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Peppermint

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Peppermint (disambiguation).

Peppermint
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Mentha
Species:
M. × piperita
Binomial name
Mentha × piperita
Synonyms
List
  • Mentha × odora Salisb.
  • Mentha × balsamea Willd.
  • Mentha × banatica Heinr.Braun
  • Mentha × braousiana Pérard
  • Mentha × concinna Pérard
  • Mentha × crispula Wender.
  • Mentha × durandoana Malinv. ex Batt.
  • Mentha × exaltata Heinr.Braun
  • Mentha × fraseri Druce
  • Mentha × glabra Bellardi ex Colla
  • Mentha × glabrata Vahl
  • Mentha × hercynica Röhl.
  • Mentha × heuffelii Heinr.Braun
  • Mentha × hircina Hull
  • Mentha × hircina J.Fraser
  • Mentha × hirtescens Haw. ex Spach
  • Mentha × hortensis Ten.
  • Mentha hortensis var. citrata Ten.
  • Mentha × hudsoniana Heinr.Braun
  • Mentha × kahirina Forssk.
  • Mentha × langii Geiger ex T.Nees
  • Mentha × napolitana Ten.
  • Mentha × nigricans Mill.
  • Mentha × officinalis Hull
  • Mentha × pimentum Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
  • Mentha × piperoides Malinv.
  • Mentha × schultzii Boutigny ex F.W.Schultz
  • Mentha × tenuis Frank ex Benth.

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) is a hybrid species of mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint.[1] Indigenous to Europe and the Middle East,[2] the plant is now widely spread and cultivated in many regions of the world.[3] It is occasionally found in the wild with its parent species.[3][4]

Although the genus Mentha comprises more than 25 species, the one in most common use is peppermint.[5] While Western peppermint is derived from Mentha × piperita, Chinese peppermint, or bohe, is derived from the fresh leaves of M. haplocalyx.[6][7][8] M. × piperita and M. haplocalyx are both recognized as plant sources of menthol and menthone, and are among the oldest herbs used for both culinary and medicinal products.[5][9]

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Peppermint Oil Benefits and Uses

Transcription

Hey, guys, Dr. Axe here, Doctor of Functional Medicine and Founder of draxe.com. Today, I'm going to talk to you about one of my favorite essential oils, and that's peppermint essential oil. Peppermint oil benefits are incredible. The uses of peppermint essential oil have been proven for thousands of years. I want to start with this, and this is going to surprise you I bet. When I started looking into essential oils and their health benefits, I knew they were used throughout history for over 5,000 years. I knew they were beneficial, but I didn't know how many medical studies there would be on them. When I went into PubMed and started looking at the medical literature, I was shocked to find out on peppermint oil alone there are over 1,200 medical studies. So over a 1,000 medical studies on this essential oil in proving that it helps heal your digestive tract, that it improves your breath, that it fights cancer. Some incredible benefits there of this essential oil. What makes peppermint oil so powerful is it contains a compound called [mentho] or menthol. This compound has been shown to act as an analgesic on the body, reduce inflammation, and act as an antioxidant. I want to share with you some of the best ways to use peppermint oil. By the way, peppermint oil is one of the top two used essential oils in the United States today along with lavender essential oil. But peppermint oil, one of the most common ways I use it is as a natural breath freshener in my natural toothpaste recipe. What I do for my natural toothpaste is I mix coconut oil with baking soda in equal parts, let's say a tablespoon of each, along with about 20 drops of peppermint oil. Mix that together. That's what I use for my natural toothpaste at home using peppermint essential oil. The other way I'll use peppermint essential oil is just as kind of a natural mouthwash or breath freshener is I put one drop in water and drink it down. It freshens the breath. Another way peppermint oil has been shown to benefit your health is by naturally boosting your energy levels. In fact, there was a recent medical study that found by just smelling peppermint oil it naturally increases your energy levels. My wife carries this around in her purse with her. Before we go into a workout, sometimes we'll smell it. I know a professor, and this is incredible as well, who works with his students and he actually diffuses cedar wood oil and peppermint oil during his class, because cedar wood oil has been shown to help ADHD symptoms and improve focus. Peppermint oil improves his energy and concentration. So he actually diffuses this oil in his classroom to help his children focus while they're test taking. So, this is great for that reason as well. Peppermint oil has also been shown in medical studies to help soothe irritable bowel syndrome and leaky gut like issues. If you struggle with digestive issues, peppermint oil can really help soothe and cool your digestive tract. Just one to two drops in water taken daily is greatly beneficial. Or, you can actually just put it right on your skin as well. Another great thing to use peppermint oil for is to open your airways for bronchitis, allergies, or asthma. You can mix peppermint oil with eucalyptus oil and use it as a natural vapor rub. So again, a tablespoon of coconut oil, five drops peppermint, five drops eucalyptus, rubbing that on the chest is a natural vapor rub, helps open up the lungs and airways. It's also great during allergy season whether you just put a drop under your tongue, or do it in water, or rub it again on your neck. It really helps open the sinus airways and lung airways helping you breathe better. Also, it can help eliminate headaches. If you've got headaches, mixing three drops of lavender oil, three drops of peppermint oil on your hand, and rubbing them on your neck area actually has been shown to naturally help relieve headaches. It also can be used if you're making your own at home muscle, sort of a muscle rub. In your at home muscle rub, peppermint oil is one of the best along with frankincense. You can mix that with some coconut oil. If you've got sore muscles or sore joints after a workout or even arthritis, you can rub peppermint oil mixed with coconut oil right on the area and it can naturally relive pain. I could go on and on. With over 1,000 medical studies done on peppermint oil, we know it's greatly beneficial. I wanted to offer you guys a gift for a limited time only. On my website right now, I'm giving away a free ebook on essential oils. It's typically a $25 value. Right now, it's free. If you want to check out the ebook, just go to draxe.com and search essential oils. Any of my essential oil articles, we have that ebook attached there. Even if you go to Google right now and do a search for "Dr. Axe peppermint oil," in that article you'll find my free ebook. It's called 'The King's Medicine Cabinet,' and I go through the best ways to use these essential oils for healing, including peppermint oil. Hey, guys, this has been Dr. Axe. I hope you start using peppermint oil to take your health to the next level.

Botany

Peppermint flowers
An 1887 illustration from Köhlers; Medicinal Plants

Peppermint was first identified in Hertfordshire, England, by a Dr. Eales, a discovery which John Ray published 1696 in the second edition of his book Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum. He initially gave it the name Mentha spicis brevioribus et habitioribus, foliis Mentha fusca, sapore fervido piperis and later in his 1704 volume Historia Plantarum he called it Mentha palustris or Peper–Mint. The plant was then added to the London Pharmacopoeia under the name Mentha piperitis sapore in 1721.[10][11][12][13] It was given the name Mentha piperita in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum Volume 2.[14] Linnaeus treated Peppermint as a species, but it is now universally agreed to be a hybrid between Mentha viridis and Mentha aquatica with Mentha viridis itself also being a hybrid between Mentha sylvestris and Mentha rotundifolis.[15][16] It is an herbaceous, rhizomatous, perennial plant that grows to be 30–90 cm (12–35 in) tall, with smooth stems, square in cross section. The rhizomes are wide-spreading and fleshy, and bear fibrous roots. The leaves can be 4–9 cm (1+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) long and 1.5–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) broad. They are dark green with reddish veins, with an acute apex and coarsely toothed margins. The leaves and stems are usually slightly fuzzy. The flowers are purple, 6–8 mm (1⁄4–5⁄16 in) long, with a four-lobed corolla about 5 mm (3⁄16 in) diameter; they are produced in whorls (verticillasters) around the stem, forming thick, blunt spikes. Flowering season lasts from mid- to late summer. The chromosome number is variable, with 2n counts of 66, 72, 84, and 120 recorded.[17][18][19] Peppermint is a fast-growing plant; once it sprouts, it spreads very quickly.

Ecology

Peppermint typically occurs in moist habitats, including stream sides and drainage ditches. Being a hybrid, it is usually sterile, producing no seeds and reproducing only vegetatively, spreading by its runners.[4][19]

Outside of its native range, areas where peppermint was formerly grown for oil often have an abundance of feral plants, and it is considered invasive in Australia, the Galápagos Islands, New Zealand,[20] and the United States[21] in the Great Lakes region, noted since 1843.[22]

Cultivation

Peppermint grown in a pot outside a house

Peppermint generally grows best in moist, shaded locations, and expands by underground rhizomes. Young shoots are taken from old stocks and dibbled into the ground about 0.5 m (1.5 ft) apart. They grow quickly and cover the ground with runners if it is permanently moist. For the home gardener, it is often grown in containers to restrict rapid spreading. It grows best with a good supply of water, without being water-logged, and planted in areas with partial sun to shade.

The leaves and flowering tops are used; they are collected as soon as the flowers begin to open and can be dried. The wild form of the plant is less suitable for this purpose, with cultivated plants having been selected for more and better oil content. They may be allowed to lie and wilt a little before distillation, or they may be taken directly to the still.

Cultivars

Several cultivars have been selected for garden use:

  • Mentha × piperita 'Candymint' has reddish stems.[23]
  • Mentha × piperita 'Chocolate Mint'. Its flowers open from the bottom up; its flavour is reminiscent of the flavour in Andes Chocolate Mints, a popular confection.[24][25][26]
  • Mentha × piperita 'Citrata' includes a number of varieties including Eau de Cologne mint,[27] grapefruit mint, lemon mint,[28] and orange mint. Its leaves are aromatic and hairless.
  • Mentha × piperita 'Crispa' has wrinkled leaves.[29]
  • Mentha × piperita 'Lavender Mint'[30]
  • Mentha × piperita 'Lime Mint' has lime-scented foliage.[31][32]
  • Mentha × piperita 'Variegata' has mottled green and pale yellow leaves.[33]

Commercial cultivars may include:

Diseases

Verticillium wilt is a major constraint in peppermint cultivation. 'Todd's Mitcham', 'Refined Murray', 'Roberts Mitcham' (see above), and a few other cultivars have some degree of resistance.[36]

Production

Peppermint production
2020
Country Production
(tonnes)
 Morocco 40,403
 Argentina 6,991
 Mexico 1,010
World 48,437
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[37]

In 2020, world production of peppermint was 48,437 tonnes, led by Morocco with 83% of the world total and Argentina with 14% (table).

In the United States, Oregon and Washington produce most of the country's peppermint,[38] the leaves of which are processed for the essential oil to produce flavorings mainly for chewing gum and toothpaste.[39]

Chemical constituents

Peppermint has a high menthol content. The essential oil also contains menthone and carboxyl esters, particularly menthyl acetate.[40] Dried peppermint typically has 0.3–0.4% of volatile oil containing menthol (7–48%), menthone (20–46%), menthyl acetate (3–10%), menthofuran (1–17%), and 1,8-cineol (3–6%). Peppermint oil also contains small amounts of many additional compounds, including limonene, pulegone, caryophyllene, and pinene.[41]

Peppermint contains terpenoids and flavonoids such as eriocitrin, hesperidin, and kaempferol 7-O-rutinoside.[42]

Oil

Peppermint oil has a high concentration of natural pesticides, mainly pulegone (found mainly in M. arvensis var. piperascens (cornmint, field mint, or Japanese mint),[43] and to a lesser extent (6,530 ppm) in Mentha × piperita subsp. notho[44]) and menthone.[45] It is known to repel some pest insects, including mosquitos, and has uses in organic gardening. It is also widely used to repel rodents.[46][47][48][49]

The chemical composition of the essential oil from peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) was analyzed by GC/FID and GC-MS. The main constituents were menthol (40.7%) and menthone (23.4%). Further components were (±)-menthyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, limonene, beta-pinene, and beta-caryophyllene.[50]

Research and health effects

Peppermint oil is under preliminary research for its potential as a short-term treatment for irritable bowel syndrome,[51][52] and has supposed uses in traditional medicine for minor ailments.[53] Peppermint oil and leaves have a cooling effect when used topically for muscle pain, nerve pain, relief from itching, or as a fragrance.[53][54] High oral doses of peppermint oil (500 mg) can cause mucosal irritation and mimic heartburn.[53][54]

Peppermint roots bioaccumulate radium, so the plant may be effective for phytoremediation of radioactively contaminated soil.[55]

Culinary and other uses

Fresh or dried peppermint leaves are often used alone in peppermint tea or with other herbs in herbal teas (tisanes, infusions). Peppermint is used for flavouring ice cream, candy, fruit preserves, alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, toothpaste, and some shampoos, soaps, and skin care products.[38][39]

Menthol activates cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in the skin and mucosal tissues, and is the primary source of the cooling sensation that follows the topical application of peppermint oil.[56]

  • Candy canes are one of the most common peppermint-flavored candies
    Candy canes are one of the most common peppermint-flavored candies
  • Mentha × piperita hybrid known as 'Chocolate Mint'
    Mentha × piperita hybrid known as 'Chocolate Mint'
  • Freeze-dried leaves
    Freeze-dried leaves

Peppermint oil is also used in construction and plumbing to test for the tightness of pipes and disclose leaks by its odor.[57]

Safety

Medicinal uses of peppermint have not been approved as effective or safe by the US Food and Drug Administration.[58] With caution that the concentration of the peppermint constituent pulegone should not exceed 1% (140 mg), peppermint preparations are considered safe by the European Medicines Agency when used in topical formulations for adult subjects.[59][60] Diluted peppermint essential oil is safe for oral intake when only a few drops are used.[53][59]

Although peppermint is commonly available as a herbal supplement, no established, consistent manufacturing standards exist for it, and some peppermint products may be contaminated with toxic metals or other substituted compounds.[58] Skin rashes, irritation, or allergic reactions may result from applying peppermint oil to the skin,[58] and its use on the face or chest of young children may cause side effects if the oil menthol is inhaled.[53][59] A common side effect from oral intake of peppermint oil or capsules is heartburn.[58] Oral use of peppermint products may have adverse effects when used with iron supplements, cyclosporine, medicines for heart conditions or high blood pressure, or medicines to decrease stomach acid.[58]

Standardization

  • ISO 676:1995—contains the information about the nomenclature of the variety and cultivars[61]
  • ISO 5563:1984—a specification for its dried leaves of Mentha piperita Linnaeus[62]
  • Peppermint oil—ISO 856:2006[63]

See also

References

  1. ^ Frampton, Alex (2011). The Complete Illustrated Book of Herbs. The Reader's Digest Association. OCLC 748502326. Archived on 6 April 2017.
  2. ^ "Peppermint". Botanical Online. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Mentha × piperitaArchived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Mentha × piperita Archived 19 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b Mimica-Dukic, N.; Bozin, B. (2008). "Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 14 (29): 3141–50. doi:10.2174/138161208786404245. ISSN 1873-4286. PMID 19075696.
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