To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Slice of pig's liver and onions
Mămăligă (cornmeal mush) with chicken liver, cuisine of Moldova
Canned cod liver (see also: cod liver oil)

The liver of mammals, fowl, and fish is commonly eaten as food by humans (see offal). Pork, lamb, veal, beef, chicken, goose, and cod livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets while stingray and burbot livers are common in some European countries.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    13 113 588
    2 722 664
    9 087 632
    3 207 004
    215 328
  • The BEST Foods to Clean Out Your Liver
  • Top 10 SUPER FOODS That Can Heal A FATTY LIVER
  • 7 Foods That RUIN Your Liver
  • The BEST 7 Foods to Clean Out Your Liver
  • 12 Foods That Help To Keep Your Liver Healthy | Liver Detox Food | Dr. Bimal Chhajer | SAAOL Heart

Transcription

Nutrition

Liver
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy561 kJ (134 kcal)
2.5 g
3.7 g
21 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV
Vitamin A equiv.
813%
6500 μg
Riboflavin (B2)
250%
3 mg
Niacin (B3)15 mg
Vitamin B6
54%
0.7 mg
Folate (B9)
53%
212 μg
Vitamin B12
1083%
26 μg
Vitamin C
28%
23 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV
Iron
177%
23 mg
Sodium
6%
87 mg

This nutritional data is from 1992 and refers to raw pork liver only. Liver nutrients vary among species.
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

Animal livers are rich in iron, copper, the B vitamins and preformed vitamin A. Daily consumption of liver can be harmful; for instance, vitamin A toxicity has been proven to cause medical issues to babies born of pregnant mothers who consumed too much vitamin A.[1] For the same reason, consuming the livers of some species like polar bears, dogs, or moose is unsafe. A single serving of beef liver exceeds the tolerable upper intake level of vitamin A.[2] 100 g cod liver contains 5 mg of vitamin A and 100 µg of vitamin D.[3] Liver contains large amounts of vitamin B12, and this was one of the factors that led to the discovery of the vitamin.[4]

Etymology

From Middle English liver, from Old English lifer, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- "to smear, smudge, stick", from Proto-Indo-European *ley- "to be slimy, be sticky, glide". Cognate with Saterland Frisian Lieuwer "liver", West Frisian lever "liver", Dutch lever "liver", German Leber "liver", Danish , Norwegian and Swedish language lever "liver" the last three from Old Norse lifr "liver".

In the Romance languages, the anatomical word for "liver" (French foie, Italian fegato, Spanish hígado, etc.) derives not from the Latin anatomical term, jecur, but from the culinary term ficatum, literally "stuffed with figs", referring to the livers of geese that had been fattened on figs (foie gras).[5]

Preparation

Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir-fried, or eaten raw (asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine, liver sashimi). In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill (e.g. meurav Yerushalmi). Spreads or pâtés made from liver have various names, including liver pâté, pâté de foie gras, chopped liver, liverwurst, liver spread, and Braunschweiger. Other liver sausages include mazzafegato or salsiccia matta. A traditional South African delicacy, namely skilpadjies, is made of minced lamb's liver wrapped in netvet (caul fat), and grilled over an open fire.

Fish liver

Some fish livers are valued as food, especially the stingray liver. It is used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England,[6] as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine.[7] Cod liver (usually tinned in its oil and served seasoned) is a popular spread for bread or toast in several European countries. In Russia, it is served with potatoes. Cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement. Liver of burbot is eaten in Finland: it is common for fish vendors and supermarket fish aisles to sell these fish with liver and roe sacks still attached. These parts are often eaten boiled or added to burbot soup. Burbot and its liver are a traditional winter food.[8]

Poisoning

The livers of polar bears, walruses, bearded seals, moose, and huskies can contain very high levels of preformed vitamin A,[9] and their consumption has led to vitamin A poisoning (hypervitaminosis A) according to several anecdotal reports. The Inuit will not eat the liver of polar bears or bearded seals. It has been estimated that consumption of 500 grams of polar bear liver would result in a toxic dose for a human.[9] Russian sailor Alexander Konrad, who accompanied explorer Valerian Albanov in a tragic ordeal over the Arctic ice in 1912, wrote about the awful effects of consuming polar bear liver.[10] Also, in 1913, Antarctic explorers on the Far Eastern Party Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were believed to have been poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating husky liver, though this claim has been recently contested.[11]

Mercury content in some species can also be an issue. In 2012, the Government of Nunavut, Canada warned pregnant women to lower their intake of ringed seal liver due to elevated levels of mercury.[12]

The neurotoxin in the liver of the pufferfish (which is consumed in Japanese cuisine as fugu, tightly regulated by Japanese law) contains the highest concentration of the tetrodotoxin, which characterizes the species. Consequently, the liver has been illegal to serve since 1984.

Traditions

Pig liver is a traditional food of immigrant Okinawans in Hawaii. It used to be eaten on New Year's Eve.[13]

References

  1. ^ Rothman, Kenneth (November 23, 1995). "Teratogenicity of High Vitamin A Intake". The New England Journal of Medicine. 21 (333): 1369–1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511233332101. PMID 7477116.
  2. ^ "Vitamin A". oregonstate.edu. Linus Pauling Institute. 22 April 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  3. ^ Nährstoffe und Vitamine in Dorschleber Deutsches Ernährungsberatungs- und -informationsnetz (in German)
  4. ^ Scott, John M.; Molloy, Anne M. (2012). "The discovery of vitamin B(12)". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 61 (3): 239–245. doi:10.1159/000343114. ISSN 1421-9697. PMID 23183296. S2CID 28688784.
  5. ^ "Foie". Larousse.fr. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  6. ^ Dods, Margaret (1837). The Cook and Housewife's Manual ... The fifth edition, revised and enlarged, etc (Sixth ed.). Oliver & Boyd, Eninburgh. p. 269. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  7. ^ Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). Unmentionable Cuisine. University of Virginia Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0813911625. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  8. ^ "Kalakoulu: Made". 28 February 2011.
  9. ^ a b Rodahl, K.; T. Moore (July 1943). "The vitamin A content and toxicity of bear and seal liver". Biochemical Journal. 37 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1042/bj0370166. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1257872. PMID 16747610.
  10. ^ Valerian Albanov. In the Land of White Death. Appendix; A. Konrad's notes.
  11. ^ Carrington-Smith, Denise (5–19 December 2005), "Mawson and Mertz: a re-evaluation of their ill-fated mapping journey during the 1911–1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition", The Medical Journal of Australia, 183 (11/12): 638–641, doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00064.x, PMID 16336159, S2CID 8430414
  12. ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2020-07-03). "4. Mercury and Human Health". aem. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  13. ^ Ethnic Foods of Hawaiʻi page 80
This page was last edited on 16 March 2024, at 20:50
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.