going here. And then he goes 15 more degrees. So in kind of unit circle terms, this would be negative 15 degrees. Or if we wanted to figure out the angle of this vertex right here, that would be 90, and then we'd go another 15. So this angle right here is going to be what? It's going to be 15 degrees. Because he said his course is 105. So 90 plus 15 is 105. So how much south he's going of, kind of, straight west-east, is 15 degrees. This whole thing is 105. OK, let me keep reading the problem. He leaves from Milwaukee at a course of 105 degrees at the same time that a small smuggling craft steers a course of 195 degrees from Grand Haven. 195 degrees. So once again, due north is 0 degrees. And this guy's going 195. So we figure-- this is just a convention. You figure out-- well, he's going 195 degrees clockwise of due north. So 195 degrees is going to be-- let's see, it's going to be a 180 degrees and then some. It's going to be like that. So his course is going to look something like this. His course is going to look something like that. And let's see if we can figure out what this angle right here is. Because we, as you can kind of see where this is going, we're trying to figure out probably the size of this triangle, if I had to guess. I haven't even read the whole problem yet. Let's see. So he's going 195 degrees. So if we were to drop, well, like here. This right here is a 180 degrees, to go clockwise from straight up to straight down. This is 180. And so he went 195. So this is going to be-- that's going to be 15 degrees. And if this angle is 15 degrees, what is this angle going to be? Well, this entire angle is 90 degrees, right? It's kind of the third quadrant when we're thinking in unit circle terms. So this angle right here is going to be 90 minus this 15 degrees. So what's 90 minus 15? It's 75, right? 75 degrees. And if we wanted to convert his, kind of, course angles into unit circles-- you know, with unit circles, you start here and you go all the way around this way. So I think you would get something like 255 degrees. But anyway. So we figured out that this angle is 15 degrees, this angle is 75 degrees. What's this angle going to be? This angle is going to be-- these all have to add up to 180, right? So this is going to be 180 minus 15 minus 75. And what's that? That's 180 minus 90. So 180 minus 90 is 90 degrees! So this angle here is 90 degrees. It's a right angle. It's a right angle. Interesting. OK, so what do they tell us? They tell us the law enforcement boat averages 23 knots. So he's traveling in this direction at 23 knots. All right, that's a little bit faster than 23 miles per hour. And collides with the smuggling craft. What was the smuggling boat's average speed? So they both leave their respective sites at the same time, and they both collide, right? So the time they traveled is the same. Let's call that time, t. Right? I don't know. They both left at the same time and it took some time for them to collide. So let's say that the time between when they left and the time they collided is t. So how far did the patrol boat travel? Well, he traveled at a speed of 23 knots, and it took him time, t, to get to the collision. So the distance he traveled is 23t. Speed times time is equal to distance. So the length of this side is 23t. Similarly, this guy, we don't know his speed. Let's call it, I don't know. Let's call it x. His speed is x. But the distance he travels is x times t. x times t, right? So that's the length of this side. So let's see if we can figure out what x is. So what do we know? We know a lot about this. We know this is a right triangle, et cetera. We know this angle. So if we wanted to solve for xt and use this 23t information, let's see. We know-- look at this angle. If we use the 75 degrees, we know the opposite angle. The opposite side, sorry. Which is 23t. And we know the adjacent side, which is xt. So let me write SOHCAHTOA here. So what deals with opposite and adjacent? Well, that's tangent, right? TOA. So if we say the tan of 75 degrees is going to be equal to the opposite side-- 23t-- over the adjacent side-- that's this side, opposite over adjacent-- xt. Well, the t's cancel out, right? The t's cancel out. And let's see if we can solve for x. Multiply x times both sides. You get x tangent of 75 is equal to 23. And then divide both sides by the tan of 75 and you get x is equal to 23 divided by the tangent of 75 degrees. And so that's our answer. And if I had to-- well, actually, I have-- let's see. Tangent of 75 degrees. I don't have a calculator in front of me. You could calculate it. It's actually going to be a pretty high number. So you could try to fit, you know. If you have a calculator, just type in 75 degrees. Take the tangent of it, and perform this calculation. But we've essentially solved this problem. I'll see you in the next video.
Design and description
The Milwaukee-class monitors had their origin in an order from Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, to Commodore Joseph Smith, Chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks, on 16 April 1863 to recommend four more river ironclads that could mount four 11-inch (279 mm) Dahlgren guns on a draft no more than 6 feet (1.8 m). James Eads received the contract to build four iron-hulled, twin-turreted ironclads, partly due to the influence of Missouri Congressman Frank P. Blair, Jr.[1] Eads retained two of the ships, but subcontracted the other two to other builders.[1]
The Milwaukee-class ships were 229 feet (69.8 m) long overall and had a beam of 56 feet (17.1 m).[2] They had a depth of hold of 8 feet 6 inches (2.6 m)[3] and a draft of six feet. The ships were 970 tons burthen[2] and displaced 1,300 long tons (1,300 t).[4]
They were powered by two 2-cylinder horizontal non-condensing steam engines,[4] each driving two 7-foot-6-inch (2.3 m) propellers,[3] using steam generated by seven tubular boilers.[4] The engines were designed to reach a top speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph). They had a bore of 26 inches (660 mm) and a stroke of 24 inches (610 mm).[5] They carried 156 long tons (159 t) of coal.[4]
The ships' main armament consisted of four smoothbore, muzzle-loading 11-inch Dahlgren guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets.[2] The fore turret in each ship, except Chickasaw, was designed by Eads, while the aft turret was the standard Ericsson design used in most Union monitors. Unlike the latter, which rested its entire weight on a central spindle that had to be elevated in order for the turret to rotate, Eads' design better distributed its weight because it rested on a number of ball bearings underneath the outer edge of the turret. The structure of the Eads turret extended down to be bottom of the ship and the entire structure rotated. The guns in the Eads turret were mounted on a steam-powered platform that moved up and down, so that the guns could be reloaded below deck, safe from enemy interference. Both turrets used steam engines to rotate, but the Eads design also used it to power virtually every function in the turret, including running out the guns, absorbing the recoil from firing, and opening the gun ports to allow the guns to fire. The ability to adjust the level of the turret floor doubled the elevation of the guns to +20° compared to the +10° allowed in an Ericsson turret. Another advantage was that the Eads turret only required a crew of six men, far fewer than the Ericsson design.[6] Each gun weighed approximately 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg). They could fire a 136-pound (61.7 kg) shell up to a range of 3,650 yards (3,340 m) at an elevation of +15°.[7]
The cylindrical turrets were protected by eight layers of wrought iron 1-inch (25 mm) plates above the deck. Below the deck the side of the Eads turret was only a single layer thick and had holes through which the guns were loaded. The sides of the hull consisted of three layers of one-inch plates, backed by 15 inches (380 mm) of pine. The deck was heavily cambered to allow headroom for the crew on such a shallow draft, and it consisted of iron plates .75 inches (19 mm) thick. Milwaukee and Winnebago had an additional layer of armor to give them a total of 1.5 inches (38 mm). The pilothouse, positioned behind and above the fore turret, was protected by 3 inches (76 mm) of armor.[6]
Ships
| Ship | Builder[2] | Namesake | Renamed[2] | Laid down[2] | Launched[2] | Commissioned[2] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chickasaw | Thomas G. Gaylord, St. Louis, Missouri | Chickasaw[8] | Samson, 15 June 1869; Chickasaw, 10 August 1869 | 1862 | 10 February 1864 | 14 May 1864 |
| Kickapoo | G. B. Allen, St. Louis, Missouri | Kickapoo[9] | Cyclops, 15 June 1869; Kewaydin, 10 August 1869 | 1862 | 12 March 1864 | 8 July 1864 |
| Milwaukee | Union Iron Works, Carondelet, St. Louis | Milwaukee[10] | NA | 27 May 1862 | 8 February 1864 | 27 August 1864 |
| Winnebago | Winnebago[11] | Tornado, 15 June 1869; Winnebago, 10 August 1869 | 1862 | 4 July 1863 | 27 April 1864 |
Careers
Chickasaw and Winnebago, the first two ships to be commissioned, spent some time patrolling the Mississippi River and supporting Union forces operating along its length before they were transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in early July 1864 to support the impending attack on the defenses of Mobile, Alabama[8][11] Rear Admiral David Farragut organized the four monitors present into a separate column leading his wooden ships to engage Fort Morgan while the other ships proceeded into the Bay itself. Winnebago and Chickasaw were the third and fourth monitors in line, respectively, as the two more heavily armored Canonicus-class monitors, Tecumseh and Manhattan, preceded them.[12] Tecumseh struck a torpedo in front of the fort and a small boat from the gunboat Metacomet rescued 10 survivors and delivered them to Winnebago.[13] The latter's aft turret had jammed during her bombardment of Fort Morgan while Chickasaw's funnel had been riddled with holes, significantly reducing her speed.[14]
The Confederate ironclad Tennessee attacked Farragut's wooden ships without much effect after they had passed the Confederate forts, and she was engaged by Winnebago before she disengaged and briefly took shelter under Fort Morgan's guns. About a half-hour later, the ironclad attacked Farragut's ships again. The monitors were not initially engaged, but Chickasaw managed to assume a position by the Tennessee's stern and fired repeatedly at point-blank range.[15] Her shots failed to penetrate the Tennessee's armor, but they did jam the armored shutter for the stern gun port and cut her exposed steering chains, rendering her unable to steer. When the crew attempted to unjam the shutter, one shell struck the edge of the shutter, creating fragments that killed the machinist attempting to knock out the shutter's retaining pin and broke Admiral Franklin Buchanan's leg. This damage, together with damage inflicted by the other Union ships, persuaded Commander James D. Johnston to surrender his ship.[16] The two monitors remained in Mobile Bay and subsequently bombarded Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines until they surrendered less than three weeks later.[8][11]
The other two monitors were commissioned too late to participate in the battle. After supporting forces near the mouth of the Red River during the summer, Kickapoo was transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in October for operations against Mobile itself;[9] Milwaukee was also transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron that same month.[10]
Union forces were too weak to attack the city itself until March 1865. The monitors moved up the Blakeley River at the end of the month to cut off Confederate communications with Spanish Fort while Union troops besieged the fort. Milwaukee and Winnebago sortied upriver on 28 March to attack a Confederate transport and Milwaukee struck a torpedo while returning from the sortie. Her entire crew survived and was rescued by Kickapoo. The following day Kickapoo rescued the crew of the monitor Osage, which had also struck a torpedo and sunk. After the occupation of Selma, Alabama, in early April, Winnebago escorted a troop convoy to Selma and Montgomery, Alabama, and then blockaded the Tombigbee River to prevent the ironclad Nashville and other Confederate ships from interfering with Union forces.[8][9][10][11]
After the war, the three surviving ships were decommissioned and later sold on 12 September 1874.[8][9][11] Chickasaw's new owners converted her to sidewheel propulsion and she became a coal and railroad ferry until 1944, when she was converted to a barge, then sank in the 1950s near Audubon Park, New Orleans. Her wreck was discovered in 2004.[8][17] Milwaukee's wreck was salvaged after the war, and some of her iron was used in building the Eads Bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis.[10]
Notes
- ^ a b Canney, pp. 114, 150
- ^ a b c d e f g h Silverstone, p. 111
- ^ a b Canney, p. 114
- ^ a b c d Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 123
- ^ Canney, p. 115
- ^ a b Canney, pp. 114–16
- ^ Olmstead, et al, p. 90
- ^ a b c d e f "Chickasaw". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Kickapoo". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Milwaukee". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Winnebago". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ Wilson, pp. 120, 122
- ^ Kinney, p. 389
- ^ Wilson, p. 123
- ^ Wilson, pp. 127–31
- ^ Johnston, p. 404
- ^ Burdeau, Cain (Nov 14, 2004). "Civil War Gunship Rediscovered in the Muddy Mississippi River". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 14. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
References
- Canney, Donald L. (1993). The Old Steam Navy. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-586-8.
- Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
- Kinney, John C. (n.d.). "Farragut at Mobile Bay". Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. IV: Retreat With Honor (Reprint of the 1894 ed.). Secacus, New Jersey: Castle. pp. 379–400. ISBN 0-89009-572-8.
- Johnston, James D. (n.d.). "The Ram Tennessee at Mobile Bay". Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. IV: Retreat With Honor (Reprint of the 1880 ed.). Secacus, New Jersey: Castle. pp. 401–406. ISBN 0-89009-572-8.
- Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E. & Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. ISBN 0-88855-012-X.
- Putnam, Arnold A. (2005). "The Eads Steam-Powered Revolving Turret". Warship International. XLII (3): 302–317. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies 1855–1883. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97870-X.
- Wilson, H. W. (1896). Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown.
This page was last edited on 31 January 2024, at 19:23