| Manidae | |
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| Living species of pangolins | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Clade: | Pholidotamorpha |
| Order: | Pholidota |
| Suborder: | Eupholidota |
| Superfamily: | Manoidea |
| Family: | Manidae Gray, 1821[2] |
| Type genus | |
| Manis | |
| Genera | |
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[see classification]
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| Synonyms | |
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list of synonyms:
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Manidae ("spirits") is the only extant family of pangolins from superfamily Manoidea.[5] This family comprises three genera (Manis from subfamily Maninae, Phataginus from subfamily Phatagininae, and Smutsia from subfamily Smutsiinae),[6][7] as well as extinct Fayum pangolin.[8]
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How to Pronounce manidae - American English
Transcription
Classification and phylogeny
History of classification
All species of living pangolin had been assigned to the genus Manis until the late 2000s, when research prompted the splitting of extant pangolins into three genera: Manis, Phataginus, and Smutsia.[5][9]
Taxonomy
- Family: Manidae (pangolins)
- Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (Asian pangolins)
- Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asian pangolin)
- (unranked): northern Asian clade
- Manis pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chinese pangolin)
- †Manis hungarica (Kormos, 1934)
- (unranked): southern Asian clade
- Manis crassicaudata (Gray, 1827) (Indian pangolin)
- Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)[10][11][1]
- †Manis lydekkeri (Dubois, 1908)
- Subgenus: Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) (Southeast Asian pangolin)
- Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822) (Sunda pangolin)
- Manis culionensis (de Elera, 1895) (Philippine pangolin)
- †Manis palaeojavanica (Dubois, 1907) (giant Asian pangolin)
- (unranked): northern Asian clade
- Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asian pangolin)
- (unranked): African clade
- Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins)
- Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolin)
- Phataginus tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) (long-tailed pangolin)
- Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) (tree pangolin)
- Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolin)
- Subfamily: Smutsiinae (Gray, 1873) (large African pangolins)
- Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolin)
- Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (giant pangolin)
- Smutsia temmincki (Smuts, 1832) (ground pangolin)
- †Smutsia olteniensis (Terhune, 2021)[12]
- Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolin)
- Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins)
- Incertae sedis
- †Manidae sp. [<i>DPC 3972</i> & <i>DPC 4364</i>] (Gebo & Rasmussen, 1985) (Fayum pangolin)
- Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (Asian pangolins)
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic position of family Manidae within superfamily Manoidea.[5][9][13][14][7][1]
| Pholidotamorpha | southern Asian clade northern Asian clade African clade | |
(Pholidota sensu lato)
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See also
References
- ^ a b c Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
- ^ J. E. Gray. (1821.) "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals." The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310
- ^ "The CITES Appendices". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CITES. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344
- ^ a b c Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
- ^ Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
- ^ a b Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359
- ^ Daniel Gebo, D. Tab Rasmussen (1985.) "The Earliest Fossil Pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) from Africa" Journal of Mammalogy 66(3):538
- ^ a b Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.
- ^ Huarong Zhang, Mark P. Miller, Feng Yang, Hon Ki Chan, Philippe Gaubert, Gary Ades, Gunter A. Fischer (2015.) "Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia", Global Ecology and Conservation, Volume 4, Pages 414-422
- ^ Jingyang Hu, Christian Roos, Xue Lv, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu (2020.) "Molecular Genetics Supports a Potential Fifth Asian Pangolin Species (Mammalia, Pholidota, Manis)" Zoological Science, 37(6):538-543
- ^ Terhune, C. E.; Gaudin, T.; Curran, S.; Petculescu, A. (2021). "The youngest pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e1990075. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1990075. S2CID 245394367.
- ^ Du Toit, Z.; Grobler, J. P.; Kotzé, A.; Jansen, R.; Brettschneider, H.; Dalton, D. L. (2014). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Temminck's ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii; Smuts, 1832) and phylogenetic position of the Pholidota (Weber, 1904)". Gene. 551 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.040. PMID 25158133.
- ^ du Toit, Z.; du Plessis, M.; Dalton, D. L.; Jansen, R.; Paul Grobler, J.; Kotzé, A. (2017). "Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae". BMC Genomics. 18 (1): 746. doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5. PMC 5609056. PMID 28934931.
External links
- ZSL Pangolin Conservation
- Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
- Tree of Life of Pholidota
- National Geographic video of a pangolin
- Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia (PDF)
- The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
- Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018). Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal. United States: PBS.
- Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? The New York Times, March 6, 2020.
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This page was last edited on 9 March 2024, at 20:17