Middle of the road (music)

Middle of the road (also known by its acronym MOR) is a commercial radio format and popular music genre.^[1] Music associated with this term is strongly melodic and uses techniques of vocal harmony and light orchestral arrangements. The format was eventually rebranded as soft adult contemporary.

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Etymology and usage

According to music academic Norman Abjorensen, "middle of the road" has referred to a commercial radio format more often than a music genre, although "it has been used to describe a broad type of music" of numerous styles, usually characterized by vocal harmony techniques, prominent melodies, and subtle orchestral arrangements. MOR is somewhat often used as a derogatory term for this type of music.^[2] Radio stations that played adult standards during the 1960s and 1970s were marketed as "MOR radio" in order to differentiate them from Top 40 and rock stations. Middle of the road was famously associated with MetroMedia Radio stations; their flagship station was WNEW 1130 AM in New York. The MOR genre creation was an evolutionary outcome of WNEW's reluctance to follow the Top 40 domination and adhere to traditional male and female vocals such as Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Ella Fitzgerald and Peggy Lee. The term "Middle of Road" was the creation of WNEW program director Dick Carr.

Soft rock groups like the Association, the 5th Dimension, the Bee Gees, the Johnny Mann Singers and Simon & Garfunkel infiltrated the MOR market in the late 1960s.^[3] In the early 1970s, Bread, Captain & Tennille, the Carpenters, Dan Fogelberg, England Dan & John Ford Coley, John Denver, and Lobo were notable performers in the middle of the road genre, as were Air Supply, Chicago, Cliff Richard, Dan Hill, George Benson, The Jets, Phil Collins, Richard Marx, Surface, and Stephen Bishop in the 1980s, and Michael Learns To Rock, Celine Dion, Roxette, and Rick Price in the 1990s. Writing in Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), Robert Christgau said MOR "applied to radio formats that shun or put stringent tempo and volume restrictions on rock, although 'lite' and 'adult contemporary' are now the preferred evasions."^[4]

Traditional format

The middle of the road music category has traditionally included these genres:

Easy listening^[5]
Traditional pop and, later, revivalist recordings of the style^[6]^[7]
Orchestral ballads
Show tunes
Smooth jazz melodies
Soft rock songs and melodies
Countrypolitan ballads

Peak

As an AM radio format in the United States and Canada, MOR's heyday was the 1960s and the 1970s.^[8] The 50,000-watt AM radio stations WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio; WJR in Detroit, Michigan; WNEW in New York City, New York; WCCO in Minneapolis, Minnesota; KMPC in Los Angeles, California; KIRO and KOMO in Seattle, Washington; WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut; and Canadian stations CFRB in Toronto, Ontario and CKNW in Vancouver, British Columbia, were known as "full-service MOR" stations with scheduled programming other than the MOR music. Even though it was not a 50,000-watt station, WMAL in Washington DC achieved some of the highest ratings and revenue of all radio stations in the country by programming MOR music, news, sports, and very popular announcers.

In time, as the listener demographic groups aged and popular music migrated to FM radio, MOR stations found themselves competing with adult contemporary FM stations and AM stations broadcasting the Music of Your Life and adult standards formats. In response, most eliminated music and transmitted only news and talk programs; some continued to play MOR music until the early 1990s. MOR (or at least formats bearing a strong resemblance to MOR) were still available as late as 2013; the Memories/Unforgettable Favorites network, a nationwide MOR satellite service, was available until 2006. Many of the styles and genres of music that had traditionally been heard on MOR formatted stations are currently heard on adult standards-formatted stations.^[9]

Criticism

In recent years, the term "middle of the road" has been used pejoratively by genre-specific music aficionados to describe musicians who avoid "edgy" (innovative) material, and who calibrate their musical appeal to commercial, popular musical taste.^[10] Artists such as Westlife (pop),^[11] Kenny Rogers (country)^[12] and Train (rock)^[13] are considered middle of the road.

Moreover, MOR has been used to pejoratively describe a musical band's creative and commercial progress from the innovative path to the tried-and-true-pop-catalogue path. For example, Pitchfork's review of Duran Duran's Rio states: "The band peppered the 80s with a number of hot singles (most of which can be found on the unstoppable side A of Rio) before departing for MOR country.",^[14] while on a later review of Coldplay's X&Y, Pitchfork writes that: "U2 recorded 'I Will Follow', 'New Year's Day', 'Bad', and The Joshua Tree, among others, before they wandered off into the MOR wilderness."^[15]

References

^ Russo, Alexander (2018). "Radio in the Television Era: 1950s–2000s". In Bodroghkozy, Aniko (ed.). A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting. John Wiley & Sons. p. 138. ISBN 978-1118646052.
^ Abjorensen, N. (2017) Historical Dictionary of Popular Music. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1538102153, 9781538102152.
^ Christgau, Robert (September 19, 1977). "Pazz and Jop Diary". The Village Voice. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
^ CG 80s: Glossary. Robert Christgau. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
^ Sterling, Christopher H (2004). Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 1135456496.
^ Keightley, Keir (2008). "Music for Middlebrows: Defining the Easy Listening Era, 1946-1966". American Music. 26 (3): 309–335. doi:10.2307/40071710. JSTOR 40071710.
^ MOR/Nostalgia/Vintage
^ Simpson, Kate (2011). Early '70s Radio: The American Format Revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 62. ISBN 978-1441129680.
^ Adult Contemporary-COM 418 Radio Programming and Production
^ Frere-Jones, Sasha. "On Top". The New Yorker, 3 April 2006, pp. 76–77.
^ Lynskey, Dorian (3 December 2003). "Christmas in Popworld" – via The Guardian.
^ Tell it all brother: Why you should dig the groovy music of Kenny Rogers and the First Edition-Medium
^ "Train : She's On Fire". NME. 12 September 2005.
^ Top 100 Albums of the 1980s. Pitchfork.
^ Tangari, Joe (June 6, 2005). "Coldplay: X&Y Album Review". Pitchfork.

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