The Lower March (Arabic: الثغر الأدنى, al-Ṯaḡr al-ʾAdnā; Portuguese: Marca Inferior) was a march of al-Andalus. It included territory that is now in Portugal.[1]
As a borderland territory, it was home to the so-called muwalladun or indigenous converts and their descendants, some of these eventually established dynastic lordship such as the case of Ibn Marwan al-Jilliqi who ruled the Cora of Mérida during the early part of the ninth century, a region with its capital in modern Mérida and included the area of modern Badajoz.[2] Several rebellions occurred in the territory, most notably caused by Umar ibn Hafsun and two of his sons refusing to recognize the Emir of Cordoba's sovereignty;[3] even after Hafsun's death, small pockets of independent resistance persisted.[3] It was not until a decade after Hafsun's demise that the Emir of Cordoba was able to completely quell the rebellion in the Lower March.[3]
In the reign of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III (912–961), the Lower March was combined with the Central March to form an enlarged march with its capital at Medinaceli in the former Central March. It retained the name of the Lower March.[4][5]
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English shorthand lower March 2022. Orginal Audio#tnpsc toppers
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AUG 2019 ENGLISH SHORTHAND JUNIOR (LOWER) SPEED DICTATION AT 80 WPM.
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See also
References
- ^ António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, Mário Soares (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782865378449. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ^ Safran, Janina (2013). Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Islamic Iberia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780801451836.
- ^ a b c Flood, Timothy M. (2018). Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 45. ISBN 9781476674711.
- ^ Bosch Vilá, Jacinto (2016) [1962]. "Considerations with Respect to al-Thaghr in al-Andalus and the Political-Administrative Division of Muslim Spain". In Manuela Marín (ed.). The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 1: History and Society. Routledge. pp. 377–387.
- ^ Latham, J. D. (2000). "al-Thughūr, 2: In al-Andalus". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 447–449. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1214. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.
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This page was last edited on 6 May 2024, at 17:48