Quinnipiac

Quinnipiac
Total population
The Quinnipiac River looking west into the Quinnipiac River Gorge
extinct as a tribe; merged into the Stockbridge Munsee Community and Brotherton Indian Community, now in Wisconsin^[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States (Connecticut)
Languages
Quiripi language
Religion
Indigenous religion
Related ethnic groups
other Wappinger peoples

The Quinnipiac were a historical Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands. They lived in present-day New Haven County, Connecticut, along the Quinnipiac River.^[2] Their primary village, also called Quinnipiac, was where New Haven, Connecticut is today.^[3]

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Name

The Quinnipiac name translates as "Long-water people."^[4] It was also spelled Quienepiage, Quenepiake, Qunnipiéuk, Qunnipiuck, Qunnipiug, Quinnpiipuck, Quunnipieuck, and Qvinipiak.^[5]

Language

The Quinnipiac and several neighboring tribes in central Connecticut and central Long Island all spoke the Quiripi language. This Eastern Algonquian language went extinct in the late 19th century.^[6] Reverend Abraham Pierson translated the catechism into Quiripi in 1658. Reverend Ezra Stiles and Thomas Jefferson both collected word lists in the language.^[6]

Political structure

Historian Edward Manning Ruttenber suggested that the Quinnipiac were part of the Wappinger confederacy,^[4] but the colonist Daniel Gookin wrote that they were part of the Pequot.^[3] Their leader was called a sachem, and historians invented the term sachemdom to describe political units led by a sachem. The Totoket people were part of the Quinnipiac sachemdom.^[7] The Hammonasset were likely also part of the Quinnipiac sachemdom.^[8]

History

17th century

The Puritans established the first Indian Reservation in 1638. Located near New Haven, Connecticut, the reserve was for the Quinnipiac, but only included 1,200 acres, a small portion of their original territory.^[9] The reservation's residents, described as "free" Indians, were placed under the authority of an English agent.^[9] They were not allowed to sell or abandon that land, and Native peoples from other tribes were not allowed to visit.^[9]

From around 1651 to 1669, Reverend Abraham Pierson, a Congregational minister, proselytized the Quinnipiac near Branford, Connecticut.^[10] He translated Christian texts into the Quiripi language.^[3] Missionization was not very successful, and the tribe showed "a perverse contempt" for the church.^[10]

18th century

In 1730, there were an estimated 250 to 300 Quinnipiac.^[3] In 1768, some Quinnipiac left their reservation and joined the Tunxi near Farmington, Connecticut.^[3] In 1774, only an estimated 38 Quinnipiac survived.^[3] They were part of the large Mahican tribe, whose descendants ultimately migrated to Wisconsin with the Stockbridge Munsee Community and Brotherton Indian Community.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Ricky, Donald B. (1999). Indians of Maryland. St. Clair Shoes, MI: Somerset. p. 232. ISBN 9780403098774.
^ John Reed Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, pp. 45–46.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hodge, p. 345.
^ ^a ^b Hodge, p. 344.
^ Hodger, p. 1127.
^ ^a ^b "Quiripi". Omniglot. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ John Reed Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, p. 47.
^ Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, p. 529.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schultz et al., Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics, 677
^ ^a ^b Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, p. 883.