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Martha Lucas Pate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Martha B. Lucas Pate
4th President of Sweet Briar College
In office
1946–1950
Preceded byMeta Glass
Succeeded byAnne Gary Pannell
Personal details
Born(1912-11-27)November 27, 1912
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
DiedMay 16, 1983(1983-05-16) (aged 70)
New York City, U.S.
Alma materGoucher College
George Washington University
University of London
Professioneducator, administrator, philanthropist

Martha Bob Lucas Pate (November 27, 1912 – May 16, 1983) was a Kentucky-born administrator of colleges and organizations dedicated to international affairs, education, humanitarian aid, and religion. She was best known for her tenure as the fourth president of Sweet Briar College from 1946 to 1950.[1] After the Board of the college refused to integrate the school in 1949, she left to become active in the United Negro College Fund, the Foreign Policy Association, the Council on Religion and International Affairs, the Fund for Theological Education, the Institute for International Education, the Fund for Peace, and the New York Medical College, to name a few.[2] She spent the last few years of her life lobbying against nuclear weapons.[3]

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  • The Vietnam War: Reasons for Failure - Why the U.S. Lost

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goodnow america's longest war its most costly war its first military the treaty and as well as nightmares national problem people spell often what went wrong how it applied to the u_s_ get involved with vietnam a tragic mistake as liberals crying did the u_s_ lose because of self-imposed constraints as conservatives crying could we have won the war quijote unleashed a military machine and bond the north vietnamese back to the stone age what was the cost of vietnam the human cost the political cost the economic cost about united states and the vietnamese one person who have been researching these questions for over ten years is william gibson we've just published a book the perfect war techno war in vietnam with atlantic monthly press though is a graduate of the university of texas where he did his undergraduate work and he got his p_h_d_ at yale university and is now a professor of sociology at southern methodist university and dollars and we're very pleased to have you with us today alternatives built a discussion of vietnam dot this is an incredible book erbil uh... you have read a lot about vietnam or if you have never read anything about vietnam this is the one you should read because uh... it shows the picture from the top from the bottom and it gives a explanation this to what really happened there and quite things happen usually come back what kind of empty feeling unwell frustration or not really knowing that you after reading your book yet you understand him incredible and i were thinking and you got the emotional feeling the impact as well as what was happening in the mind an incredible stories like hell the north vietnamese were able to bring down american justice by lying on the back and firing forty-five rifles weapons but i'm getting out of the story doesn't know what they did and i talking about that in your opinion is distinctive about the vietnam war what about that brought about u_s_ involvement in this bill clinton adventure the most distinctive features of the vietnam war but it was the first warren modern times to be taught from a managerial jisme perspective during world war two u_s_ industry may domestic contribution to the war african american military man and political leaders fully appreciated that effort during world war two the military partially adopted a business model organization put their supply operation after world war two they began to think of combat there's also a production process the option of core racine otters gladiator heroes who were meeting in combat but is a poor managers internally enlisted men we're no longer the citizens of the nation but they were workers managers and workers that worked on the production line to produce deaths and the product and was in the body counts so just in american society st supposedly was high technology capital-intensive business so too it we fight wars is high-technology capital-intensive work there we would be able to drive the other side bankrupt so if this production model of war or what i call techno war that distinguishes at a primary structural level vietnam from other warfare and will bend and uh... in this way we couldn't lose because we were fighting and ball underdeveloped uncritical third world country look has inspected exactly from an american perspective the only thing that counts in warfare is technology in economics welcome your economy and how you translate our economy into your military dead week it was impossible for us to loosen theoretically impossible who are going to develop hasn't economy to beat the united states it just couldn't happen therefore whenever we ran into a problem in four fifty four or sixty or sixty four every time you asked me to do this we always thought that if we cast related to the next highest level we would win it's a closed system and there's always vietnam chosen at the start for the first etna war uh... there's no stork will resume for vietnam it was really vietnam as a country as a people as a culture didn't really matter to the americans so there was nothing about about the country per se to make despite their it was certainly the time winner of this whole apparatus of warfare was developing vis-a-vis the time and situation in vietnam was deteriorating from an american perspective techno war or this this production model of war got its big push in the fifties because after world war two when we had to hydrogen bomb atomic bomb newsletter the hydrogen bomb the russians didn't it seemed clear restaurant mastery of the world was just unsurpassed we could not be challenged between the russians had the bomb we were in a situation of potentially mutual destruction where they could destroy our industrial apparatus then this may be americans feel good but so the question came as how can we develop our form of warfare too into exercise our power in the world without threatening nuclear war in the idea developed by doctor henry kissinger it with the time was a professor of political science at harvard we what's called limited before and the idea was because our economy was so big and powerful we could have guns and butter butter m_t_v_'s in popcorn in drive-ins poured hula hoops for the americans at home event limited war for an indefinite period of time that they were all because we were so much richer we we just got the other side bankrupt and there was a period where it's certainly guerrilla movements of the national liberation lives were allegedly said cuban revolution in nineteen fifty nine a network third-world revolutionary movement to outline of the western the opposite side of the french and british empire could deteriorate worldwide sitting behind yet not a classic case of the vietnam have been a french colony will prolong crosses a revolt soviet noticeably it was ready we had our theory for limited war we had our apparatus in place at the time vietnam's was uh... well by the time difference had been thrown out can you give us a brief at history uh... vietnam a nurse scrabble burst into chinese and the french et cetera leading up to american intervention certainly the word vietnam initially came seventeen newman yet and it was a uh... uh... part of china that weaponry break off it's like chinese immigrated anna quindlen pulmonary racially-based ingrid and tried to ukraine claim independence chinese amperage would invade it now hold the country for several hundred years it is amazing grows up riders we're booked by the chinese after chinese within invading colder for another fifteen hundred years limited means would throw them out and hold on for fifty years this is the struggle between vietnam and china for vietnamese attendance went on for hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of years finally a bit kind of vietnamese had i repeat china they were improbable we thought in them because of the time of the west was expanding and france was looking for a way to get the china for the uh... spiced ratings and so on ended up taking vietnam so perhaps took a vietnam's economy in the eighteen nineties vietnamese often run against the french were making earnings are not they just kept on putting with the new world war two the communist uh... especially headed back which you may remember million chapin pepto organized better they fought against the japanese and then after declared their independence in forty five and ironically american uh... intelligence operatives are supported that effort extensively and putting them as i understand it look at that time the united states as a model to developers country not to the soviet union position was that he had paid off whatever he had tempe ideologically otr soviet union and that he was a free agent was not getting any assistance and that the american over the declaration of independence it stated time period this policy there's a far better possible that a lot at the bottom of the market's leaflet and good at that part of the nationalist and a democrat to some extent so there are certainly a national osama how much a democrat i'm not i'd i wouldn't prize-winner lip service there was no values that walton trailer but certainly an actual club and they got to be amazed if he did the french in fifty four after eight years of extensive work fare stand to grow up there into court impressed understand the war in vietnam was one country if you'd be intended to be divided into three administrators owned by the french but work there was going on all free when the war ended in fifty four the country look like a checkerboard celebration in march tom gjelten the soviet union or some french cities held in the south other areas held by the uh... by the company's communist more than seven hundred evenings this was only checkerboard been at the geneva peace talks in nineteen fifty four there was a land swap vietnamese forces move north french consolidated their forces in the south awhile is drawing a provisional administrative boundary nada national boundary not political boundary administrators on a boundary the idea was the country would be divided for two years now with the international election two fifty six there were no such an order uh... elections united states meredith would support understand this idea of north vietnam as a separate country saturday's south vietnam was wrong there was no more from south vietnam as two separate countries that was uh... uh... obstet there was a checkerboard at the end at fifty four they got they got changed that had happened at least out to be getting the resistance struggle women the grill twenty eight fifty four the vietcong himself we're told to put down their guns and that they were going to engage in political struggle for two years in preparation for fifty six elections out that became extremely dangerous uh... dam demand the americans printout immediately went after and honey down most of the communist leftist democrats nationalist meridian and his family will get numb pretty much a dictatorship um... annexed by midnight for the late fifties the local communist entangled miller and socialist in democratic apparatus was taking casualties so badly doubt they had to renew the armed struggle to survive excessive bleeding and decide on congress put pressure on the north former communist party to like reopen the military front and have a joint political and military strategy as opposed to simply trying to wait for international uh... intervention are killed by the united nations or something so that that's the origin of reserves to the heart of the best response to this day for your response is quite simple verses up wearing the green berets had originally been formed a parachute into eastern europe uh... after to organize guerrilla movements in eastern europe cotton reformulated ads counterinsurgency experts and they were sent to vietnam by president kennedy in nineteen sixty euros on massive increase in c_i_a_ operations the whole idea colour workday remembered and counterinsurgency war criminal we failed at the bay of pigs in nineteen one sixty one and so the idea was we must become experts say fighting these world wars of national liberation and that we must have new warrior technicians who can intervene underdeveloped countries countries fix things and the green berets now were one branches fix-it men c_i_a_ operatives were another various logistics people we cannot economist well were others which memory understand the class structure of vietnam in support of rule society most of the people of landless peasants our own very small plots of land there under subsistence agriculture where a large part of the crop goes to the landlord asmara land owning cleverest p presents a buddhist with practiced elements of confucian isms well a small and an in-class like many of them at every p_g_ eastman north many have been catholic controls the nation's wealth so d_m_ i'm the government d_m_ users in the army as a mechanism to collect lips and during the first war against the french debit card will be distributed the land to the peasantry so indium came to power in fifty four with the army in a naked is agents of the landlord to collect here's a bachlorette notice intruding in total class polarization increased one more time adelphia cultivate part into evolutionary perspective exactly and then g_m_ had to use more more repression as a result of the dissatisfaction with the regression internet the nurses at the time that the get karke honors courses felt like they had to resort or something so this is why you made your statement in your book that the m had an army but given that he was not a government that's right knowed it was no expected administration under the military administration deliveries to replace all forms of village council all forms of intermediary powers that any linkage to to below were destroyed instead our loyalty was from the potsdam yet the american escalation didn't really dramatically accelerating talked again this fascination what brought about this dramatic acceleration and what you call type of work to vietnam will be able to go on and all the other vietnamese generals begin a power struggle among themselves consequently whatever government repressive apparatus t_m_ had collapsed desertion is increased radically defections um... yet communist became stronger and stronger by sixty-four american policymakers feared that there would be a provisional will be revolutionary government open provisional revolutionary government much in the countryside which we have lost i mean it's good to say u_s_ forces lost or the french lost him forty five we lost again in fifty four we lost again sixty three sixty four we escalate kenya nothing escalated and pasted eaten not in the face of victory right massive defeating sixty-three and sixty-four broadband yemeni put u_s_ ground troops and sustained bombing of the north and want to try to sell versace's reject why couldn't you have to accept the decedent has a small corner of the world the united states has been unwilling to deal with communism as a political social economic movement instead if you've seen that we as americans are the natural beams of the world of capitalism is the national economic order and i'm in our system innocently the essence of feeling good nursing absence of nature therefore something very very different from ours is none other society within one compares differences in extremes with its own and so forth but instead intimidating presence where nature their entire nature or what i call the for another during world war two the soviet union did take over right after world war two did invading take over eastern europe the red army didn't want to hold it as a buffer zone and they didn't stop epic dictatorships there this became a model all-american views of communist and social severely cut americans did not understand it to a revolution they did not understand the chinese revolution in the forties that they were like millions upon millions of poor peasants who wanted land survive in a mouse a toner communist party offered in lance arrival where's chiang kai-shek was a warlord who offered and nothing unable to see in total struggles for uh... socialism or communism or while you are unable to see even in cairo struggles for national independence against queen elizabeth the longest dividing to be an interesting and we have three guys who the bad guys they are looking for another day trying to move and so all forms of communism kit movements get scene in that so in this incident in particular limit in the world is not just a particular moving up toward poor country and it's really one hundred poorly written on this matter and we had uh... a little bit smith there is still any movement is a sign of a global movement there are so you know if you're poor peasants with vietnam that doesn't mean just that they have little to a few more people have a few more honest instead that means the before and other monolithic machine his encroached one or step into each other step the rest of the world becomes a pair of this of course the dominant very sulekha contagious disease sort of that sort of like each country having school his treatment own culture in his own people intercept the world's leading to shell i could just poured into the arson at this time once they get going to somehow i'm making a stigma minimal propel cognizant of victory it's a billion adequate mechanistic anticrime initiative is a mechanistic framework of the world make enemies is for the other day are we doing it all construction but isn't that also water two sides of this the other side of the people of the big decision makers dave's foreign-policy establishment retirement looking at the world on a more realistic basis as uh... general maxwell taylor said in his book we have to keep an iron grip on the third world country because they're poorer and they want which is in the riches would have to come from us so they look at any type of victories that unique as an he can such as in vietnam providing an example to other third world countries that if they can do it and get away with in vietnam they can get away with it in order to universal siddiqui vietnam's universal sign of her national liberation victory everywhere defeated vietnam means that all liberation movements will give up their struggle suburb given the fact that i have uh... there is uh... that uh... that still caught back to the united states that have built up in the military machine bottled water given a mechanistic anti communism was motivated the foreign policy decisions i have the u_s_ foreign policy establishment and given the clots began sake of these government in vietnam there is almost inevitable that u_s_ involvement would intensify that this war was not an accident that is what i was not just uh... policy mistake that was a consequence basically u_s_ foreign policy u_s_ industrial military uh... development since world war two that this was a test case this is where they test of whether she needs dot communism i really restriction together i am more than the crucial arguments on trying to like critique in my book is this notion that that we just made one mistake after another that nobody which really smart or breaking the bank just sort of slipped up you don't go to war that where you go to work are far in advance in sixty four oh one johnson was making announcements about the gulf of time canon just sort of like i was surprised attack which it wasn't uh... in and early sixty five when they were making goodness mister naked public domain which in two thousand more trips to vietnam they fully expected kissing two hundred thousand people bugging the sixty five and another hundred sixty two and a thousand sixty-six another hundred thousand are sixty seven with the est which were already there could be a ticket happening in the end but i had a bad it up and down towards a plan warfare plant escalation well let's talk about the war itself and three others techno war actually worked out itself in the ground in the air by the use of helicopters the helicopter warren search-and-destroy can you describe the somehow they were tonight well not quite a bit there is general junio generals write books they're kinda like academicians venita like like to publish in order to get poorer promoted at the hierarchy we normally don't believe them but i think that way but it is stripped of his death by their actions justify their actions are used book is called shopping the combat engineers analysis to reinforce military just uh... notre judgment it's published by putnam the army and in the first chapter yourself that we can compare a search-and-destroy operations in vietnam to an assembly line it was a pill angrily and what that could be objectivity unlike a world war two world war one would you have a continuous fight going on thousands of miles you have a major offensive is in a counter-offensive internal lol in vietnam it's back re economist backyards united one full blast all but i think that's the grand jury a problem how do you just allocate your resources given the fact that you've already decided to run an actual capability that that is bad and it is body count search-and-destroy means that settle somewhere between several hundred and several thousand american soldiers are going to search a block of countryside for viet cong or north vietnamese troops and they're going to try to engage them in combat and of course and destroy whatever troops or whatever supplies they capture imperious strategic often sick meaning it's a way that could put the viet cong weaker at the moment to hunt them down were hunters democratic the objective used to cure all the enemy so fast that we reach what's called we called the crossover ports a general william westmoreland st the crossover point needs you're killing me any faster then they can replace their cash or checks like you to drive the other side bankrupt un saludo a high-technology without helicopters are jet fighter bombers our tanks we don't put condom up now that's the theory the practice of search-and-destroy often turned out very differently in that part a sickly other factory will decide the routine operations and this routines we're quite visible to the vietnamese for example we just didn't also didn't show up on emails into an area in began the search instead you had to like reconnaissance planes had to go over it artillery guns had to shoot smoke rounds into the jungle into the landing zone all the other artillery guns could side and so they could like fire protective artillery strikes around the landing zone if you really kind of unikom commander if you see a smoke when i'm coming up in the jungle while you know that the americans are getting ready to move on chat um... a helicopter assault there aren't that many clears out of it clears in in nablus territory real swamps ordinary in jungle you can tell whether women's own mazak so many times the viet cong commanders head of a very substantial advance notice upon women americans were going to begin operation consulate they have a choice do we run in height are doing a bit the americans we might the secular pushed way takes the landing zone the second and third whereas bring in more artillery if you're a viet cong commander you get out your compass in your map you draw a circle of radius and on the map and that will tell you because you know the dominican artillery hunting five-millimeter howitzer has our two thousand your radius so you know that the americans will not much broader outside the range of their howitzers so you can tell where the americans are going to watch do you run and hide dignified this sort of thing kind of principle goes on the it's in essence they knew where we work but we did not know where they work and they have the uh... they have been issued a very heavy initiative at that rate if you have to rain so if you have the military's own statistics roughly three quarters of the battles in vietnam were initiated by the economy in the air meaning they endorsed u_s_ forces and can make a decision also most battles immediately in the economy in the a wanted them you need they could like initiate contact him break contact and methods are two crucial definitions of combat initiative and your other statistic that only a m to percent of the search-and-destroy missions did we actually may contact uh... or original contact with the vietnamese so was their choice the whole time and as i understand the soldiers themselves on the ground they didn't like this because they're the ones who would have to take the casualties first to lure the vietnamese into battle so that then they uh... americans with no word on the plane who worked on the artillery he sent out a patrolling in order to get an ambushed in order to market target with a smoke rocket from the helicopter or such so then the judge can come in and napalm in the area in other words you have to get ambushed before you can find the enemy you know when i began logan research i had a hint that i was going to find a very cavalier attitude towards work an idea of vietnamese later died i was surprised to understand the command attitude towards their own saulters but this think about it what kind of production model organic techno war either yes or no easiest one manager sir we have a draft we can replace all the calvo labor that we loose can be replaced and indeed it's like migrant labor force chromosome alexei whereupon you bring an end per year when you have heard a death in chicago they were qy dot well not much but a lot of our other poor working-class twice the ideologues so what if they walk into an ambush we take some casualties that way but they will call in our airstrikes in colorado artillery fire will use our technology and to do to get the body count sorrow in essence the grant ritual bait they will be sent out on operations to being ambushed and that not agood wait to survive and welfare unites a movement it was suicide i was one of the worst patrols you could ever go ahead the purpose of it was four years walk up on charlie and for him to hit you and then for a hardware to wipe them out we were used as scapegoats to find out where they were there was no we were haley couldn't find charlie any other way so the locals around into a whole bunch up mentally they could plastering than it had a big body count mahendra general gets another god damn metal in a big promotion uh... let's also note again the highest officer routinely on the ground during vietnam was a captain the captain's company commander company had at noticed about a hundred and forty people in it that would be at full strength most combat units never operate upholstery everyone above captains level battalion commanders demand of kcl commands four companies all battalion level officers beginning to gage commander several battalions divisions has several regiments abrogated all the rest of those toppers course for those commanders in helicopters trying at minimum of fifteen hundred feet because fifteen hundred feet is the maximum range of the fifty caliber machine gun when used as an antiaircraft weapons which until the latter part of the war with the largest any aircraft weapon that contact so the managers were relatively state in this process which is the workers who are suffering the occupational safety uh... after-dinner hazards on on the ground logistics taps in terms of the numbers in the body towns did they actually uh... immunologic succeed or where the costs greater than the benefit even in terms of the logic travel things happened for one all the american commanders in helicopters communicated in uncommitted english to their subordinate officers of ground troops the common in the a were able to buy american radios in the black market capture others they routinely listening to all the orders there are many stories keyboard appear calm hearing american orders from him taking actions to circumvent the share arrogance of nowhere in my helicopters we have all the stuff we don't have to attempt unit to pay attention to her in the and end up costing american life span so that part didn't work army took within a year so by late sixty six or so economy in the idea of how long it was going to take an american air strike to get there sometimes they can make a terrible miscalculation get caught up in open but in the state in the commander it could make a resort judgment how long he can stay in combat before he had to run like hell because the uh... air force of again look at the hearings are going to have to come and go after him so a lot of times embassies would be quite brief community would break off contact well we've mentioned body count a couple of times let's get into that kind of whole framework of corruption and lies and cover-ups that are curtail it's simple portland without so far successor worst trillion anybody can escrito try driving oversight bankrupt and his presume that uh... we humans does our was just on the gentleman that night your tenants are captain time and your captain kirk company commander sailor you're under pressure under pressure to produce a body captains of carmel semicolon battalion commander if i don't leave my quota my career's over with obvi relieved of command if you really the combat command then you're going to take it but the hierarchy is is gone saga squeeze you and back in some units it kind of where the informal rule was if you don't meet your body count quota and we're going to like they're not going up to steal we'll just need your help bring small ammount somewhat kuchma water but don't expect you know you've got like produced goods and unify came back without a body count or at least prisoner and and get my hands to so i kept the patrol out like talk to uh... leading to many soldiers who were wounded they're the ones i saw in japan and they told me that some units were given a quota for the week and if they didn't get it but they were just sent right back out again uh... you're under pressure we severe severe pressure would you do well you can do several things one you can just to get a bike you can just add up in the air just like a a say call up and have elected everyone in your unit kioto your entire class there you two para frame sixteen for about uh... for many common admit it and i'll call up on the radio in the report that i have a your body count of thirty articulate five or something like that so you get in touch with a communal company chambers um... you call an air strike in calling artillery strike and the charming you nearby um... in you actually having kids when you find too many bodies well you know needed it if you've got to bodies and you've got three different units artillery air in a country of ours who is going to get the credit what if you don't give credit to the artillery what do you think might happen what did he say you fired that munis does that sound like a large palestinian artillery commanders dry giving support to unite become sligo path that m around how those air force pilots might have to have a an inaugural solitude it in your interest to reward everyone inserts everyone is under the same system everyone reads body count well sure we give you fifty air force we give you fifteen gunships we give you get the autoimmune we on the ground uh... i've got five bodies and i've got five rifles were counting truck was a five persons killed so i guess is twenty five and while we were outstanding around with continuing coverage out i beg your pardon tim graves or count them too um... everybody park in body parts a we fine on my leg injury because sometimes really whitman air strikes a deal yet you can blow people smithereens unlike the warm everywhere everyone is nice discrete data yeah anne-marie award it's quiet there are stories of poor people from different units had the fight over arms and legs to determine who is going to get the kill cal pregnant and of course they got the getting more pernicious because they would slaughter vietnamese civilians and include emini children women all people include them as part of the body count who should get clear on on asking about in some areas of the war whimper u_s_ forces were fighting uniform north vietnamese troops too many civilian casualties a whole a whole lot of vietnam battles occurred wait inside the country where there were the economy a card and the villagers were off will very much the same people went home search and destroy the nations little-known stuckey limiting the moon solely killed everybody he's happy to be standing alongside officer on the radio man said wexler we've got some children rounded up what do you want to do it coming officer says god damn it bring in a lot to do it and kill the bastards you ain't got to god damn balls to kill a marine i'll come down killed a bunch of myself marine said yes sir and hung up the phone at about two or three minutes later i heard a lot of automatic fire and a lot of children screaming hired babies crying angered children scream in her life search-and-destroy we support whereas if you say you new units burned down villages routinely um... continue going to be a legendary again and you see the brokers there's only one in vietnam had about providing it you here in orange maybe maybe screaming try get somebody out there that maybe you just rather than a million uh... more people start to wet away from you and well if they weren't community must be ready and so you shoot them in central running becomes a sign of anatomy we've been out for about three hours and i'm really haven't seen anything was too hot but then i saw this figure of black pajamas running along up and he died about three hundred meters ahead and to the left a flow how you know i got what i mean i hollered ten o'clock even mine man i a matter of the warning to halt to regulations don't lie dont lie so i got to learn me squeezed the trigger blackmun trying like a piece of paper and augusta win chlorine got stomped morgan shouted not shot dead natasha nukem when you reach the body and that's a corp space up with my boot the long run uh... picked five to sixty meanwhile he says stupid goog when she ran for uh... we were run and a free-fire zone and we saw women a woman and child running across them that captain says well they're they're they're running well free-fire zone they're running the wrong and they're the enemy so he shot him polls club opened up on the next morning we went out and we could see the cap of the child that was bloody and you can see where the mother dragged a child away prove separate they're afraid they're trying to survive and desperate situation but under high pressure to produce a body count so yes we got into sustained slaughter uh... it means villagers you go through the work in a man's hands energy if he's a true farmer he has campuses any pisa grew up he really fake farmer he doesn't see you go when you look at the hands of those if he doesn't have enough calluses when you called in the way he seemed to interrogation center would you look at the ankles a man he was a guerilla he must be and when that dana julian is any causal scratch where these are finally when you have something scratches so people will go american soldiers will go and look at ankles work is going to be actually a problem identified about nine months time to get much sleep so you can answer those are your eyes so u_s_ soldiers are going to look into the act of the vietnamese and try to send him an incoming banks they hadn't been convention did he get hauled off when people in our country it was not our culture would not speak the language imbaba netware looking at war language culture history class structure this matter student didn't matter what matters we had the hollywood minute didn't well is that part of a helicopter gunship we had a rule about the use of the day steve actually met anyone taking dated action to be fired upon major explains why or even what was going to know where there is one answer that i recall where we flew over a large rice paddy and there were some people down they're working on the rice paddy maybe dozens fifteen individuals and we passed over their heads but in taking action who would you tell the remembers amarendra hyder anything so we are covered by just a few feet off the ground among about two helicopters return on our police sirens and eliminated at least fighters they started to disperse instantly open up on this channel nine when i was six thirty in the evening and uh... still daylight and they said there was some greasy out there in the call on us so we fired out there until all seven of them wentworth comes back to us we killed seven rice farmers care in their homes they're trying to make it back to the village seaweed set up to this uh... cook for you six p_m_ to six a_m_ himself he was up to them to be out of here by that time pale they didn't carry any wrist watches they didn't have any idea what i mean a lot so yes people got home away from traditional never came back uh... really villagers were brought into the ground and blown up and yes meaning it means men women children chickens water buffalo pigs complex often who will care often times you into village destroyed right shot everything hamburger crops across and alcohol use lieutenant and houses the only you know for people who treat you right when you walk through that billy jean do you hate you know they can be that's not even if they can be read they won't say nothing to eat and we expect him to run out the welcome those like at world war two type of stuff you know how do you do you know i havnt seems we step outside the door leads the captain radios them where under heavy contact and right away who who spent on jetstar come in and dropping them five hundred-pound bombs the whole villages were leveled and we go into the next election and that is search and destroyed all this was like a part of what you call the miracle worker it's essentially if it's getting to get a new jersey city in which hope when it is just orange hat documents call rules and gatien's they're supposed to specify when you can open up by when you can't on civilians bother anyone used match at all new instead of other kind of rules have to let me say that they were under any okay at but the job that was one looks unusual containing the emmys wearing black uh... the heart was the enemy course all peasants that more that international address soto all kinds of the state rules that supposedly distinguish b imprint compo the army's rules were wrong in that we just didn't know the culture they were kind of like fabrications that americans invaded to try to make themselves feel legitimate about who got shot you know but honestly people saw through this and said look we listened to practices in the urban google disability and he's just bc immediate means wish you were talking about insulting but also the factor of racism through like sudden death how much they would have done that they've been fighting turbo ites probably much less course for a chance to go to slopes planted tank one definition of the day vietnamese was their leaders if they've been napalm they were called crispy critters and made one minor went when we killed a pregnant woman we can do is to bc one soldier and one cadet now what you do is you know with all the friendly smith friendly vietnamese onto ships and taken out to the south china sea and then you bomb the country flag he asleep issued i'd like to burn the whole country down and then start again with americans bombed the schools and churches bombed iraq steals tuning showed the children in the courtyard is just what napalm candy too strafed apana kill the people dropped napalm and the square and get out early ever sunday n ketchum at the morning in prayer broke and it to the are being gather them all around they keep writing millimeter canon and mold the bastards and down there's also capped a certain sadism not only in soldiers on the field but also intelligence people people who would collective years and fingers and even heads and even intelligence people with with admit that they really got off to beating up the uh... people they were interrogating if you don't get nice bud thrill to do it when you look for some reason i wore them once many had made valiant efforts to try to talk about the covers a lot of some sort of warfare uh... over there he said his arm clearly a very strong statist dimensions a lot of right uh... in the field as well as killing a lot of rates followed by killings and relations when we do know women only before five of us we go into the village in take a girl and bring her out to be into the jungle we tell her to lie on the ground don't scream otherwise weed killer immediately and uh... well how many regards there were well they did what they want to do it guys are a good mood they let her go anyone and killer how the girls were unconscious that's a big band repeatedly raped and then after we got your raping and three of them g_i_s type and the players and eighty shot him in the girls vaginas negroes were bleeding from their mouths noses spaces at the jonas than the g_i_s uh... the plight of the exterior portion of the players they exploded inside the girls click their stomachs just exploded well one day i was driving back travel abroad and on about growth and a guy comes over to me and he says he needs some counseling and say why i look over and i see this girl when she strapped and she's tied the two mistakes i don't know what they've done to her before i got there well they poured gasoline all over the girl tabela why did it they let it and then they just doug dare and watched ur bernau it if you look at the body consistently see attached only thing that counts the body can attached but that's what we were to punishments are distributed by if that's your etc energy on command does it really care whether you survive recruiting in a world where anything goes it becomes a good times will talk to you all it was a rival or or to hold onto your ethics i think a good example of this oliver stone's movie platoon which is currently in release which has a u_s_ military unit which severely defied uh... divided between one group who commits atrocities and others who thinks it's a horrible or war situation and i think that's a good with the good illustration of public on a dynamics that could mean the years illusions ep everyone is a killer or or or safe list its rejection in a structure wearer a significant component of your troops engage in such behavior but none of it so it seems that then you know we talk about coffee we talk about the line when you use that term atrocity it was an exception to a new law that's not a good way to look at our world let me lie and atrocities we're just business as usual in in a life seems a little well-organized in particular organized but certainly certainly mail i wasn't really village in vietnam was burned out and everybody in sight we shot that is that that is that is not true at all who said that is precisely the reason ability on the ground war to distinguish between friend unfair obesity and peasant farmer the lead to the next dimension uh... at the world the participation program the fact that they weren't able to tell who the enemy lads that they had to put out the whole country journey company if you can't open from perot the needy populate the countryside him rudimentary few into concentration camps and retreat urban slums it's not easy to be popular countryside for several major techniques were used to kill podi asian should be destroyed a third base of the country this is where wage in orange county agent orange in asian blue nationwide were sprayed on millions of acres of crop land uh... other millions of acres a force with affiliated so if it based on people have to work secondly certainly bottoming attacks on villages which were quite quite extensive discouraging courage people to move an employer actual search-and-destroy operations were villages sandwich everyone is killed others in which you should be surrounded village mood everyone out being burned at the village in mood in the middle east three minutes uh... millions and millions of years and hospitals worse yet too concentration camps into urban slums what's so interesting is the american solicit progress this was our organization rural is bad berman is good so even though they have nothing it was brought into the uh... sees a sign of progress through bring vietnamese and where you could show them t_v_ and uh... and make them work in american uh... bases and so on and so forth was seen in setting up a more sophisticated job and being a peasant farmer this is also part i think senator i'm i'm not saying the enemy and a as uh... culture or as individuals or people the same time just as mirror images of urself like they'd bombing of north vietnam was forced her to mcveigh's during their capacity to have consumer goods certainly interesting idea you would take the numeric restricted no getting scared about their hope that they would care about their way other than a dog in their ancestors grave in their life's field to retrieve it instead simply just to have vishnu good have this close to surrender deliver the earlier but that in itself was just unmitigated good like people's lives were not important part of the root of human dimension was completely lost listed america's bid we can count ham a_t_t_'s reported this month how many hundreds and how they're by i think that the war was applicable the vietnam in a way certainly hit exactly it could be in many ways to create a tremendous destruction but he could not stop a very powerful united people who trying to change the law that this will be a our topic then expelled them with that at a time for the day and next week we received the limitations of that the world white it failed in vietnam also discuss what's wrong with the liberal and conservative interpretations in vietnam we'll see what lessons we can drop couldn't he had not experienced we also will talk about some other aspects of the vietnam war of the tet offensive for instance but uh... the big turning point in the world body revisionist historians particularly conservative said that it was an american victory whether there was it not also talk about this fascinating phenomenon which the american army refused to fight or many elements in our bed as a matter of fact they start attacking their own officers and uh... senior enlisted people phenomenon is and will conclude with a discussion of some of the parallels the central america of some of the failures of u_s_ policy in central america how they can be eliminated by the failures of the policy in vietnam so that thanks for coming tonight denies that he had a nice being informative discussion i will look forward through next week welcomed alternative use them for the second or two part series about the vietnam war bill gibson who wrote an incredible book about vietnam war called the perfect war technol war and his blood the perfect lloyd cutler war in vietnam was recently published by a blanket monthly press and itself i was there is an extremely good reviews it was favorably reviewed in the wall street journal curtis review described it as a perceptive coach insignificant and so far the best analysis of the main of america's on the military defeat highly recommended gloria emerson in a review described the broadcast although many valuable books on the word fifty as records obtained an endurance there's no work through the cheese but this does because he might just say this from our most comfortable life instead delusions william gibson should the honored and john stockwell describes his broadcast and all of my research on the subject that are not going to compare with doctor gibson's perfect war her invaluable insights in the u_s_ methodology it's hideous the results of the war tonight we're going to talk about the things we didn't cover um... we're going to talk about tet the importance of appetite offensive we're going to talk about cali united states army slot and and uh... they decide they were not a fight that war anymore we're going to have an evaluation of the vietnam war how many how the people look at it from various aspects and will also take a final okay have we learned our lessons are we still biting fighting techno war and central america or at least planning to what is your interpretation of at the water we get involved in vietnam techno warming to fight wars production process the military became deeply impressed with big businesses contributions of world war two after world war two the military can decided that not only would like to supply operations be organized to a corporate alliance but that actual conduct the warfare will be organized while corporate lines the officer quoted managers they listed meeting with the workers the product was in the body count just is american business prided itself on high technology capital-intensive production systems so to our military have high-technology capital intensive work there to al produced we would kill more them and they would have us stats technolo why was it applied in vietnam because after world war two in the fifties the soviets had the atomic bomb they could be in destroy our economy aka base a pop our if we intervene militarily in the work in the world with too much force the argue clear was to fight limited war indefinitely and the third world we will use oddly just-in-time production system over there and ride to the other side bankrupt why vietnam beckons saw communism not is another cut the social organization is another culture as another political system but instead they saw americans it has to do it in the natural she died like in congress will support it other and alien kind of being the world was divided into super tuesday acts of people communist and non-communist and therefore if i get a good credit their side our side by the time the credit in these over to the creation of late fifties we had a period limited warrant act we had a conventional forces ready to go by the late fifties vietnam should be convenient load place to test out this new theory of warfare techno war and a place to drive before another batch kentucky but that's not been fascinated in near a book about how a major part of the u_s_ supported a certain part of the war was to win the hearts and minds of the vietnamese through important u_s_ commodities olympia that u_s_ government actually put up the money to import these commodities and created the whole infrastructure and rather than win the hearts and minds out of the overwhelming majority of the vietnamese people the just created more corruption in a quality you want to talk about that aspect of your details just hard to us to realize how much money was poured into the country and so many ways if you're a high vietnamese general crooner japanese government army positions well business positions and would most american aid was on the list for sale on the international market by the time in iraq the level of staffed unbelievably high in the only reason you decide whether to try to control with that the american government's issue every decision by the officer corps as the price we have to pay for continuing the war so therefore in order to get something we choose the vietnamese people would have seemed more in more and more and there's an element of truth in that but also the greater truth was that simply corruption became compounded and uh... the riches became became greater we're talking about millions and millions upon hundreds of millions of dollars may or even currency manipulation currency fraud wasn't gimmick if you knew how to play the game you could get rich simply by exchanging your money from from dollars to be esters to military scripting back again just nothing just by playing play with the rules a little bit that you didn't including massive inflation admit little odd for most people got worse its what were your jobs available a few people on top were able to make money off this cluster stealing the american editor of the bottom of your jobs open for you you can work for the american she could work on the base you could be an interpreter maybe if you had minimal language skills resort remain hillerman there has been set up like a half million vietnamese women and gauge duke some kind of commercial sex prostitution massage parlors where ever you want to call it which grossed of there is hope multilevel herb sexual marketplace uh... threatening other drugs do drugs subject huge huge caroline importation coming from all places coming from laos and the c_i_a_ was running a warrant last winter the hills people and liberation government in order to buy it the leaders of the kills people by the way ocean government they had to acquiesce to the heroin trade tons of heroin were brought in a rare america planes and limit means air force planes we find in bangkok in other places in seoul on in in in two u_s_ soldiers in vietnam south you're going to use them in the military leadership was also heavily involved narcotics business general and subsequent president of the republic of vietnam when band to ran one major operation welwyn county but i'm sure marshall premier and vice president ran another for orphans what could you do shoeshine business wasn't so i think it's had to make money on the side shining shoes was like a definition uh... going through garbage dumps job today dismal live in this new world in vietnam not a consumer paradiso and then the other hand you have the black market where as you say in your book you could buy a million by tank armored personnel carriers and of course viet cong where cabin on the template themselves whenever they need american goods they consider themselves out the problem the other aspect of the u_s_ policy well as anti-war part of their your most brilliant chapters in descriptions in your book of the magnitude in nature of the air war and vietnam who was mentally i guess directed against north vietnam do i discussed on elements of anymore therefore is a factory then clearly when you look at their their work we got the biggest back we may have nothing by american reasoning you looked at me shit given at the data first bombs dropped on the market not because they had such a small small industrial apparatus such a smoke number of bridges and things if you would think they would have just given up they didn't um... they were willing to sacrifice their industrial apparatus billing to the chips or the massive mention casualties and indeed contrary to american mythology where the vietcong were simply to being totally supported from the north rectly eighty percent of supplies the viet cong used to even have been eighty percent supplies to india unusual raised himself a small number supplies were sent out it couldn't be stopped no matter how hard the u_s_ bombed no matter how hard you escalated his campaigns no matter even after the close the pulitzer prize carmen distorted to systematically bombing the railroad lines between china and vietnam he couldn't stop it the number of supplies wasn't that great on that the other hand air worded mobilizing north vietnamese people to exit considerable degree uh... everyone had a job of one kind or another either repairing the railroad repairing the roads are taking over industry or working in agriculture so immobilized him consolidated that society too terry on much like to nazi attack on great britain consolidated british morale which is open on the other hand the people you say well well obama back to the stone age and we just practically dead most people don't recognize yet united states air force and navy drop between eighteen fifty million tons of bombs and rockets on southeast asia or world war two united states dropped two point one million tons so the minimum s but then it's about four times greater in world war two amigos at almost eight times greater than world war two and u_s_ motives nineteen sixty-seven report he has a party category summary the largest category in after vehicles is buildings when you listen to the report support observers on the ground with the report is just about any modern cstaylor brick structure over to to store all but one story because we're going to look like targets unless there's a lot of those which are just on a more hospitals a lot of more schools yes book and i was bomb back the stone age there's no doubt about that but because they were not fighting a technolo at illegal implemented now we saw in the previous program where at this uh... production assembly line type of attitude resulted in date demand for body count or the land troops in the air war they also have production quotas but i'm not going to organization of this was right the unit of measurement it's called a sortie want fight by one airplane and therefore squadrons queens therefore it behold large units have rates of production that they are supposed to me the navy the air force and indeed were incumbent in competition with each other to see you can quote you the most productive therefore the through the object was to fly into many nations as possible within a of finite period of time like a week or a month or whatever so relevant and pay attention to really what you were bombing or to pay attention to the safest way too protect your pilots in the way to minimize civilian casualties instead military war managers devise ways to maximize sori rates and consequently entered into serious irrational behavior they black and grey award where u_s_ commander treated their own ground truth is expendable higher commensurate colleges expendable they would often be center missions alarm say looking for trucks in the middle of rain storms when it's impossible to see trucks compiled into the ground you know you can even see the ground when by thinking about it but that keeps the saudi rahi hai or also say you're supposed to you know which way we were given target it is the targets crimean but you still sing your planes up there every day five days in a robotic saxony murdered in order so that because that's simply this like a factory you keep doing the same retained but we sure telegraphed punches not all that many targets in that area and i didn't take too many smarts to figure out about where they have forces headed specially wen li headed american date after a day making them fly up to the target before making a good or not go decision on the weather that we already knew was not acceptable we turned over the target and came back again the next day to try again but this miracle pilots does it they died because the vietnamese clearly understood where the americans were from flying the same pattern everyday and they understood that and then we just keep coming so but often frequently vietnamese did was simply move more and more antiaircraft guns into an area that the americans for some reason one of the bomb in whatever happens american pilots and that means fighting uh... violations against you pick our kids surrounded by hundreds and hundreds of any aircraft weapons in in this way uh... by telegraphing are both countries uh... american pilots died i talked with a couple of the new apoplectic f_-four pilot to blame who told me to end up with a gun at recently and im before playing mission carrying a very small bomb load one pilot told me his goodness t_p_ was so mad we risk eight guys he said when we could have come to hold on one plane risking only two people and on the job better well then i have scheme or why did they send out four planes the pilot said and if i know blessed just to keep our sortie rate high but i'll tell you this if they got and crime we know what you heard about this orgy business on an aircraft carrier consolation the navy pilots who told me that he could do a better job of the few eighty six is operating in the safety of darkness then with all those sky hawks kidding around the world wide load in daylight so i wouldn't think possible appear that the maybe was trying to alps or t_v_ air force an air force was tried on sorting the navy my guys who were flying the sorties took a dim view of it and we had uh... incredible story in your book or about probably north vietnamese was actually bring down the american jets with handguns and rifles seems unbelievable arsonists in an advance group of american standpoint it is unbelievable in the acually c advanced technology system like a jet fighter bomber needs another advance technology like a sam missile not to bring it down and there is a lot of some interest in that but north vietnam underwent a tremendous social mobilization part of that mobilization group while giving almost every one of god me that there's still a submachine gun arrive forever or light machine guns the entire society was organizes a giant in new york way any aircraft system emmett clark really low level vietnamese present were under instructions to simply get out in the field en masse lie down and shoot up in the act to try to provide barrage with make level altitudes unsafe to american pilots and it happened curly hair but by the pilots to report that several remaining planes were shot down an extremely low level by peasants what this means for them but level flight became so dangerous that they had to move higher are pretty consistently be picked up on radar is it just depends as could shoot down planes as that but they do not an air space to americans that made all their operations had more hazardous so social mobilization was able to compensate the technological inferiority there is another example of this uh... in the whole team and trail when the united states bill padding incredibly expensive electronic warfare area which the uh... they were able which mania uh... vietnamese in that little shins were able to overcome with barry simple tricks the joint chiefs of staff always wanted to invade north vietnam insipid takeover handle an ipod or have ground troops in laos there's a place where between laos and thailand between uh... the south china sea in thailand something like thirty five miles or so for the effort is linden visual for justice for most magical line will keep before another out rivals bottom at the past cutting out literally let's just uh... that was changed to expensive in terms of truth lies they stated that area with electronic sensors listening devices sizes the pickups metal sensors of various kinds uh... these devices internship radio signals to circling it that the aircraft intercept interest to computer banks in thailand in thailand intern organized air strikes over the trail the two things happen one the sensors woody collect uh... bags if you're in honey entries tape recorders with cricket noises in which to try to mask the movement of trucks you find a sensor and you could just normal general knowledge is a tape of normal general knowledge is next to it uh... so you master sensors in one area where you actually seeing your troops in operations on the other and up so you get a taxing uh... you world convoy drivers truck drivers north vietnamese had sexual zagreb aids they had rocket players a lot of this is cabanas occurring at night so the attorneys would throw out explosives to make americans feel like they were doing something um... and americans into wanted to believe that they were destroying vietnamese truck convoys y pilots but we work on the basis of productivity their majors you lieutenant colonels most of them walked before congress will probably asylum or desperately want to be brigadier general they need to be productive therefore they wrote their tendency is to report is high destruction of a trucks as possible and it's a big joke eventually became the enemy intelligence was that the next day when congress was flights would fly along with what she meant well they could never find the truck carcasses anywhere near the numbers that uh... the pilots reported destroyed so glad you began that deep in the laotian jungles the great truck either yeah and my truck you there was a monster that totally loved dead trucks midday meal is not only have to read every night if he got up in the day the skeletons a good bit drugs so that when the reconnaissance planes came out and in the morning there were simply be no records this is not the site and thousands trucks were destroyed that never to the extent necessary remember relatively few supplies which himself by american calculations something like twelve times a day was enough to support the warmest self you can put twelve times boxer mike tractor truck without any problem attachment to spare but even if you multiply it by figure fifteen or twenty fold stacy equity tractor trailer trucks a day approaching the entrails or forty pickups or whatever that still such a small number of people are very expensive air war has a hard time i cannot stop that level of supply for most of the military general because that is that the war whose memoir hewlett and documents seized by the indicated to the u_s_ really one most of the battles of the war that the u_s_ records yes light was on its way to victory and in particular there's a right wing revisionist view that the u_s_ could've won the war at the time of the cat offensive at the u_s_ build up of maine courtney porsche units ground troops began in sixty five by the end of sixty seven we have someone over four hundred thousand at four hundred fifty thousand maybe in the past five hundred thousand christian country according to american records the official records kept in the pentagon and kept at military assistance commanded nam we just about destroyed altogether on trips they were all nearly decimated now why was that because of weapons were falsified perhaps we begin a strike that all that last time once you move into wars production process and the opposition managers lose their students at the devotee to their subordinates below answers for the fidelity the trip upward mobility just like in business where maybe go up you know up to the highlander is the main again that was a letter in the military the currency what that was to report the body count so everybody buck their body count date body counts were routine not that not exceptional any trouble they worry that the body casket getting hired uses the reports went up the chain of command a larger figures became well the first report i would send them was from the facts from the information we collect intent was objective that it would be if it could be now we founded and but uh... that would always come back doctored up from higher headquarters that was standard operating procedure when i was repeated historian there so the result is that the battle news was edited and revised until it was acceptable to the higher ups hail and in order to write open relies on our civil aid program such as increasing the fifteen english classes of three hundred to make it look good to the politicians and people back home and i've been ordered to raise the figures for food distribution and uh... refugee villages but i've also had retired battle reports the old meeting uh... certain facts uh... and thereby turning in north vietnam army victory over superior american forces into our u_s_ victory so our paper we had warren but in reality two things fired that was part one of our victory the second point was in nineteen sixty seven the american high command decided that viet cong guerrillas no longer existed because insulate the polish them on paper answered because just like american forces we don't have any part-time guerrillas are full-time guerrillas and also to google rulers have to do to have tanks to guerrillas have helicopters to guerrillas have uh... heavy artillery they don't have as much hardware as we did so they are clearly a threat to american units so several hundred thousand uh... viet cong guerrillas were abolished from what's called the order battle so what you would eliminate the guerrillas on paper and then you charged so you have a hot lower total estimate uh... enemy forces can you have an inflated by uh... estimate of how many of those you've killed well it worked lyndon johnson desperately needed a political victory to follow sixty seven so he got your westward to come back and say we're winning we're winning the war student enter an interface three and that is that we are mop up for a couple of years and what was having a reality well reality the viet cong courses debated the local forces had expanded radically from nineteen sixty four three late nineteen sixty seven according to u_s_ figures they were only about two hundred thousand yahoo com but minimum c_i_a_ man started like going profiles a primary figure things he calculated about a half million with understand what that means at the c_i_a_ man is doubling hit the estimate but it seems to me they don't have any idea at how many of them are on there but it means a double is probably the highest figure he can get away with and still will be listened to by anyone in reality the enemies gaining strength we have with the crew viet cong we have work at least dissipation still in fifty thousand troops here being sent south in the border zones along cambodian laotian borders and in sonar showed us that the other satisfy co-wrote the book of the country in the u_s_ strategic offensive failed of search-and-destroy the bombing operations had failed in late january early february nineteen sixty eight newark the display department viet cong forces attacked in mass simultaneously for the first time normally they fought they dispersed operations they were not andrea under that under no snow still first time in a simultaneous national tax the attack succeeded in driving one it we needed to pass occasional our audience involved in past occasional griffin m a countryside in the cities almost all of the vietnamese and american ground force units were driven out of the countryside back into the cities dip in the city's mayor and some viet cong forces inner cities and i've saigon way uh... regional capitals and we began to to battle in the cities so what happens after a few weeks the viet cong withdrew from the cities their casualties were extremely high they had not anticipated that the americans with bombing and conduct artillery strikes inside the cities uh... but they did so i watch herself vietnam was reduced to rubble their casualties were high the americans in sap in the meantime units were gone from the countryside uh... desertion to be a massive and the economy which recruit many many many people now that they would know opposing forces in the countryside their political cadres were able to surface so they were weakened in many ways than the other hand they have achieved a decisive victory inviting their parents out of the countryside what is the regiment because american forces were able to kill many of the commandos in the economy troops inside the cities the americans have general westmoreland court victory uh... of course this ignores the fact that although he's going to the economy out of the city's he himself isn't going to have a countryside and it's made a mockery out of his own previous claims of victory um... also sparklers created many many people that they were far more and south vietnam than americans and willing to admit westmoreland and made a trip request for another two hundred thousand soldiers this week request within the city analysis were seriously what was found was that even within the production model of war if you would just come up at the same kind of what they would simply add more resources to do it still the viet cong around just to people in this out good fight on for another four or five years at least three years to four years and then with anymore or significant looked at least dissipation they could find on ten to twenty years and which he just we just could not drive the other side bankrupt and you're saying that the north vietnamese army basically had participated nodded yes i did get marketers army did not because they don't care the fact that most of the war they were quite a minimal over you consider the number of via car trips in proportion to the number of north feeling well that's true depth up until sixty eight after sixty eight they entered the war in larger numbers sir uh... the car were getting worse certainly the concern to claim your vehicle took severe losses which it appeared to be stripped the claim that they were decimated indicated a spot in the claim that the americans onecare is false canisters remain healthy miracle war managers cities department stated their strategy was bankrupt and that there was no pac decree so this finally created ah... religiosity time somewhere in this period i try not to long after with this a break in their self delusion that techno war would win every hotmail here is a serious problem that people don't understand it american television news began to bite from the late nineteen sixty eight on began report the idea that the war was winding down and that we were on our way out just not true this is a false statement you should never believe it's when you look at the casualty figures how many american soldiers were killed from sixty-five to sixty-eight for sixty three sixty seven and then you take sixty eight when you look sixty nine crew seventy three the sixty nine three seventy three just about is within a couple of hundred is high is the number of kill sixty doctor sixty-seven so-called week search-and-destroy continued way way on internal until old mate seventy-one what was that then they finally convinced the u_s_ foreign policy is that was for the u_s_ public that vietnam could be one plummeted sixty eight on american military began to wickham progressively more restaurants and bars certainly bible eight sixty nine seventy is inactive revolt against his commanders remembered at seventy five percent of the battles in vietnam where new shit about the enemy of the average american grunge band used to have the that most people combat troops pennies to didi walking an ambitious most mainline fairly quickly that while they were walking an ambush is that their generals were getting medals and they were safe in helicopters runs on and so forth uh... subpoenaed to begin what's called fragment ragging means you take a fragmentation grenade and you put it at your superior whether it's a non-commissioned officer arjun or a battalion or captain or whatever it was a way to tell higher command not to treat ground troops' lives frivolously that they would not pursue aggressively pursue dangers combat situations simply in order to make a visit to make his superiors look good okay let me tell you had workweek start having more calls which is like uh... dole will at midnight everybody you know if it starts open inspiring screaming books on the wire books on the wiring barbed wire fences you know and then you try to kill any of the lifers that he didn't like so we tried to get to see all couple of times machine-gun one time he was uh... rack took nine holes his cock nine bullet holes but you don't go out of it and got away with that'd be shipment so we couldn't check weapons they use your name so they'd be throwing grenades at the wiring yelling and shopping books on my wired brooks and they'd blow the siren and then run around and have to guide to be facing outward shooting men the other half would be waiting for a wife her to come out of his pet yeah i've seen them told officers executed five or six times just put a price on his head makes one accusing gets the money next time he was out on a mission that everybody knew it was good they just wait to humans and the right position and he estimates run quite high and it was the official i'm accounts about six hundred fifty faking incidents and real reasons to doubt that because i think quite small and sure there are a lot of network reporter all of course because no no commander wants to have when you say it's like i said my my moment for a grenade at me we'll try to shoot me i mean how do i do a good on your record either get promoted up that there is a great leader when you're reporting that there were people are shooting at you no i'm sure the records are not the figures must be substantially higher this totally inadequate pulls the bonnie alexander contracts her particularly unpopular officers but there's also certified and felt mutilation a-level too people would not desperate if they were just uh... do disoriented and they were not being cared for by the command of the actual operations often while slaughter of uh... innocence suicide rates a fairly high standing up until apartheid is one payments um... cartoon book by uh... banning tech forster it shows a picture of a man oversold regarding metal rock with his trigger finger in the air looking for the million-dollar weren't feeling like expose this nice index finger shot off he could get out of the worst or you don't take your malaria pills um... we're going to do therefore remove the kosher passionately area there are many many ways out or people shooting themselves in the lots and lots of stories of self mutilation or you do if your friend and algebra fran decided will be twice analytically days mission and he's had a premonition of death which is taken very very seriously all combat soldiers are deeply superstitious sometimes issued or u_s_ you could use to add your friend not none of our place but it with him enough to get them out you described by the work its way you cannot fight a war where people are are you going to search you avoid i'll tell you avoid that uh... but that is a very prevalent than himself thirteen destroyed searching the void and as you do you go out and you keep playing nuclear war you try like to go out and you know smoke some dopamine thanks radio reports or he gently try not to engage the enemy we talked about everyday told the guys felt the same way reduced more accomplishing anything back some guys reselling depressed and disgusted that he was killed themselves some guys were taken hand grenades and and blown themselves away they couldn't take the strain anymore cop who's really heavy i don't think a lot of the stuff was reported do you guys would just kill themselves they are made probably send stats home with a guy who was killed or missing-in-action did the antiwar movement called clinton's saulters in creating a sense of what they were they were doing was wrong that they would victims that are making mistakes that have impact you think that it's going to live com coffeehouse g_i_ coffeehouse mimicking anti-woman try to send a copy houses near u_s_ bases to uh... permit literature thanks but obviously when you read soldiers memoirs and novels refusing to talk about the anti-war movement very much it's not to say there was an influence but they talk about we hacking to the situation of warfare that there and the one and uh... um... enemy in with the moral qualms and moral qualms intercede on the battlefield but one of the credentials of the anti-war movement nobody would be the last five years ago i did not come in once it was stated that the u_s_ was going to withdraw eventually that made it more difficult there was one place in your book where he said that this actually it was a class war class warfare that was going on that vitals are black soldiers clerked for fatherhood bragging ripple let's remember who went to vietnam after world war two the u_s_ military decided that too many college-educated men have been killed danger of this was that it was going to hurt the scientific base of the country decided thanks chris over the country was for we couldn't have the next generation of weapons so the idea to this deployment of the college deferment was to keep the cool alive what this meant was remember this is an era of very few student loans very few scholarships and so forth it meant that the sons of the middle class could go to college where the sounds of the working class too the military in the military itself military needs vast numbers of white-collar skills so if you had any kind of like uh... clerical skills like middle class people do often do typing filing someone you could ease more readily yet uh... and unarmed combat job what this translated into is that what you study got them to the corner who is in your infantry units armor artillery they were overwhelmed they were disproportionately minorities in the were white who were whites poor urban life so we had a a working-class uh... largely working-class military combat military whereas a more middle class anti-war movement more middle-class logistic apparatus inherent in the military so the class revolt a clash about not one cor revolution we're not talking to voters now but it is sort of like uh... it was revoked against the manager yes if not in our interest exploded in new zealand yes and yet and it certainly would among black soldiers there do they they were definitely influence but my carmen racial consciousness and critical consciousness but prepare now and where many of the type signs of bonding signs of you know that scanning special handshakes on so forth i would be a value a plane that media handling the amount and and now i've spent a lot of time looking at the tapes and i have pushed closed if i could finish my outline i was going to write a book about television news covers the water started to think well what was not on the news for me but i saw in this country i wrote this other book critic war was on the news is a lot of pictures and helicopters a lot of pictures objects a lot of pictures of tanks a lot of hardware and wish techno what was the major representation to visual representation along with his today that these these please presentation to the people weapons i love my favorite when a_b_c_ show a_b_c_ series where at the first one outings may see the battleship new jersey that ocean new jersey just been recon mission in sixty nine and we see it here's the sixteen each gun dealers is john thirty-foot balanced at the camera looks down a guy starts talking about you to two hundred fifty-pound projectile sixty miles had broken thirty two feet of reinforced concrete amanda had at the other way at least thirty two miles sixty feet we push them back again if the two identity or kill radius it simply i committed a corresponding to a salesperson and i i think i should buy two more the battleship new jersey analysis is currently a m believe and in the film patterns in other correspondent angel and uh... the bank of the river it's about the bbc frankly offline trash can and he remember the uh... roadrunner rockets mineral that want to cut it was always getting something from acme rocket company that i was kinda fucked up trash can on a stick with the kind of like trying on top of it exactly what this rocket look like was obviously have a homemade crude rocket end of the contrast of subletting seems like american victory so insured because we love our technical superiority court within a point out the vehicle on the fires that rocket knows exactly what he's shooting it was a battleship new jersey there where they may not where it's much more fun so that it would be pissed off people sold out people ought not to bring many dead people who were very few ended they have the death conditioners was much like a warmer the elections number will go on three-star body count each week which shared we were always winning we saw one village one village was born in nineteen sixty five dash yet and again the kind of course bonnie guidance of air travel uh... mail i appeared as its is remember did not come from the news and it didn't come from a normal networks a came from a veteran who tried hard to get the moves out their little coverage of messages came on ordinary language of the war groups slopes land bank more american news correspondent ever talked about those terms of what they meant it simply did not occur in status very much official perspective waco and got critical from sixty eight on a case where you would see reports about failed technology indication cutesy stories about tragic american deaths it was like a human interest tragedy become permanent of criticism rather than any kind of explanatory notion of what i would not succeed bill let's talk about a valuation of the vietnam war a lot of people written books about a historian generals and etcetera west coast image who's just come back to where we start to disappoint by nasa says the u_s_ head to get out who couldn't fight when i read it wouldn't do it in the morning you could read it moved to the air force campaigns but it was campaigns have their problems to you can hold plan with airplanes silly money to the south vietnamese they were corrupt they've just had more maybe crap it so we would hate it my analysis and you know if it was defeated and that that's that's the stamp on to the question is how have the historians of a novelist uh... so on treated this tragic of american desi the conditional path as a liberal interpretation that is it's just a strategy it's just kind of a wrong out there somewhere and lacking suspect were all sorts of small mistakes are more mimicking smallness moments later schlesinger lovers i think it would be the most famous the classical case stanley cornell's book learning p_b_s_ series most recent example the commotion presley's not an explanation you know twenty years a small mistakes doesn't explain a war that has a very clear structure which is my argument at the structural contradictions about men who work there and in its disillusioning failure the second school the most prominent right now is the cutest lost because a self-imposed restraints so bizarre experience of military term often used in joint chiefs of staff documents called for escalated air war and vision is gprs they should have invaded north vietnam in nineteen sixty six and taken handle an ipod course telecom of that other one of those persons who had those guns firing again shooting against aircraft the jet fighter pilots they were also organized and prepared for invasions argument you why do you know emission factor north vietnamese didn't have any troops himself that was one of the major reasons it wasn't that they didn't want to help their comrades in their southern comment it which which were being held back any part of our project the home front against a possible american invasion stucco into jail the plan for a year to fighting this invasions let local militia and regional forces fight for the first dated two days so once the americans are tired after twenty four to forty eight hours across the conduct damen north vietnamese army waiting to see and we did this notion that the u_s_ could've had a successful invasion thus far o'neill fantasy unworthy of any kind of serious consideration and that they had been expeditionary force in handling high phone we still that would change the class structure in south vietnam that would change the fact that you had a peasant renewal in atlanta that you want to do this to wanted uh... self determination letter in capital and he warned that the whole country were national unification 'cause the whole basis of the culture was growing up before debater and that's all they don't all their lives for two thousand years first throughout the chinese to french and now the american soldier it would have changed at the self-imposed restrain still this fall will have we learned anything fence line we you've point out they total corruption and self-delusion of the military and the civilian leaders throughout this first of all thank you naked wages technol war and secondly having uh... not paying attention to being realities which like uh... try to sleep up from the intelligence field suppressing any intelligence that would uh... contrary to the contrary to what they wanted on it still in that thing motivating n do where you probably think you applying it to you well i have a couple questions certainly there was one example which has been a tip and we just barely took it even though there was a minimum opposition most of the u_s_ special forces command as bit the dust in various operations governor various mishaps one kind or another also the military's analysis is well not only do we fight with one hand tied behind our back a week or two slightly more rapid escalation so honduras has been prepared a series of airfields and ports have been prepared in honduras in order to bring forty fifty thousand troops into battle within a week um... they had to the subtleties fortress and they still have million military had the vision that they could probably take when i won a few other places and a couple weeks rather than an extensive central america war which was escalate tremendously because the nicaraguan today i have no choice except to expand the war outside nicaragua to make the battlefield bigger the battlefields bigger than united states has to disperse its troops it's this virtues are dispersed kit cheap decree activated them back to vietnam but i'd like to have one other thing i have not learned a thing with an author most feminist anger many veterans of course when you have sooo mail certainly don't want to see this they're probably parts of the military inverse mornin positions we don't want to see a major escalation but then we're on track for another kind of of major intervention whether or not will be since the iran artwork crisis has emerged that may be off for a while i don't know but they're certainly philippines there's another growing insurgency there um... the chair of the chances for another major intervention in another series of self delusions are very very high because the people that officer corps who were successful in vietnam or the people who were in charge now the people who would be dissonance the to him for lieutenant colonels and majors who would be the risk of repulsed they got out they reside most of it ironically the arm yourself recognize this nineteen seventy war college study which indicated ah... that there was a significant difference between the ideal army values such as honesty integrity bravery justice and responsibility and the real values which are practiced by the military inorder to promote career advancement here is the studies conclusion the present climate does not appear to be self-correcting the human drives for success and recognition by singers sustained if not inflamed and by the system that rewards and management which cater to media personal success at the expense of moral and epochal values would appear to only be perpetuated by the current environment the fact alone that the leaders of the future by those who survived and excelled within the rules of the present system militates in part against any self starting incremental return toward the practical application of ideal army values and in the final reason and that the problem of learning is that there are cultural reasons that make the american people want to believe the self-reproach restrain school and that is we are used to petition the cowboy who comes and stays a society against the enemies and the power structure cannot defend itself the idea of a week authority that has to be saved by a warrior shows that in many places in american cultures in the western into detective you have the detective you know is outside the law all the super man in the nasty danger figures of the twenties and thirties certainly are able to portal criminals legal authorities cannot uh... but also that is that the police technology cannot self-serving embarrassed to talk to that if we have enough technological military force we can help the win the war if you have people it's hard not to believe in your hardware americans don't worry about social relations they don't learn about class structure everyday in the newspaper or about cultural history every daily newspaper they learn about what's for sale then part of the lesson of vietnam concerning the limits of at the water the situations in which technolo but well i but it cannot achieve victory they can destroy lenny can destroy people but he can't create a government cranky recreate a culture it can create a society and this is another thing we try to do in vietnam to oppose the model of the consumer society are then add american-style suppose democracy would it be elections in situations where these just couldn't work it did work in a way you know what you have people can become corrupted they did get into their consular under some things but it just doesn't have a stable society it doesn't builder dad will people willing to die for that society that was a hope i'll let you have to be a crappy vietnamese that what it looks like things we know they were willing to go out and if insight on the gap are not biggest did they bought their tickets out united states that the patrons were divided that just collect and jess four are getting rid of the landlord to local oppressors here to make perfect sense to them and there's been this problem the so-called vietnam syndrome which are leaders have been complaining about all these years sensitive there was a fitness in the land quickly if i lost the will to fight yet and uh... but it looks like the american public had a clearer picture of what uh... the war was all about them the than the leaders but uh... acute how would you expect that can do you think they were overcoming that vietnam syndrome now so that they can but i don't think the american public ever had an idea what with raw images knew something was wrong and it wasn't getting better contracting a leader fighting this may be easier for people to believe the self-imposed restrain school to believe that we lost because we didn't fight hard enough um... for the package that the package proctor cultures presented here a bit of the warrior imagery is well mined grammars strong on the rise because many classical war movies made in several kind of very warm and he's made um... it's definitely a war culture how people go clearly though there's there's still a resistance there still a certain level which disaster vietnam detached in at least on people's memories either merrill lynch say they'll have understanding of why it failed a welder structural reasons there is a fear that it will happen again

Early life

Martha Lucas was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on November 27, 1912. Her father, Robert H. Lucas, was a lawyer who briefly served as the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1929–1930). He was also an executive director of the Republican National Committee, and unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1936.[3] Lucas spoke of highly of her father in interviews and in writing over the years, referring to him as "a political leader."[4] Her mother was Gertrude Lasch Lucas.[5] Lucas attended J.M. Atherton High School - a high school for women - in Louisville, graduating in 1929.[6][7]

Lucas began her college studies at Vassar College in 1931,[8] but transferred to Goucher College, graduating from there in 1933 with honors and a degree in English. She earned her master's degree in Philosophy in 1935 from George Washington University. From 1935 to 1939 Lucas traveled extensively in Europe, studying at the Alliance Francaise and at Sorbonne University in Paris.[9] In 1940 she received her Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of London,[3] having enjoyed studying with students from all over the world.[4] Her years abroad and the friendships she made there significantly influenced her devotion to global issues for the rest of her life.

Career

In 1941, at age 28, Lucas landed her first professional employment as dean of students and associate professor of philosophy and religion at Westhampton College, which was a part of the University of Richmond in Richmond, Virginia. Westhampton was dedicated to the education of women, as was Sweet Briar College where Lucas would continue her administrative career.[3] Lucas was hired during the tenure of Dean May Keller, who like Lucas had also graduated from Goucher and earned her Ph.D. abroad.[10] Three years later Lucas became assistant dean at Radcliffe College, and two years later, at age 33, she accepted the presidency of Sweet Briar College in Amherst, Virginia. The previous president, Meta Glass, announced that she would retire at age 65 after 21 years of service to that college.

When Lucas was inaugurated at Sweet Briar in 1946, "she was one of the youngest college presidents in the nation at a time when only six women presided over college administrations."[11] While at Sweet Briar, Lucas increased student government, dividing its functions into executive and judicial functions and holding many meetings to assess the educational process.[12] She also brought speakers and professors from across the country and world to campus, assumed leadership of the Junior Year Abroad program from the University of Delaware and emphasized the importance of educating women for global citizenship.[13] She wrote,

If we are to educate for world awareness and enlarged moral responsibility, we must enable our people to see their own civilization in the larger context of world history and many cultures. We must acquire a sympathetic understanding of the values and aspirations which determine the thinking and acting of human beings in the vast areas of eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and the islands of the many seas. We must study [them] . . . not as . . . remote and antique culture but as a living and dynamic factor in our present world.[14]

While president of Sweet Briar College, Lucas also oversaw the establishment of the Lyman Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion series in 1948, and a long-sought Phi Beta Kappa chapter in 1949.[15] She also served on the national selection committee for Fulbright Scholars.[16]

Lucas represented the United States at the Universities Preparatory Conference of 1948 held by UNESCO in Utrecht, the Netherlands.[17] In 1949 President Truman chose her to represent the United States at a meeting of UNESCO in Paris. George V. Allen, the assistant secretary of state for public affairs, headed the delegation, which also included: Milton S. Eisenhower, Luther H. Evans, and Reinhold Niebuhr.[18] The meeting was held from September 19 through October 5 of 1949.[14] On October 6, 1949, Sweet Briar College issued a press release announcing President Lucas' resignation. She left the college after overseeing commencement in May 1950, and officially planned to devote her time to writing.[19]

In 1975, the Milwaukee Journal reported that Lucas "left [Sweet Briar College] after trying unsuccessfully to persuade the school's directors to amend the school's charter, which restricted the college to white women students."[4] Remarks Lucas made at Goucher College during her 1948 inauguration speech for that institution's incoming president Dr. Otto Kraushaar expressed her distaste for segregation:

Basically, we can work with all our hearts and minds toward an affirmation, in keeping with recent proclamations by UNESCO and the United Nations, of the human rights and fundamental freedoms for all the people of the world, even for our own compatriots and neighbors who may differ from us in religion or in race. It would, undoubtedly, be more convincing for our students if we who teach and lead the young actually ordered our lives as if we really believed it to be so - - as if we really condemned the blind and bigoted treatment of minority groups in this country, for the Nazi master-racism that it is.[14]

Goucher's first African American student, Jewell Robinson, arrived in 1955.[20] Eleven years later, long after Lucas' resignation and shortly after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and over opposition of Virginia's attorney general, Sweet Briar College integrated.[21][22]

Portrait

In 1952, an official portrait of Dr. Lucas was delivered to Sweet Briar College. The portrait, a gift from the class of 1950 to the college, was the work of the Swedish painter Lotte Laserstein-Marcus. Lucas chose Laserstein-Marcus because she owned a pastel by the artist and thought highly of her work. Lucas sat for the artist in Stockholm, Sweden during the summer of 1951.[23] The painting was described as a "rather informal treatment . . . [Lucas] is wearing a dress in two shades of blue, instead of academic regalia, and . . . is holding a book in one hand, with a terrestrial globe beside her."[24] Her afghan hound, Xanadra, is also shown, sitting beside Lucas in the portrait. The portrait hangs in the Mary Helen Cochran Library.

Later years

After leaving Sweet Briar College, Lucas spent ten years traveling extensively and writing.[25] She became Executive Director of the Office of University and College Relations at the Institute of International Education in 1961.[26] In 1961 she also became chair of the schools division of the United Negro College Fund. She joined the board of directors for that organization in 1967. Throughout the 1960s Lucas served as a chair, trustee, or board member of many recognizable organizations such as the New York Medical College, Reading for the Blind, the National Scholastic Awards, the Columbia School of Social Work, the Fund for Peace, the Fund for Theological Education, the Richmond, Virginia YWCA, and Goucher College.[8]

In the 1970s she continued serving in roles as committee member, regent, board member or trustee for an even larger number of organizations which included the Dana Fellowship Committee, the National Commission on U.S. - China Relations, UNICEF, Georgetown University, the New York School of Psychiatry, the Ralph Bunch Memorial Project, the Institute for Study of World Politics, the Center for the Deaf, and for Global Perspectives in Education.[8] During her lifetime she also received awards which included her decoration as chevalier in the French Legion of Honor in 1947; the U.N. International Women's Year Award in 1975; and the Patrick Healy Award in 1981.[8]

In an article she wrote for the Sweet Briar College Alumnae Magazine in 1977, Lucas described her strategy for finding opportunities to serve the common good. She said:

All of my work has been professional and usually pro bono publico. When I resigned from Sweet Briar, I expressed my conviction that it is imperative at this crucial time in the world's history that each individual put himself in a position to make what he feels will be his most useful contribution to the needs of society, to the survival of thoughtful, ethical life on our planet. Particularly in my own fields of philosophy and comparative religion, and as an ethicist and Internationalist, I felt a 'categorical imperative' to think, speak and act according to my moral insights, free of institutional restraints. [25]

In the last years of her life she advocated for better nutritional information and holistic medical practices to be incorporated into traditional Western medical schools. But her main focus was on global nuclear disarmament. She worked with the Fund for Peace and the Center for Defense Information to produce articles and television shows to inform the public.[27]

Personal life

The Lynchburg Daily Advance called Lucas "a tall, striking young woman with short brown hair and intelligent eyes," when she arrived on the campus of Sweet Briar College in 1946.[28] That same year former colleagues at Westhampton were quoted as saying that she was "a very attractive and magnetic woman, with an able mind, a great spirit, and a quality for leadership."[29] Her eyes were "bright blue."[30] The middle initial "B" in her name stood for "Bob."[29]

On Tuesday, October 31, 1961, Martha B. Lucas married Maurice Pate at Riverside Church in New York City. Mr. Pate was a founder and director of UNICEF.[31] Lucas had met Pate through Helen Keller, who was a mutual friend. Keller and the Pates lived, close enough to be called neighbors, in West Redding, CT.[4] Mr. Pate died of a heart attack on January 20, 1965.[32]

Throughout her life Lucas kept afghan hounds. While President of Sweet Briar College she had an afghan hound named Xanadra,[30] which she called Xani. Xani went everywhere with Lucas, accompanying her to the office, and was even included in Lucas' official portrait at Sweet Briar College.[33] At age 69 she continued to live with two of that breed of dog who traveled with her frequently.[27]

Death and legacy

Martha Lucas Pate died on May 16, 1983, at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.[3] She was 70 years old. Her funeral service was held May 21, 1983, at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine.[1] Her 100-acre estate in Redding, Connecticut became the Do Ngak Kunphen Ling Tibetan Buddhist Center for Universal Peace in 2006.[34]

Lucas was an idealist whose personal and educational aim was always to keep a global perspective in mind. "I am utterly an internationalist; a citizen of the world," she said, expressing a sentiment that was repeated often.[27] She firmly believed that education in the humanities or by the liberal arts could refine human nature. "Changing human nature is just what liberal education is all about," she said. "Its a tremendous task that almost overwhelm[s] you. But it can be done."[35] She also envisioned religion working as a unifying force between peoples, as an agent of peace. "The major religious cultures are working toward the same goal - the brotherhood of man. Yet they seem so woefully ignorant of each other, and this ignorance is holding them apart," she observed.[30] "I sincerely believe that the religious forces in the world can do more to help us reach our goal . . . so that, united they can exert all the pressure of which I feel they are capable."[33]

References

  1. ^ a b "Martha Lucas Pate, 1946 - 1950". Bulletin of Sweet Briar College. 66 (3): 2. Spring 1983.
  2. ^ Hapala, Milan (Fall 1983). "Martha Lucas Pate 1912 - 1983". Sweet Briar College Alumnae News. 54 (1): 22–23. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e Cook, Joan (May 18, 1983). "Dr. Martha Pate Ex-College Head". New York Times. ProQuest 122276788.
  4. ^ a b c d Clevert, Leslie Johnson (November 2, 1975). "A Southern White with a Black Cause". Milwaukee Journal.
  5. ^ "Ex-Sweet Briar president dead". Daily Advance. May 18, 1983.
  6. ^ "Hall of Fame". 2003 Atherton Alumni Association Hall of Fame Inductees. Atherton Alumni Association. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  7. ^ "College Head to Quit to Write About Religion". Louisville Courier Journal. October 9, 1949.
  8. ^ a b c d Who's Who in America. Chicago, Illinois: Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1982–1983. p. 2588.
  9. ^ "Virginians in the Public Eye". The Commonwealth. 12 (12): 17. December 1945.
  10. ^ "Miss Keller". Westhampton Through the Years. Westhampton College. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  11. ^ "Two Former Presidents Receive College's First Distinguished Service Award". Bulletin of Sweet Briar College. 59 (2): 1–2. October 1975.
  12. ^ Martha Lou Lemmon Stohlman, The Story of Sweet Briar College (Princeton University Press, 1956) pp. 199-200
  13. ^ Stohlman pp. 202-206
  14. ^ a b c Lucas, Martha B. (June 1949). "How Can a Liberal Education Develop a Sense of Moral Responsibility". Sweet Briar College Alumnae News. 18 (4): 4–6. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  15. ^ Lucas, Martha (May 1950). "President Lucas Reports: Sweet Briar College 1946 - 1950". Bulletin of Sweet Briar College. 33 (1): 14. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  16. ^ "Your President Had a Busy Year". Sweet Briar College Alumnae News. 18 (4): 12. June 1949. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  17. ^ "Dr. Lucas, Former S.B.C. President, Receives International Assignment". Sweet Briar News. October 25, 1961.
  18. ^ "Allen Named Head of UN Delegation". Milwaukee Journal. September 4, 1949.
  19. ^ "Press Release". October 6, 1949. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  20. ^ Goucher Quarterly, (v.66 no. 4) Summer 1988
  21. ^ Katherine A Hearn, The Integration of Sweet Briar: The Sweet Briar College Case 1963-1967, available at archive.org
  22. ^ Sweet Briar Institute v. Button, 387 U.S. 423 (1967)
  23. ^ Lucas, Martha (March 1952). "Miss Lucas' Portrait - Gift of 1950". Sweet Briar College Alumnae News. 21 (4): 7. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  24. ^ Von Briessen, Martha (February 10, 1952). "Portrait of Martha Lucas Presented to Sweet Briar". Lynchburg News.
  25. ^ a b "It's a Good Life!". Sweet Briar College Alumnae Magazine. Vol. 48, no. 1. Fall 1977. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Martha Lucas Takes New Post in International Education". Goucher Alumnae Quarterly: 56. Fall 1961.
  27. ^ a b c Burton, Linette (November 24, 1981). "Dr. Martha Lucas Pate, Educator and Humanitarian Extraordinaire". Redding Pilot.
  28. ^ Wiley, Lib (May 10, 1946). "World Amity Up to Young Folk Says New Sweet Briar Head". Lynchburg Daily Advance.
  29. ^ a b "Sweet Briar's President Elect". Goucher Alumnae Quarterly. 24 (2): 2–3. February 1946.
  30. ^ a b c Costen, Sylvia (December 20, 1949). "World Clock Shows 11 to Martha Lucas". Richmond News-Leader.
  31. ^ "Maurice Pate Weds Miss Martha Lucas". New York Times. November 1, 1961. ProQuest 115289383.
  32. ^ "Maurice Pate oI UNICEF Dead; Helped World's Needy Children: Directed UN. Relief Agency Since Its Founding in '46m Started as Hoover Aide". New York Times. January 20, 1965. ProQuest 116746327.
  33. ^ a b "Welfare State Concept Defended by Miss Lucas". Lynchburg News. October 20, 1949.
  34. ^ "Maurice Pate". Do Ngak Kunphen Ling Tibetan Buddhist Center for Universal Peace website. DNKL. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  35. ^ Young, Ed (October 29, 1948). "Sweet Briar College Gets Global Look Under Direction of Its Youthful President". Richmond Times-Dispatch.
This page was last edited on 15 December 2023, at 22:50
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