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List of state leaders in the 19th century (1801–1850)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of state leaders in the 19th century (1801–1850) AD, except for the leaders within British south Asia and its predecessor states, and those leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 19th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire, are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806), and found on this list of leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • 19th Century Reforms: Crash Course US History #15
  • Reform and Revolution 1815-1848: Crash Course European History #25
  • 18th Century Warfare: Crash Course European History #20
  • Top 15 Countries By GDP (1600-2019)
  • Timeline of English & British Monarchs

Transcription

Episode 15 Reform Movements Hi I’m John Green. This is Crash Course U.S. history and today we finally get to talk about sex. Also some other things. Today we’re gonna discuss religious and moral reform movements in 19th century America, but I promise there will be some sex. Mr. Green, Mr. Green. Is it gonna be about real sex or is it gonna be able people who are obsessed with not having sex? You got me there, Me from the Past. But how (and whether) we skoodilypoop ends up saying a lot about America, and also people in general. Intro So, one response to the massive changes brought about by the shift to an industrialized market economy was to create utopian communities where people could separate themselves from the worst aspects of this brave new world. The most famous at the time, and arguably still, were the Shakers, who were famous for their excellent furniture, so you can’t say that they really fully withdrew from the market system. Still Shaker communities did separate themselves from the competition that characterized free markets, especially in terms of the competition for mates. They were celibate, and therefore only able to increase their numbers by recruitment, which was made a little bit difficult by celibacy. But they did do a lot of dancing to sublimate their libidinous urges, they embraced equality of the sexes, and at their peak they had more than 6,000 members. Today, they are still one of the most successful utopian communities to have emerged in the 19th century. They have three members. Much more successful in the long run were the Latter Day Saints, also called Mormons, although at the time their ideas were so far out of the mainstream that they were persecuted and chased from New York all the way to Utah. In addition to the Bible, The LDS Church holds the Book of Mormon as a holy scripture, which tells of the resurrected Jesus’s visits to the Americas. And while it was subject to widespread persecution, and even some massacres, the LDS Church continued to grow, and in fact continues to today. So, while some of these communities were based in religion, others were more worldly attempts to create new models of society, like Brook Farm. Founded in 1841 by a group of transcendentalists, is a dependent clause that always ends in failure, Brook Farm tried to show that manual labor and intellectual engagement could be successfully mixed. This community drew on the ideas of the French socialist Charles Fourier, who as you may recall from Crash Course World History believed—no joke—that socialism would eventually turn the seas to lemonade. And much like Fourier’s planned communities, Brook Farm did not work out, largely because—and I can say this with some authority—writers do not enjoy farming. Nathaniel Hawthorne, for instance, complained about having to shovel horse manure. But if he’d only kept shoveling horse manure, he might not have shoveled The Blithedale Romances onto an unsuspecting reading public. I’m sorry, Nathaniel Hawthorne. I do like The Scarlet Letter, but I feel like the only reason you’re read is because you were, like, the only author in pre-Civil War America. So either we have to pretend that America began with Huck Finn’s journey on the Mississippi or else we’re stuck with you. It was just, like, you, Thomas Paine, Mary Rowlandson, a bunch of printed sermons, and James Fenimore Pooper. Anyway, the most utopian of the utopian communities were set up at Utopia, Ohio and Modern Times, New York by Josiah Warren. Everything here was supposed to be totally unregulated and voluntary including marriage, which, as you can imagine worked out brilliantly. But, without any laws to regulate behavior, Warren’s communities were individualism on steroids, so they collapsed spectacularly and quickly. But these utopian communities were relatively rare; many more 19th century Americans participated in efforts to reform society rather than just withdraw from it. And behind most of those reform movements was religion, particularly a religious revival called the 2nd Great Awakening. This series of revival meetings reached their height in the 1820s and 1830s with Charles Grandison Finney’s giant camp meetings in New York. And in a way the 2nd Great Awakening made America a religious nation. The number of Christian ministers in the United States went from 2,000 in the 1770s to 40,000 by 1845. And western New York was the center of this revivalism. That’s where Joseph Smith had his revelations. It’s also where John Humphrey Noyes founded his Oneida Community, in which postmenopausal women introduced teenage boys to sex, and which eventually ceased being a religious community and evolved into—wait for it—one of the world’s largest silverware companies. That’s right, every time you take a bite of food with Oneida cutlery, you’re celebrating free love and May-December relationships. Well, more like February-December relationships. (Libertage: Turning Free Love into Fancy Forks) So, yes, religious fervor burned so hot in upstate New York that it became known as the “burned-over district,” and New York remains the heartland of conservative Christianity to this day. Or not. The Awakening stressed individual choice in salvation and a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, and it was deeply influenced by the market revolution. So, like, while many preachers criticized the selfish individualism inherent in free market competition, there was sort of a market for new religions and preachers, who would travel the country drumming up business. Awakening ministers also preached the values of sobriety, industry and self-discipline, which had become the essence of both the market economy and the impulse for reform. There are three points I want to make about the religious nature of all these 19th century reform movements. First, it was overwhelmingly Protestant. Like, all these “new” religions were protestant denominations, which meant that they wouldn’t have a lot of appeal to immigrants from Ireland and Germany who started to pour into the United States in the middle of the 19th century because A. those people were mostly Catholic, and B. reasons we’ll get to momentarily. Secondly, many of these reformers believed in perfectionism, the idea that individuals and society were capable of unlimited improvement. And third, many of the reform movements were based ultimately on a different view of freedom than we might be used to. And this is really important to understand, for 19th century reformers, freedom was the opposite of being able to do whatever you wanted, which they associated with the word license. They believed that true freedom was like an internal phenomenon that came from self-discipline and the practice of self control. Essentially, instead of being free to drink booze, you would be free from the temptation to drink booze. According to Philip Schaff, a minister who came to Pennsylvania in the 1840s, “true national freedom, in the American view [is] anything but an absence of restraint … [It] rests upon a moral groundwork, upon the virtue of self possession and self control in individual citizens.” Members of the fastest growing Protestant denominations like Methodists and Baptists were taught that it wasn’t enough to avoid sin themselves; they also needed to perfect their communities. And that leads us to America’s great national nightmare, temperance. Now you’re not going to see me advocate for prohibition of alcohol, but to be fair, Americans in the first half of the 19th century were uncommonly drunk. In fact, in 1830, per capita liquor consumption was 7 gallons per year, more than double what it is now. And that doesn’t even count wine, beer, hard cider, zima, pruno. By the way, some people like to have home breweries or whatever, but at our office, Stan’s been making pruno under the couch. The growing feeling among reformers that we should limit or even ban alcohol appealed to those protestant ideas of restraint and perfecting the social order. And that’s also precisely why it was so controversial, especially among Catholic immigrants, who A. came largely from Germany and Ireland, two nations not known for their opposition to strong drink, and B. were Catholic and the Catholic church’s morality didn’t view alcohol or dancing as inherently sinful the way that so many Protestant denominations did. And then we have the widespread construction of asylums and other homes for outcasts. Anyone who’s ever done a bit of urban exploring knows that these places were built by the hundreds in the 19th century—jails, poorhouses, asylums for the mentally ill—and while they might not seem like places of freedom, to reformers they were. Remember, freedom was all about not having the choice to sin so you could be free of sin. Bear in mind, of course, that the crusading reformers who built these places usually chose not to live in them. And speaking of places you’re forced to go regardless of whether you want to, the mid 19th century saw the growth of compulsory state-funded education in the United States. These new schools were called common schools, and education reformers like Horace Mann hoped that they would give poor students the moral character and body of knowledge to compete with upper-class kids. And that worked out great. Just look at where we are on the equality of opportunity index. Now, this may seem like an obvious win for all involved, but many parents opposed common schools because they didn’t want their kids getting moral instruction from the government. That said, by 1860, all northern states had established public schools. But they were far less common in the South, where the planter class was afraid of education falling into the wrong hands, like for instance, those of poor whites and especially slaves. Which brings us to abolition. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. Abolitionism was the biggest reform movement in the first half of the 19th century, probably because—sorry alcohol and fast dancing—slavery was the worst. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the only challengers to slavery were slaves themselves, free blacks, and Quakers. But in the early 19th century, colonizationists began to gain ground. Their idea was to ship all former slaves back to Africa, and the American Colonization Society became popular and wealthy enough to establish Liberia as an independent homeland for former slaves. While the idea was impractical, and racist, it appealed to politicians like Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay. And some black people, who figured that America’s racism would never allow them to be treated as equals, did choose to emigrate to Liberia. But most free blacks opposed the idea; in fact in 1817, 3,000 of them assembled in Philadelphia and declared that black people were entitled to the same freedom as whites. By 1830, advocates for the end of slavery became more and more radical, like William Lloyd Garrison, whose magazine The Liberator was first published in 1831. Known for being “as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice,” Garrison once burned the Constitution, declaring it was a pact with the devil. Radical abolitionism became a movement largely because it used the same mix of pamplheteering and charismatic speechifying that people saw in the preachers of the Second Great Awakening, which in turn brought religion and abolition together in the North, preaching a simple message: Slavery was a sin. By 1843, 100,000 Northerners were aligned with the American Anti-Slavery Society. What made the radical abolitionists so radical was their inclusive vision of freedom. It wasn’t just about ending slavery but about equality—the extension of full citizens’ rights to all people, regardless of race. By the way, it was abolitionists who re-christened the Old State House Bell in Philadelphia the “Liberty Bell.” Why does all this awesome stuff happen in Philadelphia? Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, needless to say, not all Americans were quite so thrilled about abolitionism, which is why slavery remained unabolished. Often, resistance to abolitionism was violent—like, in 1838, a mob in Philadelphia burned down Pennsylvania Hall because people were using it to hold abolitionist meetings. And you were doing so well, Philadelphia! A year later, a mob in Alton, Illinois murdered antislavery editor Elijah P. Lovejoy when he was defending his printing press. This was the fifth time, by the way, that a mob had destroyed one of his newspapers. Even Congress got in on the “let’s suppress free speech and the press” act by adopting the gag rule in 1836. The gag rule prohibited members of congress from even reading aloud or discussing calls for the emancipation of slaves. Seriously. And you thought the filibuster was dysfunctional. The best known abolitionist was Frederick Douglass, a former slave whose life story was well known because he wrote the brilliant Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. But he wasn’t the only former slave to write about the evils of slavery: Josiah Henderson’s autobiography was probably the basis for the most famous anti-slavery novel ever, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Uncle Tom’s Cabin sold more than a million copies between 1851 and 1854. And despite the unreadable, heavy-handed prose drenched in sentimentality, the book is a great reminder that bad novels can also change the world, which is why it was so widely banned in the South. But while based on a black man’s story, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by a white woman, which shows us that black abolitionists were battling not just slavery but near ubiquitous racism. Like Pat Boone rerecording Little Richard to make it safe for the white kids at the sockhop. They had to fight the pseudoscience arguing that black people were physically inferior to white people or just born to servitude, and they had to counter the common conception—still common, I’m afraid—that there was no such thing as African civilization. Oh, it’s time for the mystery document? The rules here are simple. If I guess the author of the mystery document, I do not get shocked. Let’s see what we got today. “Beloved brethren – here let me tell you, and believe it, that he lord our God, as true as he sits on his throne in heaven, and as true as our Savior died to redeem the world, will give you a Hannibal, and when the Lord shall have raised him up, and given him to you for your possession, O my suffering brethren! remember the divisions and consequent sufferings of Carthage and of Haiti … But what need have I to refer to antiquity, when Haiti, the glory of the blacks and terror of tyrants, is enough to convince the most avaricious and stupid of wretches?” Alright Stan, this is going to take some serious critical thinking skills so let’s break this down. So the author’s clearly African American, and an admirer of the Haitian Revolution, which means this was written after 1800. Plus, he references Hannibal, who Crash Course World History fans will remember almost conquered the Romans using freaking elephants! And Hannibal was from Carthage which, I don’t need to tell you, is in Africa. He also warns that Haiti is the terror of tyrants, referencing the widespread massacring of white people after the revolution. Okay that’s what we know. And now we shall make our guess. Henry Highland Garnett? UGH I HATE MYSELF. It’s David Walker? I’m not gonna lie to you, Stan, I don’t even know who that is, so I probably deserve this. AH! That’s how you learn, fellow students. It’s not about positive reinforcement. It’s about shocking yourself when you screw up. I got a 3 on the AP American History test, so I should know. So black abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, Henry Highland Garnett and apparently David Walker were the most eloquent spokesmen for the ideal of equal citizenship in the United States for black and white people. In his 1852 Independence Day Address. By the way, international viewers, our Independence Day is July 4th, so he gave this speech on July 4th. Frederick Douglass said: “Would you argue with me that man is entitled to liberty? That he is the rightful owner of his own body? You have already declared it. Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery? … There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven that does not know that slavery is wrong for him.” And in the end, the sophistication and elegance of the black abolitionists’ arguments became one of the strongest arguments for abolition. If black people were better off enslaved, and inherently inferior, how could anyone account for a man like Frederick Douglass? Abolitionism—at least until after the Civil War—pushed all other reform movements to the edges. But I just want to note here at the end that it’s no coincidence that so many abolitionist voices, like Harriet Beecher Stowe for instance, were female. And their work toward a more just social order for others transformed the way that American women imagined themselves as well, which is what we’ll be discussing next week. I’ll see you then. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Café. If you have questions about today’s video, you can ask them in comments where they’ll be answered by our team of historians. You can also suggest captions for the libertage. Thanks for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. Gonna hit the globe!

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

  • Malenge a Ngonga, King (1792–c.1810)
  • Kitumba kya Ngonga, King (c.1810–1820)
  • Kansanje kya Kambolo, King (c.1820s)
  • Kihengo kya Kambolo, King (early 1830s)
  • Kamasa ka Kiwende, King (mid 1830s)
  • Mbumba a Kinguri, King (c.1840–1850)
  • Kalunga ka Kisanga, King (1850)
  • unknown son of Ana III, King (1810–?)
Colony, 1575–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

  • Achirimbi I, King (1799–1852)
  • Mbouombouo, Mfon (1757–1814)
  • Ngbetnkom, Mfon (1814–1817)
  • Mbeikuo, Mfon (1817–1818)
  • Ngouhouo, Mfon (1818–1865)
  • Kwa a Kuo, ruler (18th–early 19th century)
  • Bele a Doo, King (early 19th century)
  • Ewonde a Kwane, Chief (early 19th century)
  • Ngando a Kwa, King (c.1814–1846)
  • Doo a Priso, Chief (19th century)
  • Mbape a Bele, Chief (19th century)
German colony, 1884–1916
For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Central African Republic

Chad

  • ‘Abd ar-Rahman Gawrang, Mbangi (1785–1806)
  • Malam Ngarmaba Bira, Mbangi (1806)
  • ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1806–1807)
  • Malam Ngarmaba Bira, Mbangi (1807)
  • ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1807)
  • Muhammad III, Mbangi (1807)
  • ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1807–1846)
  • ‘Abdul Qadir II al-Mahdi, Mbangi (1846–1858)
  • Muhammad Salih Derret ibn Jawda, Kolak (1795–1803)
  • Abd al-Karim Sabun, Kolak (1803–1813)
  • Muhammad Busata ibn ‘Abd al-Karim, Kolak (1813–1813)
  • Yusuf Kharifayn ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir, Kolak (1813–1829)
  • Raqib ibn Yusuf ‘Abd al-Qadir, Kolak (1829–1829)
  • Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Dhawiyi ibn Radama (1829–1835)
  • Adham ibn Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Kolak (1835–1835)
  • ‘Izz ad-Din Muhammad al-Sharif ibn Salih Derret, Kolak (1835–1858)

Congo: Belgian; today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • Kata Mbula, Nyim (1776–1810)
  • Mikope Mbula, Nyim (1810–1840)
  • Bope Mobinji, Nyim (1840–1885)
  • Ilunga Sungu, muLopwe (1780–1809)
  • Kasongo Mukaya, muLopwe in rebellion (c.1800–?)
  • Kumwimba Ngombe, muLopwe (1809–1837)
  • Ndaye Muzinga, usurper muLopwe (1837–1837)
  • Ilunga Kabale, muLopwe (1837–1864)
  • Nawej II Ditend, Mwaant Yaav (c.1800–1852)

Congo: French; today, the Republic of the Congo

  • N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma Nombo, King (early 19th century)
  • N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma N'Sangou, King (1840-c.1883)

Equatorial Guinea

Colony, 1778–1968
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

  • Rénwombi "Mpolo", Agamwinboni (1790–1810)
  • Ogul'Issogwe Rogombe, Agamwinboni (1810–1840)
  • Ombango Rogombe "Ikinda" / King Pascal, Agamwinboni (1840–1862)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Colony, 1470–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Burundi
Kenya
Independence disputed with Oman
  • Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1782–1811)
  • ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1811–1823)
Omani Suzerainty
  • Sulayman ibn ‘Ali al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1823–1826)
Nabahani dynasty
  • Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, Mfalume (1779–1809)
  • Ahmad ibn Shaykh, Mfalume (1809–1813)
  • Fumo Luti Kipunga ibn Fumo Madi, Mfalume (1813–1818)
  • Fumo Luti ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1818–?)
  • Bwana Shaykh ibn Fumo Madi, Mfalume (?–1823, ?)
  • Bwana Waziri ibn Bwana Tamu, Mfalume (1823–?, ?–1830)
  • Fumo Bakari ibn Shaykh, Mfalume (1830–1840)
  • Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Mfalume (1840–1856)
Rwanda
South Sudan
  • Nyokwejø, Rädh (c.1780–1820)
Tanzania
  • Ifundikila, King (1840–1858)
Uganda
  • Rwebishengye, Omugabe (?–1811)
  • Kayungu, Omugabe (1811–?)
  • Gasyonga I, Omugabe (?–1839)
  • Mutambuka, Omugabe (1839–1873)

Horn of Africa area

Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
  • Aydahis ibn Kadhafo Mahammad, Sultan (1779–1801)
  • Aydahis ibn Mahammad ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1801–1832)
  • Hanfere ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1832–1862)
  • Dukamo, Tato (1790–1845)[2]
  • Ogata, Tato (1845–1865)
  • Tulu Ganje, Moti (?–c.1840)
  • Abba Baso, Moti (c.1840)
  • Abba Rago I, Moti (c.1845–c.1860)
  • Mijyu, Moti (?–c.1820)
  • Abba Manno, Moti (c.1820–c.1840)
  • Abba Bagibo, Moti (early 19th century)
  • Abba Rebo, Moti (?–1856)
  • Adam, Moti, Founder (late 18th century)
  • Oncho, Moti (c.1810)
  • Jawe, Moti (c.1840–1854)
  • Hoti Gaocho or Beshi Sheroch, King (1798–1821)
  • Gaha Nechocho or Gali Sheroch, King (1821–1845)
  • Gawi Nechocho or Haji Ginoch, King (1845–1854)
  • Bofo, Abba Gomoli I, Supera (1800–1825)
  • Ibsa, Abba Bagibo, Supera (1825–1861)
  • Amado, Kawa (1800–1835)
  • Damota, Kawa (1835–1845)
  • Gobe, Kawa (1845–1886)
Somalia (including Somaliland)
  • Suldaan Maxamuud "Xawaadane" Suldaan Yuusuf Suldaan Cali, King (?–1815)
  • Suldaan Cismaan "Bah-Dir" Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Yuusuf, King (1815–1842)
  • Suldaan Yuusuf "Bah-Yaaquub" Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Yuusuf, King (1842–1844)
  • Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Maxamuud, King (1844–1860)
Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Indian Ocean

Comoros
  • Alawi bin Husain, Sultan (1796–1816)
  • Abdallah bin Alawi, Sultan (1816–1832, 1833–1836)
  • Ali bin Salim, Sultan (1832–1833)
  • Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah, Sultan (1836–1837)
  • Salim bin Alawi, Sultan (1837–1852)
Madagascar
  • Ravahiny, Queen (c.1778–1808)
  • Tsimalomo, King (1808–c.1822)
  • Maka (Andrianaresy), (pretender) King (1808)
  • Andriantsoly, King (1822–1832)
  • Oantitsy, Regent (f) (1828–1829)
  • Oantitsy, Queen (1832–1836)
  • Tsiomeko, Queen (1836–1840)
Mauritius
French colony, 1715–1810
For details see France under western Europe
Colony, 1810–1968
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Seychelles
Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Africa: Northcentral

Libya

Tunisia

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

Sudan

  • Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1785/6–c.1801)
  • Muhammad al-Fadl, Sultan (c.1801–1838)
  • Muhammad al-Husayn, Sultan (1838–1873)
  • Ranfi, Sultan (1798–1804)[10][11]
  • Agban, Sultan (1804–1805)
  • Badi VII, Sultan (1805–1821)
  • Idris wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1798–1804)
  • Adlan wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1804–1805)
  • Abakr I, Mukūk (1800–1820)
  • Umar II, Mukūk (1800–1835)
  • Ahmad, Mukūk (1835–1840)
  • Maryud, Mukūk (1840–1843)
  • Nasir, Mukūk (1843–c.1860)

Africa: Northwest

Algeria

Vassal state, 1515–1830
For details see the Ottoman Empire under west Asia
French Départements, 1830–1962
For details see France under western Europe

Morocco and Western Sahara

Africa: South

Botswana

Eswatini/ Swaziland

Lesotho

Malawi

Mozambique

  • Hasani Usufu, Sultan (1849–1861)
Colony, 1498–1972
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Namibia

  • Shimwemwe (1785–1805)

South Africa

  • Jobe kaKhayi, Chief (?–1806)
  • Dingiswayo, Chief (1806–1817)
British colony, 1795–1910
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1843–1910
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Zambia

  • Lukwesa Ilunga, Mwata (1760–1805)
  • Kanyembo Keleka Mayi, Mwata (1805–1850)
  • Kapumba Mwongo Mfwama, Mwata (1850–1854)

Zimbabwe

  • Changamire Dhafa, King (c.1790–1824)
  • Changamire Baswi, King (c.1825)
  • Changamire Chirisamuru II, King (c.1828–1831)
  • Changamire Tohwechipi Zharare, King (1831–1866)[12]

Africa: West

Benin

  • Komlagan, King (1812–1821)
  • Katraya, King (1821–1833)
  • Agunu, King (1833–1834)
  • Toji, King (1834–1844)
  • Kponton I avumbe, King (1844–1846)
  • Hanto Tona, King (1846–1858)
  • Akengbuda, Oba (1750–1804)[13]
  • Obanosa, Oba (1804–1816)
  • Ogbebo, Oba (1816)
  • Osemwende, Oba (1816–1848)
  • Adolo, Oba (1848–1897)
See also Ovonramwen
Vassal of the Oyo Empire, 1740–1823
  • Huffon, Ahosu (1794–1807)
  • Ajohan, Ahosu (1807–1816)
  • Toyi, Ahosu (1816–1818)
  • Hueze, Ahosu (1818–1828)
  • Toyon, Ahosu (1828–1836)
  • Meyi, Ahosu (1836–1848)
  • Sodji, Ahosu (1848–1864)
  • Ajibolu, Oba of Ketu (1795–1816)

Burkina Faso

  • Baalisongi, King (?)[14]
  • Yencaari, King (c.1801–c.1809)[15][16]
  • Kalinkuma, King (?)[17]
  • Yenbuado, King (1818–?)[18]
  • Yensombu, King (?)[17]
  • Yentugri, King (?)[17]
Buricimba dynasty
  • Tontuoriba, Bilanbedo (?)
  • Lisongi, Bilanbedo (?)
  • Baahamma, Bilanbedo (?)
  • Gmarba, ruler (c.19th century)
  • Wori, ruler (c.19th century)
  • Gamambu, ruler (c.19th century)
  • Pangangri, ruler (c.19th century)
  • Mabungu, ruler (c.19th century)
  • Bandigoo, ruler (19th century)
  • Magan Wule Wattara, ruler (1749–1809)
  • Dramani, ruler (1809–1809)
  • Dyori Wattara, ruler (1809–1839)
  • Bako Moru Wattara, ruler (1839–1851)
  • Brahima bi Saydu, Ja-oro (1758–1810)
  • Brahima bi Saydu, Almami (1810–1817)
  • Salifu bi Hama, Almami (1817–1832)
  • Brahima Sori bi Hama, Almami (1832–1861)
  • Yembuaro, Boopo (19th century)
  • Baahamma, Nunbado (1791–1822)
  • Yenhamma, Nunbado (1822–1831)
  • Yencirima, Nunbado (1831–1843)
  • Yencabri, Nunbado (1843–1846)
  • Yempabu, Nunbado (1846–1856)
  • Baahamma, Pielabedo (19th century)
  • Yembuado, Pielabedo (19th century)
  • Yentema, Pielabedo (19th century)
  • Yentagima, Pielabedo (19th century–1836)
  • Yembrima, Pielabedo (1836–1844)
  • Yenkpaari, Pielabedo (1844–1851)
  • Naaba Dulugu, Moogo-naaba (1783–1802)
  • Naaba Sawadogo, Moogo-naaba (1802–1834)
  • Naaba Karfo, Moogo-naaba (1834–1842)
  • Naaba Baongo I, Moogo-naaba (1842–1850)
  • Naaba Kutu I, Moogo-naaba (1850–1871)
  • Rima Naaba Saaga, Yatenga naaba (1787–1803)
  • Rima Naaba Kaongo, Yatenga naaba (1803–1806)
  • Rima Naaba Tuguri, Yatenga naaba (1806–1822)
  • Naaba Koom I, Yatenga naaba (1822–1825)
  • Naaba Korogo, Yatenga naaba (1825–1825)
  • Naaba Ragongo, Yatenga naaba (1825–1831)
  • Naaba Wobgo II, Yatenga naaba (1831–1831)
  • Naaba Nyambe Moogo, Yatenga naaba (1831–1834)
  • Rima Naaba Totebaldbo, Yatenga naaba (1834–1850)
  • Rima Naaba Yemde, Yatenga naaba (1850–1877)

Cape Verde

Colony, 1462–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Gambia

British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Ghana

British colony, 1821–1957
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Colony, 1474–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ivory Coast

  • Biri Kofi Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1790–1810)
  • Kwadwo Adinkra Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1810–1820)
  • Fofie, Gyaamanhene (1820–1830)
  • Kwasi Yeboa, Gyaamanhene (1830–1850)
  • Kwadwo Agyeman, Gyaamanhene (1850–1895)

Liberia

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

  • Ahmadou dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1799–1812)
  • Sulayman, Sultan (1812–1822)
  • Ibrahim, Sultan (1843–1851)
  • Fodi Maÿroumfa, Askiya (1798–1805)[20]
  • Tomo, Askiya (1805–1823)
  • Bassarou Missi Izé, Askiya (1823–1842)
  • Boumi, Askiya (1842–1845)
  • Koïzé Babba, Askiya (1845–1864)
  • Zarmakoy Gounabi, King (?)
  • Zarmakoy Amirou, King (?)

Nigeria

  • Modibo Adama, Baban-Lamido (1809–1847)
  • Hamidu bi Adama, Regent (1847–?)
  • Muhammadu Lawal, Baban-Lamido (1847–1872)
  • Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho, King (1786–1805)
  • Ekpenyong Effiom Okoho Eyamba III, King (1805–1814)
  • Effiom Edem Ekpo Effiom I Eyamba IV, King (1814–1834)
  • Edem Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho Eyamba V, King (1834–1847)
  • Effiom Okoho Asibong I Ekpo Minika, King (1849–1852)
  • Opubo Annie Pepple the Great, King (1792–1828)
  • Adumtaye-Bereibibo Adapa Bristol-Alagbariya, King (1828–1830)
  • William Dappa Pepple I, King (1830–1854, 1861–1866)
Sayfawa dynasty[22]
House of Kanemi
  • Shodeke, ruler (1829–1845)
  • Shomoye, Regent (1845–1846, 1862–1868)
  • Okukenu, Regent (1846–1854), Alake (1854–1862)
  • Grand Viziers
  • Muhammadu Bakatsine, Grand Vizier (1807–?)
  • Abdusalami dan Salih Alimi, Emir (1824–1842)
  • Shita dan Salih Alimi, Emir (1842–1860)
  • Kuko Mingi IV, King (1800–1832)
  • Amain Mingi V, King (1832–1846)
  • Kuki, King (1846)
  • Kien Mingi VI, King (1846–1863)
  • Ezimilo, Eze Nri (1795–1886)
  • Majotu, Alaafin (1802–1830)
  • Amodo, Alaafin (1830–1833)
  • Oluewu, Alaafin (1833–1835)
  • Atiba Atobatele, Alaafin (1837–1859)
  • Muhammadu Makau, Emir (1804–1825)
  • Jatau "Abu Ja", Emir (1825–1851)
  • Muhammadu Dan Ayi dan Ahmadu Jerabana Albishir, Emir (1799–1829)
  • Ibrahimu dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1829–1835)
  • Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1835–1844)
  • Abu Bakr Jatau dan Mustafa Gazari, Emir (1844–1848)
  • Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1848–1849)
  • Ya`quba dan Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki, Emir (1849–1850)
  • Sulaymanu Dan Addo dan Ibrahimu, Emir (1850–1871)
British colony, 1821–1957
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Senegal

  • Amari Ngone Ndèla Kumba Fal, Damel (1790–1809)
  • Biram Fatma Cub Fal, Damel (1809–1832)
  • Maysa Tènde Jor Samba Fal, Damel (1832–1855)
  • Abdelkedir, Almaami (1776–1804)
  • unknown Almaami (1804–1859)
  • Mba Buri-Nyabu, Buur-ba (1800–1818)
  • Birayamb Kumba-Gey, Buur-ba (1818–1838)
  • al-Buri Tam, Buur-ba (1838–1845)
  • Baka Kodu, Buur-ba (1845–1847)
  • Birayamb Aram, Buur-ba (1847–1849)
  • Birayma-Penda, Buur-ba (1849)
  • Mbanyi-Paate, Buur-ba (1849)
  • Lat-Koddu, Buur-ba (1849)
  • Birayamb Ma-Dyigen, Buur-ba (1850–1855)
  • Balleh N'Gougou N'Dao (or Ballé Khordia Ndao), Maad Saloum (1825–1853)[29]
  • Njak Kumba Xuri Yay Mboj, King (1795–1805)
  • Saayodo Yaasin Mboj, King (1805–1810)
  • Kuli Mbaaba Mboj, King (1810–1816)
  • Amar Faatim Mborso Mboj, King (1816–1825)
  • Yerim Mbañik Teg-Rella Mboj, King (1825–1827)
  • Fara Penda Adam Sal Mboj, King (1827–1830)
  • Xerfi Xari Daaro, King (1830–1832)
  • Fara Penda Adam Sal Mboj, King (1832–1833)
  • Xerfi Xari Daaro, King (1833–1835)
  • Fara Penda Adam Sal Mboj, King (1835–1840)
  • Mö Mboj Maalik Mboj, King (1840–1855)[31]

Sierra Leone

  • Farima IV, Bai (1793–1807)
  • Foki, Bai (1807–1817)
  • Moriba Kindo Bangura, Bai (1817–1825)
  • Kunia Banna, Bai (1825–1826)
  • Fatima Brima Kama, Bai-Queen (1826–1840)
  • Moribu Kindo, Bai (1840–1859)
British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Togo

Americas

Americas: Caribbean

Antigua

British colony, 1632–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

The Bahamas

British colony, 1648–1973
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Barbados

British colony, 1625–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Cuba

Spanish Colony, 1607–1898
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Dominica

British Colony, 1763–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

British Colony, 1763–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Dominican Republic

  • Félix Mercenario, Domingo de la Rocha, José María Caminero, Manuel Jimenes, Council of Secretaries of State (1848)

Haiti

French Colony, 1625–1804
For details see France in western Europe

Netherlands

Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Saint Lucia

French colony, 1762–1802
For details see France in western Europe
British colony, 1802–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Trinidad and Tobago

British colony, 1797–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Americas: Central

Belize

British colony, 1749–1862
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Spanish Colony, 1609–1821
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
  • Marcelo Molina, President (1838–1840)
  • Fernando Antonio Davila, President (1848)
  • José Velazco, President (1848)
  • Rafael de la Torre, President (1848)
  • Agustín Guzmán, President (1848)
  • Fernando Antonio Martínez, President (1848)

Honduras

Nicaragua

Americas: North

Canada

British colony, 1610–1907
British colony, 1791–1841
British colony, 1791–1841
British colony, 1841–1867
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Mexico

Spanish Colony, 1521–1821
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

United States

Americas: South

Argentina

Spanish Colony, 1776–1814
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Bolivia

Brazil

Portuguese colony, 1500/1534–1808
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Chile

Spanish Colony, 1541–1818
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
First Government Junta
First National Congress
Provisional Government Junta
Superior Governmental Junta
Supreme Director of Chile
Spanish Colony, 1541–1818
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Colombia

Spanish Colony, 1717–1723, 1739–1810, 1815–1821
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Ecuador

Guyana

British colony, 1814–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Paraguay

Peru

Spanish Colony, 1542–1824
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Suriname

Dutch colony 1667–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Uruguay

Venezuela

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

  • Aishuaq, Khan (1797–1805)
  • Shergazy, Khan (1805–1824)
  • Bokei, Khan (1801–1815)
  • Shygai, Khan (1815–1823)
  • Zhangir, Khan (1823–1845)
  • Uali, Khan (1781–1819)
  • Gubaidolla, Khan (1819–1822)

Tibet

Manchu overlordship, 1720–1912
For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia

Uzbekistan

  • Abu al-Ghazi IV, Khan (1790–1802)
  • Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib, Khan (1802–1804)
  • Iltazar Inaq ibn Iwaz Inaq, Khan (1804–1806)
  • Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I.(1806–1825)
  • Allah Quli Bahadur, Khan (1825–1842)
  • Muhammad Rahim Quli, Khan (1842–1846)
  • Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur, Khan (1846–1855)
  • Shah Murad bin Daniyal Bey, Amir (1785–1800)
  • Haydar Tora bin Shah Murad, Amir (1800–1826)
  • Hussain bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1826–1827)
  • Umar bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827)
  • Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827–1860)

Asia: East

China

Japan

Vassal state of Satsuma Domain, 1609–1872

Korea

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

  • Muhammad Tajuddin, Sultan (1778–1804, 1804–1807)
  • Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, Sultan (1804)
  • Muhammad Kanzul Alam, Sultan (1807–1826)
  • Muhammad Alam, Sultan (1826–1828)
  • Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan (1828–1852)

Cambodia

Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953

Indonesia

Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Indonesia: Java
  • Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin I, Sultan (1777–1802)[44]
  • Abdul Fath Muhammad Muhyuddin, Sultan (1802–1805)
  • Abu Nazar Muhammad Isyak, Sultan (1805–1808)
  • Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin II, Sultan (1808–1810)
  • Muhammad Tsafiuddin, Sultan (1810–1811)
  • Pangeran Ahmad, Regent (1811–1813)
  • Muhammad Muhyuddin, Regent (1813–1816)
  • Muhammad Rafiuddin, Sultan (1816–1832)
  • Sepuh VII Joharuddin, Sultan (1791–1816)[45]
  • Sepuh VIII Syamsuddin, Sultan (1816–1819)
  • Anom VI Muhammad Kamaruddin, Sultan (1807–1819)[45]
  • Cirebon IV, Sultan (1808–1810)[45]
  • Cirebon IV, Sultan (1808–1810)[45]
  • Cakraningrat VII, Sultan (1780–1815)[46]
  • Cakraningrat VIII, Sultan (1815–1847)
  • Cakraningrat IX, Sultan (1847–1862)
  • Tirtanegara, Sultan (1767–1811)[47]
  • Natadiningrat, Regent (1804–1810)
  • Paku Nataningrat, Sultan (1811–1854)
  • Aria Cakraadiningrat II, R. Alsana, Sultan (1800–1804)[48]
  • Panembahan Mangku Adiningrat, Sultan (1804–1842)
  • Pangeran Aria Suriokusumo, Sultan (1842–1853)
  • Mangkudiningrat, Sultan (1831)[50]
  • Pangeran Adipati Natapraja, Sultan (1831–1853)
  • Pangeran Prabu Adiningrat, Sultan (1831–1833)[50]
  • Pakualam I, Sultan (1812–1829)[51]
  • Pakualam II, Sultan (1829–1858)
Indonesia: Sumatra
  • Tuanku Panglima Gandar Wahid, Sultan (1761–1805)
  • Amaluddin Mangendar, Sultan (1805–1850)
  • Osman Perkasa Alam Shah, Sultan (1850–1858)
  • Kejuruan Hitam (Tuah Hitam), Raja (1750–1818)
  • Ahmad bin Raja Indra Bungsu, Raja (1818–1840)
  • Haji Musa al-Khalid al-Mahadiah Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1840–1893)
  • al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin Ba'alawi, Sultan (1784–1810)
  • al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ibrahim Abdul Jalil Khaliluddin, Sultan (1810–1815)
  • al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin, Sultan (1815–1854)
  • Al-Marhum Kacapuri, Raja (1782–1822)
  • Al-Marhum Besar, Sultan (1822–1851)
  • Ali, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1784–1805)
  • Ja'afar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1805–1831)
  • Abdul Rahman, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1831–1844)
  • Ali bin Raja Jaafar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1844–1857)
  • Jambi Sultanate
    Ratu Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1790–1812)
    Agung Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1812–1833)
    Muhammad Fakhruddin, Sultan (1833–1841)
    Abdul Rahman Nazaruddin, Sultan (1841–1855)
Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
  • Tahmidullah II/Sultan Nata, Sultan (1761–1801)
  • Sulaiman al-Mutamidullah, Sultan (1801–1825)
  • Adam Al-Watsiq Billah, Sultan (1825–1857)
  • Aji Muhammad, Sultan (1777–1817)
  • Muhammad Alimuddin Amirul Muminin Kahharuddin I, Sultan (1817–1861, 1866–1873)
  • Aji Muhammad Salehudin, Sultan (?–1844)
  • Yan Sibo, President (1799–1804)
  • Jiang Wubo, President (1804–1811)
  • Song, President (1811–1823)
  • Liu Taiji, President (1823–1838)
  • Gu Liubo, President (1838–1842)
  • Xie Guifang, President (1842–1843)
  • Ye Tenghui, President (1843–1845)
  • Liu Ganxing, President (1845–1848)
  • Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie, Sultan (1771–1808)
  • Syarif Kasim Alkadrie, Sultan (1808–1819)
  • Syarif Osman Alkadrie, Sultan (1819–1855)
  • Abu Bakar Taj ud-din I, Sultan (1793–1815)
  • Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din I, Sultan (1815–1828)
  • Usman Kamal ud-din, Sultan (1828–1832)
  • Umar Akam ud-din III, Sultan (1832–1846)
  • Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II, Sultan (1846–1854)
  • Sri Paduka Muhammad Qamar ud-din ibni al-Marhum Sultan 'Abdu'l Rashid Muhammad Jamal ud-din, Sultan (1796–1851)
Indonesia: Sulawesi
  • I Manawari Karaeng Bontolangkasa, Sultan (1778–1810)
  • I Mappatunru/I Mangikarang Karaeng Lembang Parang, Sultan (1816–1825)
  • La Oddanriu Karaeng Katangka, Sultan (1825–1826)
  • Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid, Sultan (1826–1893)
  • La Tenri Peppang, Datu (1778–1810)
  • We Tenri Awaru, Datu (1810–1825)
  • La Oddang Pero, Datu (1825–1854)
Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
  • Abdul Hamid Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1773–1817)
  • Ismail Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1817–1854)
Indonesia: West Timor
  • Nai Taman, Raja (c.1832)
  • Don Rote Ruatefu, Raja (1774–1802)[citation needed]
  • Kiri Lote, Raja (1803–pre-1832)
  • Koroh Kefi, Raja (pre-1832–1853)
  • Afu Balthazar, Raja (c.1797–pre-1824)
  • Arnoldus Adriaan Karel Loti, Raja (pre-1824–1834)
  • Osu II, Raja (1834–1859)
  • Nai Sobe Sonbai II, Emperor (1808–1867))[52]
  • Nube Bena/ Pieter Nisnoni I, Raja (1798–1820)[52]
  • Isu Baki, Raja (1820s)
  • Ote Nuben Nisnoni, Raja (post-1832)
  • Babkas Nube Nisnoni/ Pieter Nisnoni II, Raja (?–1839)
  • Meis Babkas Nisnoni, Raja (1839–1860)
  • Tobani, Raja (1786–c.1807)
  • Louis, Raja (c.1807–c.1824)
  • Baki, Raja (c.1824–1862)
Indonesia: Maluku Islands
Dutch protectorate 1667–1942
  • Kamarullah, Sultan (1797–1826)[53]
  • Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabé, Sultan (1826–1861)
British occupation 1799–1802
  • Muhammad Arif Bila, Sultan (1797–1806)[54]
  • Muhammad Asgar, Sultan (1808–1818)
  • Muhammad Hajuddin Syah, Sultan (1818–1825)
Dutch protectorate 1657–1905
  • Nuku, Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah, Sultan (1797–1805)[55]
  • Zainal Abidin, Sultan (1805–1810)
  • Muhammad Tahir, Sultan (1811–1821)
  • Al-Mansur Sirajuddin, Sultan (1822–1856)
Dutch protectorate 1683–1915
  • Muhammad Yasin, Sultan (1796–1801)[citation needed]
  • Muhammad Ali, Sultan (1807–1821)
  • Muhammad Sarmoli, Sultan (1821–1823)
  • Muhammad Zain, Sultan (1823–1859)

Laos

  • Intharavong, King (1795–1805)
  • Anouvong, King (1804–1828)
  • Somphou, King (1779–1803)
  • Noi, King (1803–1831)
  • Po, King (1848–1865), vassal to Siam and Vietnam
Vassal to Siam (1829–1893)
  • Huy, King (1828–1840)
  • Nark, King (1841–1851)
  • Anourouth, King (1791–1817)
  • Mantha Tourath, Regent (1815–1817), King (1817–1836)
  • Unkeo, Regent (1837–1838)
  • Soukhaseum, King (1838–1851)
Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia
  • Muhammad I, Sultan (1800–1835)
  • Tengku Long Zainal Abidin, co-Sultan (1835–1836)
  • Muhammad II, Sultan (1835–1886)
  • Ahmaddin Shah, Sultan (1786–1806)
  • Abdul Malik Mansur Shah, Sultan (1806–1825)
  • Abdullah Mu’azzam Shah, Sultan (1825–1830)
  • Shahabuddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1830–1851)
  • Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1793–1808)
  • Ahmad Shah I, Sultan (1808–1830)
  • Abdul Rahman, Sultan (1830–1831)
  • Mansur Shah II, Sultan (1831–1837)
  • Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1837–1839)
  • Omar Riayat Shah, co-Sultan (1831), Sultan (1839–1876)
  • Hitam, Yamtuan (1795–1808)
  • Lenggang, Yamtuan (1808–1824)
  • Radin, Yamtuan (1824–1861)
  • Syed Abu Bakar Harun Jamalullail, Penghulu (1797–1825)[56]
  • Syed Hussein Jamalullail, Penghulu (1825–1843), Raja (1843–1873)
British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946
British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Malaysian Borneo
British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946
British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Myanmar / Burma

British colony, 1824–1948
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Philippines

  • Sharap ud-Din, Sultan (1789–1808)
  • Alim ud-Din III, Sultan (1808)
  • Aliy ud-Din I, Sultan (1808–1821)
  • Shakir ul-Lah, Sultan (1821–1823)
  • Jamalul Kiram I, Sultan (1823–1844)
  • Mohammad Pulalun Kiram, Sultan (1844–1862)
  • Kibad Sahriyal, Sultan (c.1780–c.1805)
  • Kawasa Anwar Ud-din, Sultan (c.1805–c.1830)
  • Untong, Sultan (c.1830–c.1854)
Colony, 1565–1901
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Singapore

British colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1819–1867
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Thailand

First Kelantanese dynasty
  • Datuk Pengkalan, ruler (1791–1808)
Second Kelantanese dynasty
  • Phraya Long Muhammad Ibni Raja Muda Kelantan/Raja Kampong Laut Tuan Besar Long Ismail Ibni Raja Long Yunus, Sultan (1842–1856)

Timor

Colony, 1702–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Vietnam

  • Po Chong Chan, King (1799–1822)
Tây Sơn dynasty (complete list) –
Nguyễn dynasty (complete list) –
French Colony, 1862–1949
French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948
French Protectorate, 1884–1949
For details see France under western Europe

Asia: South

Afghanistan

Asia: West

Bahrain

Cyprus

Iran

Iraq

  • Ibrahim Pasha, Prince (1782–1803)
  • Abdurrahman Pasha,, Prince (1803–1813)
  • Mahmoud Pasha, Prince (1813–1834)
  • Sulaiman Pasha, Prince (1834–1838)
  • Ahmad Pasha, Prince (1838–1847)
  • Abdollah Pasha, Prince (1847–1850)

Kuwait

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Turkey

United Arab Emirates: Trucial States

Yemen

  • Daha, Amir (18th century)
  • Yaslam ibn Daha, Amir (?)
  • `Ali ibn Yaslam, Amir (?)
  • Munassar, Sultan (18th century)
  • Farid ibn Munassar, Sultan (?)
  • Hussein, Amir (c.1800–1820)
  • al Habieli, Amir (?)
  • Thaifallah, Amir (?)
  • Shafa`ul al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
  • Ahmad ibn Shafa`ul al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
  • al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
  • `Abd al-Hadi ibn al-Hasan al-`Amiri, Emir (early 19th century)
  • Musa`id ibn al-Hasan al-`Amiri, Emir (c.1839)
  • Muhsin ibn Ahmad al-Kathir, Sultan (1800–1830)
  • Ghalib ibn Muhsin al-Kathir, Sultan (1830–1880)
  • Ahmad I ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1791–1827)
  • Muhsin ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1827–1839, 1839–1846, 1846–1847)
  • Ahmad II ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1839–1839, 1847–1849)
  • Sayyid Isma'il ibn al-Hasan al-Husayni, Sultan (1846)
  • 'Ali I ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1849–1863)
  • Sa`d ibn Taw`ari Ibn `Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (c.1800–1820)
  • Sultan ibn `Amr (on Suqutra), Sultan (c.1834)
  • Ahmad ibn Sultan (at Qishn), Sultan (c.1834)
  • `Amr ibn Sa`d ibn Taw`ari Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1835–1845)
  • Taw`ari ibn `Ali Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1845–mid-19th century)
  • Ahmad ibn al-Hadi al-Wahidi, Sultan (1771–1810)
  • `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1810–1830)
Split into four states
  • Nasir ibn `Abd Allah, Sultan (c.1830)
  • Ahmad ibn Nasir, Sultan (?)
  • Muhsin ibn `Ali, Sultan (?)
  • `Ali ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1830–?)
  • Muhsin ibn `Ali al-Wahidi, Sultan (1850–1870)
  • al-Husayn ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1830–1840)
  • `Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1850–1870)
  • Ali I ibn Ghalib al-Afifi, ruler (1800–1841)
  • Ahmad ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1841–1873, 1891–1893)
  • Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1800–1810)
  • `Umar ibn Qahtan ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1810–1815)
  • Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn Qahtan Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1815–1840)
  • `Abd Allah ibn Nasir ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1840–1866)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Croatia

part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown
  • Frano Gozze, Rector (1801)
  • Mato Ghetaldi, Martolica Cerva, Rector (1802)
  • Vlaho Điva Bone, Rector (1803)
  • Đivo Vlaha Bone, Miho Bona, Rector (1804)
  • Mato Ghetaldi, Vlaho Điva Bone, Rector (1805)
  • Đivo Pijerka Natali, Rector (1806)
  • Sabo Giorgi, Rector (1808)

Greece

  • Otto, King (1832–1862)
British protectorate, 1815–1864
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Kosovo

Montenegro

Serbia

Slovenia

autonomous province of the First French Empire, 1809–1814

Europe: British Isles

Europe: Central

Germany/ Prussia

German Empire

Austria-Hungary

Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles

Bohemia

Liechtenstein

Poland

client republic of France, 1807–1815

Switzerland

  • Alois von Reding, First Landammann (1801–1802), Landammann (1802)
  • Vinzenz Rüttimann, acting Landammann (1802)
  • Johann Rudolf Dolder, Landammann (1802–1803)
  • Aloys Reding von Biberegg, Landammann (1802)
  • Louis d’Affry, Landammann (1803)
  • Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, Landammann (1804)
  • Peter Glutz-Ruchti, Landammann (1805)
  • Andreas Merian, Landammann (1806)
  • Hans von Reinhard, Landammann (1807)
  • Vinzenz Rüttimann, Landammann (1808)
  • Louis d’Affry, Landammann (1809)
  • Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, Landammann (1810)
  • Heinrich Daniel Balthasar Grimm von Wartenfels, Landammann (1811)
  • Peter Burckhardt, Landammann (1812)
  • Hans von Reinhard, Landammann (1813)
  • Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1814)
  • Hans Konrad von Escher vom Luchs, President of the Swiss Diet (1814)
  • Johann Konrad Finsler, President of the Swiss Diet (1814)
  • David von Wyss II, President of the Swiss Diet (1814–1815)
  • Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1816)
  • Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, President of the Swiss Diet (1817)
  • Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen, President of the Swiss Diet (1818)
  • Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1819)
  • Vinzenz Rüttimann, President of the Swiss Diet (1820)
  • David von Wyss II, President of the Swiss Diet (1821)
  • Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1822)
  • Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, President of the Swiss Diet (1823)
  • Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen, President of the Swiss Diet (1824)
  • Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1825)
  • Vinzenz Rüttimann, President of the Swiss Diet (1826)
  • David von Wyss II, President of the Swiss Diet (1827)
  • Hans von Reinhard, President of the Swiss Diet (1828)
  • Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl, President of the Swiss Diet (1829)
  • Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer, President of the Swiss Diet (1830)
  • Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1831)
  • Eduard Pfyffer von Altishoven, President of the Swiss Diet (1832)
  • Johann Jakob Hess, President of the Swiss Diet (1833)
  • Konrad Melchior Hirzel, President of the Swiss Diet (1834)
  • Franz Karl von Tavel, President of the Swiss Diet (1835)
  • Karl Friedrich Tscharner, President of the Swiss Diet (1836)
  • Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar Amrhyn, President of the Swiss Diet (1837)
  • Georg Jakob Kopp, President of the Swiss Diet (1838)
  • Johann Jakob Hess, President of the Swiss Diet (1839)
  • Johann Konrad von Muralt, President of the Swiss Diet (1840)
  • Johann Karl Friedrich Neuhaus, President of the Swiss Diet (1841)
  • Karl Friedrich Tscharner, President of the Swiss Diet (1842)
  • Rudolf Rüttimann, President of the Swiss Diet (1843)
  • Konstantin Siegwart-Müller, President of the Swiss Diet (1844)
  • Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson, President of the Swiss Diet (1845)
  • Jonas Furrer, President of the Swiss Diet (1845)
  • Johann Ulrich Zehnder, President of the Swiss Diet (1846)
  • Alexander Ludwig Funk, President of the Swiss Diet (1847)
  • Ulrich Ochsenbein, (1847)
  • Johann Rudolf Schneider, President of the Swiss Diet (1847)
  • Ulrich Ochsenbein, President of the Swiss Diet (1847–1848)
  • Alexander Ludwig Funk, President of the Swiss Diet (1848)

Constituent states of the Confederation of the Rhine and German Confederation

These are leaders of constituent states from the German mediatisation in 1806 until the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866. Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806).

re-united to Anhalt
inherited by Anhalt-Bernburg
merged to Anhalt-Dessau
  • Leopold III, Prince (1751–1758), Duke (1758–1817), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1812–1817)
  • Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1863), of Anhalt-Köthen (1847–1863), of Anhalt (1863–1871), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1817–1818)
  • Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1863), of Anhalt-Köthen (1847–1863), of Anhalt (1863–1871), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1817–1818)
  • Charles Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1746–1771), of Baden (1771–1803), Elector (1803–1806), Grand Duke (1806–1811)
  • Charles, Grand Duke (1811–1818)
  • Louis I, Grand Duke (1818–1830)
  • Leopold, Grand Duke (1830–1852)
  • Johann Wilhelm Metzler [de], Senior Mayor (1816–1817)
  • Georg Steitz [de], Senior Mayor (1818)
  • Johann Wilhelm Metzler, Senior Mayor (1819)
  • Carl Wilhelm von Günderrode [de], Senior Mayor (1820)
  • Johann Büchner [de], Senior Mayor (1821)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita [de], Senior Mayor (1822)
  • Johann Wilhelm Metzler, Senior Mayor (1823)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1824)
  • Johann Friedrich von Meyer, Senior Mayor (1825)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1826)
  • Friedrich Philipp Wilhelm von Malapert [de], Senior Mayor (1827)
  • Ferdinand Maximilian Starck [de], Senior Mayor (1828)
  • Johann Peter Hieronymus Hoch [de], Senior Mayor (1829)
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp Freiherr von Malapert, Senior Mayor (1830)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1831)
  • Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas [de], Senior Mayor (1832)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1833)
  • Ferdinand Maximilian Starck, Senior Mayor (1834)
  • Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas, Senior Mayor (1835)
  • Ferdinand Maximilian Starck, Senior Mayor (1836)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1837)
  • Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas, Senior Mayor (1838)
  • Georg Friedrich von Guaita, Senior Mayor (1838)
  • Johann Friedrich von Meyer, Senior Mayor (1839)
  • Gottfried Scharff [de], Senior Mayor (1840)
  • Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm von Günderrode [de], Senior Mayor (1841)
  • Gottfried Scharff, Senior Mayor (1842)
  • Johann Friedrich von Meyer, Senior Mayor (1843)
  • Gottfried Scharff, Senior Mayor (1844)
  • Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1845)
  • Gottfried Scharff, Senior Mayor (1846)
  • Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm Freiherr von Günderrode, Senior Mayor (1847)
  • Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1848)
  • Samuel Gottlieb Müller [de], Senior Mayor (1849)
  • Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1850)
  • Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1790–1806), Grand Duke of Hesse (1806–1830)
  • Louis II, Grand Duke (1830–1848)
  • Louis III, Grand Duke (1848–1877)
  • Karl, Prince (1803–1820)
  • Wolfgang Ernest III, Prince (1820–1866)
  • Nicolaus Jacob Keusch [de], Mayor (1817)
  • Stephan Hinrich Behncke [de], Mayor (1818)
  • Friedrich Nölting [de], Mayor (1826)
  • Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf (Kaufmann, 1751) [de], Mayor (1827)
  • Georg David Richerz [de], Mayor (1810)
  • Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf [de], Mayor (1811)
  • Anton Diedrich Gütschow [de], Mayor (1811–1813)
  • Friedrich Adolph von Heintze [de], Mayor (1813)
  • Christian Adolph Overbeck, Mayor (1814)
  • Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf [de], Mayor (1813–1824)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1821)
  • Adolph Hinrich Voeg [de], Mayor (1825)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1825)
  • Adolph Hinrich Voeg [de], Mayor (1826)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1827)
  • Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf (Kaufmann, 1751) [de], Mayor (1827)
  • Adolph Hinrich Voeg [de], Mayor (1828)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1829)
  • Adolph Hinrich Voeg [de], Mayor (1830)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1831)
  • Adolph Hinrich Voeg [de], Mayor (1832)
  • Bernhard Heinrich Frister [de], Mayor (1833)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1833)
  • Johann Heinrich Kipp [de], Mayor (1833)
  • Thomas Günther Wunderlich [de], Mayor (1833)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1834–1835)
  • Christian Nicolaus von Evers [de], Mayor (1836)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1837)
  • Christian Nicolaus von Evers [de], Mayor (1838)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1839)
  • Christian Nicolaus von Evers [de], Mayor (1840)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1841)
  • Christian Nicolaus von Evers [de], Mayor (1842)
  • Christian Heinrich Kindler [de], Mayor (1843)
  • Christian Nicolaus von Evers [de], Mayor (1844)
  • Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl [de], Mayor (1845)
  • Bernhard Heinrich Frister [de], Mayor (1845–1846)
  • Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl [de], Mayor (1847–1848)
  • Heinrich Brehmer [de], Mayor (1849–1850)
  • Frederick Augustus, Prince of Nassau-Usingen (1803–1806), Duke of Nassau (1806–1816)
  • William, Princely count of Nassau-Weilburg (1816), Duke of Nassau (1816–1839)
  • Adolphe, Duke (1839–1866)
  • Heinrich LI, Count (1779–1806), Prince (1806–1822)
  • Heinrich LXXII, Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (1822–1848), of Reuss-Lobenstein (1824–1848)
  • Heinrich LIV, Prince (1805–1824)
  • Heinrich LXXII, Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (1822–1848), of Reuss-Lobenstein (1824–1848)
  • Frederick Charles Augustus, Count (1803–1813)
  • Wilhelm Friedrich, Prince (1816–1865)
  • Francis Wenceslaus, Altgrave (1769–1811)
  • Charles Joseph, Altgrave (1769–1790), Prince (1790–1811)
  • Konstantin Alexander, Prince (1778–1813)
  • Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1806–1826), of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1844)
  • Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1806–1826), of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1844)
  • Ernest II, Duke (1844–1893)
  • Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826), of Saxe-Altenburg (1826–1834)
  • Joseph, Duke (1834–1848)
  • Georg, Duke (1848–1853)

Europe: East

Romania

Russia

Ukraine

1795–1804, kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy
1804–1918, crownland of the Austrian Empire

Europe: Nordic

Denmark

Finland

Norway

Sweden

Sweden–Norway

First ministers in Christiania, Norway

Europe: Southcentral

Italy

Sister republic of France, 1802–1805
Sister republic of France, 1805–1814
  • Napoleon, Sovereign (1814–1815)
client republic of France, 1797–1805
For details see France under western Europe
  • Ferdinand IV, King of Sicily (1759–1816), of Naples (1815–1816), of the Two Sicilies (1816–1825)

Malta

British protectorate, 1800–1813
British colony, 1813–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

San Marino

  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1800–1801)
  • Giuliano Belluzzi, Marino Bertoni, Captains Regent (1801)
  • Mariano Begni, Antonio Capicchioni, Captains Regent (1801–1802)
  • Filippo Belluzzi, Marino Tassini, Captains Regent (1802)
  • Annibale Gozi, Giovanni Filippi, Captains Regent (1802–1803)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1803)
  • Antonio Onofri, Marino Francesconi, Captains Regent (1803–1804)
  • Marino Belluzzi, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1804)
  • Francesco Giannini, Giuseppe Righi, Captains Regent (1804–1805)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Antonio Capicchioni, Captains Regent (1805)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1805–1806)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Marino Tassini, Captains Regent (1806)
  • Alessandro Righi, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1806–1807)
  • Antonio Onofri, Marino Francesconi, Captains Regent (1807)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1807–1808)
  • Marino Giangi, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1808)
  • Federico Gozi, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1808–1809)
  • Francesco Giannini, Vincenzo Belzoppi, Captains Regent (1809)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1809–1810)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Maria Giuseppe Malpeli, Captains Regent (1810)
  • Antonio Onofri, Marino Francesconi, Captains Regent (1810–1811)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Marino Bertoni, Captains Regent (1811)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1811–1812)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1812)
  • Francesco Giannini, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1812–1813)
  • Marino Belluzzi, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1813)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1813–1814)
  • Federico Gozi, Andrea Albertini, Captains Regent (1814)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Maria Giuseppe Malpeli, Captains Regent (1814–1815)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1815)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1815–1816)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1816)
  • Luigi Giannini, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1816–1817)
  • Antonio Onofri, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1817)
  • Federico Gozi, Vincenzo Belzoppi, Captains Regent (1817–1818)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Livio Casali, Captains Regent (1818)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1818–1819)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Andrea Albertini, Captains Regent (1819)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1819–1820)
  • Luigi Giannini, Matteo Martelli, Captains Regent (1820)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1820–1821)
  • Antonio Onofri, Pier Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1821)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1821–1822)
  • Federico Gozi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1822)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1822–1823)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1823)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1823–1824)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Vincenzo Braschi, Captains Regent (1824)
  • Luigi Giannini, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1824–1825)
  • Raffaele Gozi, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1825)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1825–1826)
  • Giambattista Onofri, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1826)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1826–1827)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1827)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Vincenzo Braschi, Captains Regent (1827–1828)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1828)
  • Luigi Giannini, Giacomo Antonio Tini, Captains Regent (1828–1829)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1829)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1829–1830)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1830)
  • Giambattista Onofri, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1830–1831)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1831)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1831–1832)
  • Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1832)
  • Mariano Begni, Giovanni Malpeli, Captains Regent (1832–1833)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1833)
  • Luigi Giannini, Vincenzo Braschi, Captains Regent (1833–1834)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1834)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Pietro Tassini, Captains Regent (1834–1835)
  • Francesco Maria Belluzzi/ Raffaele Gozi, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1835)
  • Giambattista Bonelli, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1835–1836)
  • Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pier Antonio Damiani, Captains Regent (1836)
  • Giuseppe Gozi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1836–1837)
  • Filippo Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1837)
  • Giuseppe Mercuri, Marc' Antonio Tassini, Captains Regent (1837–1838)
  • Girolamo Gozi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1838)
  • Mariano Begni, Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Captains Regent (1838–1839)
  • Giambattista Bonelli, Bartolomeo Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1839)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1839–1840)
  • Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1840)
  • Raffaele Gozi, Pietro Zoli, Captains Regent (1840–1841)
  • Filippo Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1841)
  • Girolamo Gozi, Francesco Guidi Giangi, Captains Regent (1841–1842)
  • Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1842)
  • Giuseppe Gozi, Domenic' Antonio Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1842–1843)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Marino Malpeli, Captains Regent (1843)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1843–1844)
  • Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1844)
  • Pietro Zoli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1844–1845)
  • Giambattista Bonelli, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1845)
  • Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1845–1846)
  • Filippo Belluzzi, Filippo Filippi, Captains Regent (1846)
  • Francesco Guidi Giangi, Costanzo Damiani, Captains Regent (1846–1847)
  • Girolamo Gozi, Domenic' Antonio Bartolotti, Captains Regent (1847)
  • Giuliano Malpeli, Biagio Martelli, Captains Regent (1847–1848)
  • Giuseppe Gozi, Marino Malpeli, Captains Regent (1848)
  • Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1848–1849)
  • Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1849)
  • Giambattista Braschi, Marino Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1849–1850)
  • Vincenzo Angeli, Costanzo Damiani, Captains Regent (1850)
  • Giambattista Bonelli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1850–1851)

Vatican City

Europe: Southwest

Andorra

Portugal

Spain

Europe: West

Belgium

France

Luxembourg

Monaco

Netherlands

  • William I, Sovereign Prince (1813–1815), King (1815–1840)

Eurasia: Caucasus

Azerbaijan

  • Javad, Khan (1786–1804)
  • Shaykh Ali Agha, Khan (1791–1806)
  • Husayn, Khan (1806–1816)

Georgia

Russia: Dagestan

  • Umma, Khan (1774–1801)
  • Surkhay ibn Muhammad, Khan (1789–1820)
  • Aslan ibn Shakhmardan, Khan (1820–1836)
  • Nutsal-Aga ibn Aslan, Khan (1836–1836)
  • Muhammad-Mirza ibn Aslan, Khan (1836–1838)
  • Ummu Kulsum-Beke, Khan (1838–1841)
  • Abdurrahman ibn Umar, Khan (1841–1847)
  • Aglar ibn Umar, Khan (1847–1859)

Oceania

Australia and Papua New Guinea

Australia

British colony, 1788–1900
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Papua New Guinea

German colony, 1884–1919
For details see the German Empire under central Europe
British protectorate, 1884–1888
British colony, 1888–1902
For details see the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe

Pacific

Chile

  • Te Kena, King (?)
  • Te Tite Anga Henua, King (?)
  • Nga'ara, King (c.1835–pre-1860)

Fiji

French Polynesia

  • Fonati, King (1784–c.1839)
  • Niuliki, King (c.1839–1841)
  • Musumusu, Regent (1841–1844)
  • Filipo Meitala, King (1844–1862)
  • Tapoa I, King (1772–1812)
  • Mai and Tefaʻaora, rulers (1812–1831)
  • Tapoa II, King (1831–1860)
  • Vanae, King (1800–1839)
  • Petelo Keletaona, King (1842–1851)

New Zealand

British colony, 1841–1907
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Patua-valu, Patu-iki (?)
  • Galiga, Patu-iki (?)
British protectorate, 1888–1901
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Samoa and American Samoa

  • Vai'inupo, Malietoa (?–1841)
  • Malietoa Natuitasina, Malietoa (1841–1858)
  • Seiuli, Manu’a (?)
  • U’uolelaoa, Manu’a (?)
  • Fagaese, Manu’a (?)
  • Tauveve, Manu’a (?)

Solomon Islands

Tonga

Tuvalu

United Kingdom

Became a British colony

United States: Hawaii

Vanuatu

See also

References

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  2. ^ Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
  3. ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxix
  4. ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxvif
  5. ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
  6. ^ [Ta'a, Tesema. "The Process of Urbanization in Wollega, Western Ethiopia: The Case of Neqemte". Journal of Ethiopian Studies 26, no. 1 (1993): 59–72. Accessed April 29, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/41966012. p. 63]
  7. ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.
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  18. ^ Madiéga 1982, p. 123,131–132.
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  33. ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 114–129
  34. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 143
  35. ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 143–160
  36. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 160
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  38. ^ Rosa, vol. III, pp. 242–253
  39. ^ Mendelevich, p. 28
  40. ^ Rosa, vol. V, pp. 73–97
  41. ^ Rosa, vol. IV, pp. 97–117
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