This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions. The article also lists lots of languages which have no administrative mandate as an official language, generally describing these as de facto official languages.
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The *Many* Languages of INDIA!
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Countries With More Than One Official Language
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List of European Countries with European Languages, European Flags and Nationalities
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English Speaking European Countries
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SOUTH AFRICA and its Languages
Transcription
Official languages of sovereign countries, wholly or partly
A
Afar:
- Namibia (with English and German)
- South Africa (with English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Benin (a national language along with Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official language is French)
Akan (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante):
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Albania[3]
- Kosovo (with Serbian)[a][4]
- Montenegro (in Ulcinj)[citation needed]
- North Macedonia (with Macedonian)[5]
Anii:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):
- Algeria (with Berber)
- Bahrain
- Chad (with French)
- Comoros (with French and Comorian)
- Djibouti (with French)
- Egypt
- Eritrea (with Tigrinya and English)
- Iraq (with Kurdish)[7]
- Israel (with Hebrew)
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Libya
- Mali (with Tuareg and French)
- Mauritania (with several national languages: Fula, Soninke, Wolof)
- Morocco (with Berber)[8]
- Niger (with French, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- Oman
- Palestine
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- Somaliland (with English and Somali; independence is disputed)
- Somalia (with Somali)
- Sudan (with English)
- Syria
- Tunisia
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen
- India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)
- Bolivia (with Spanish, Quechua, Guaraní and 33 other languages)[12]
- Peru (with Spanish and Quechua and other languages)[13]
B
- Senegal (a national language along with Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- see Manding
- Mali (a national language along with Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Co-official in some autonomous communities of Spain:
- Basque Country
- Navarre; both with Spanish
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Bangladesh[16]
- India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)
- Sierra Leone[17][18]
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Boko:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Bomu:
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Croatian, Serbian) (de facto)[21]
Bozo:
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
C
- Hong Kong (using Traditional Chinese characters); with Mandarin Chinese and English
- Macau (using Traditional Chinese characters); with Mandarin Chinese and Portuguese
- Andorra,[24]
- Co-official in some autonomous communities of Spain:
- Balearic Islands
- Catalonia
- Valencian Community; all with Spanish
- Mainland China (using Simplified Chinese characters)
- Macau (using both Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters)
- Hong Kong (using both Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters; with Cantonese and English)
- Singapore (using Simplified Chinese characters; with English, Malay and Tamil)[25]
- Taiwan (using Traditional Chinese characters; other official languages of Taiwan are Formosan languages,[26] Taiwanese Hokkien,[27] Hakka[28] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])
- Malawi (with English)
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
Chirbawe (Sena):
- see Sena
Corsican :
- Czech Republic
- Slovakia (legislation states that a person using Czech language at a Slovak institution must be treated as if using Slovak language)
D
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Denmark
- Faroe Islands (with Faroese)
Dari:
- Afghanistan (a local variant of Persian, but defined as "Dari" in the Afghan constitution; together with Pashto)[31]
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- see Manding
- Burkina Faso (a national language along with Fula, Mossi and other languages, the official language is French)
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- The Netherlands (sole official language in every province except Friesland, where West Frisian is co-official and the BES islands, where Papiamento and English are co-official)
- Aruba (with Papiamento)
- Curaçao (with Papiamento and English)
- Sint Maarten (with English)
- Suriname
E
English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Australia
- The Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belize
- Botswana (but the national language is Tswana)
- Cameroon (with French)
- Canada (with French)
- Ontario (de facto; with limited French)
- Quebec (with French)
- Nova Scotia (de facto; with limited French & Gaelic)
- New Brunswick (with French)
- Manitoba (with French)
- British Columbia (de facto; with limited French)
- Prince Edward Island (de facto; with limited French)
- Saskatchewan (de facto; with limited French)
- Alberta (de facto; with limited French)
- Newfoundland and Labrador (de facto; with limited French, Innu-aimun, & Inuttut)
- Northwest Territories (with 10 others)
- Yukon (with French)
- Nunavut (with Inuit & French)
- Curaçao (with Dutch and Papiamento)
- Dominica
- England
- Eritrea (with Tigrinya and Arabic)
- Eswatini (with Swati)
- Fiji (with Bau Fijian and Fiji Hindi)[34]
- Gambia
- Ghana (with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema)
- Grenada
- Guyana
- Hong Kong (with Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese)
- India (with 22 regional languages)
- Republic of Ireland ("second official"; with Irish)[35]
- Jamaica
- Kenya (with Swahili)
- Kiribati
- Lesotho (with Sotho)
- Liberia
- Malawi (with Chichewa)
- Malaysia (de facto official language with Malay; still serves as official and national language with Malay in Sabah and Sarawak)[36]
- Malta (with Maltese)
- Marshall Islands (with Marshallese)
- Mauritius (with French)[37]
- Micronesia, Federated States of
- Namibia (Afrikaans, German, and Oshiwambo are spoken regionally)[38]
- Nauru (with Nauruan)
- New Zealand (with Māori and New Zealand Sign Language)
- Nigeria (with Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba)
- Pakistan (with Urdu as the national language)
- Palau (with Palauan)
- Papua New Guinea (with Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu)
- Philippines (with Filipino)
- Rwanda (with French and Kinyarwanda)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Samoa (with Samoan)
- Seychelles (with Seychellois Creole and French)
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore (with Chinese, Malay, Tamil)[25]
- Sint Maarten (with Dutch)
- Solomon Islands
- Somaliland (with Arabic and Somali; independence is disputed)
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- South Sudan
- Sri Lanka (with Sinhala and Tamil)
- Sudan (with Arabic)
- Tanzania (with Swahili)
- Tonga (with Tongan)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tuvalu (with Tuvaluan)
- Uganda (with Swahili)
- United Kingdom (de facto; individual countries in the UK have statutorily defined official languages, but the UK as a whole does not)
- United States (de facto; the United States has no administratively mandated official language)
- Vanuatu (with Bislama and French)[20]
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe (with Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Togo (with French and Kabye)
F
- Fiji (with English and Fiji Hindi)[34]
- Philippines (with English)
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien,[27] Hakka[28] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])
French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):
- sole official language in:
- Wallonia (except for the Canton of Eupen and the Canton of Sankt Vith, where German is the official language)
- co-official language in:
- Benin (with several national languages: Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba)
- Burkina Faso (with several national languages including Dioula, Fula, Mossi)
- Burundi (with Kirundi)
- Cameroon (with English)
- Canada (with English)
- Quebec (with limited English)
- New Brunswick (with English)
- Manitoba (with English)
- Northwest Territories (with 10 others)
- Yukon (with English)
- Nunavut (with Inuit & English)
- Central African Republic (with Sango)[39]
- Chad (with Arabic)
- Comoros (with Arabic and Comorian)
- Ivory Coast
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Djibouti (with Arabic)
- Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and Portuguese)
- France
- Gabon
- Guernsey (with English)
- Guinea (with several national languages: Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey)
- Haiti (with Haitian Creole)[40]
- Italy
- Aosta Valley (with Italian)
- Jersey (with English)
- Luxembourg (with German and Luxembourgish)
- Madagascar (with Malagasy)
- Mali (with several national languages: Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq)
- Mauritius (with English)[37]
- Monaco
- Niger (with Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- Rwanda (with English and Kinyarwanda)
- Senegal (with several national languages: Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof)
- Seychelles (with Seychellois Creole and English)
- Switzerland (National and official language with German, Italian, and (Romansh))[41]
- Official language in:
Fula:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Mossi and other languages, the official language is French)
- Guinea (a national language along with Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- Mauritania (a national language along with Soninke, Wolof, the official language is Arabic)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
G
Ga:
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
Gbe:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Georgia[43]
- South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Russian; independence is disputed)[44]
- Abkhazia (with Georgian according to the Georgian constitution; independence is disputed)[43]
- Austria (with Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene)
- Belgium (official language with Dutch and French)
- sole official language in:
- Brazil
- Germany
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg (with French and Luxembourgish)
- Italy (in South Tyrol)
- Namibia (with Afrikaans and English)
- Switzerland (National and official language with French, Italian, and (Romansh))[41]
- Official language in 21 cantons:
- 17 of the 26 cantons (monolingually German)
- Canton of Grisons (with Italian and Romansh)
- Canton of Bern (with French)
- Canton of Fribourg (with French)
- Canton of Valais (with French)
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Greece
- Cyprus (with Turkish)[45]
- Albania (Greek Minority Zone of Himara, Finiq and Dervican with Albanian)
- India
H
- Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien,[27] Formosan languages[26] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- Nigeria (with English, Igbo and Yoruba)[47]
- Israel (with Arabic)
- India ("official language of the Union"; with English; 21 other regional languages namely Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu[48])[49]
- Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as Fiji Hindi as an umbrella term to cover Standard Hindi, Urdu, as well as other Hindustani dialects)[34]
- Papua New Guinea (with English and Tok Pisin)
I
Igbo:
- Republic of Ireland ("national"; with English being "second official")[35]
- Italy
- Croatia
- Istria County (with Croatian)
- San Marino
- Slovenia
- Slovenian Istria (with Slovene)
- Switzerland (National and official language with French, German, and (Romansh))[41]
- Official language in:
- Canton of Ticino
- Canton of Grisons (with German and Romansh)
- Vatican City (with Latin)
J
- Japan (de facto)
- Palau (Angaur)
- native to Java; Indonesia
Jola:
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
K
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Tshuwau ("Koisan"), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Nzema, the official language is English)
- Kazakhstan (with Russian)[52]
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
"Koisan" (Tshuwau):
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- South Korea (with Korean)
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
- Kyrgyzstan (with Russian)[55]
L
Lao:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Luxembourg (with French and German)
M
- North Macedonia (with Albanian)
- Madagascar (with French)
- Malaysia (with de facto official language English)
- Brunei
- Singapore (with English, Chinese and Tamil)[25]
- Indonesia (a standardized local dialect of Malay, but treated as the separate language in Indonesia)[51]
- see Manding
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
- Malta (with English)
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- see Manding
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Isle of Man (with English)
- New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)
- Marshall Islands (with English)
Mauritian Creole
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Meitei (officially known as Manipuri)
- India (along with 21 other scheduled languages recognised by the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution)
- Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Fula and other languages, the official language is French)
N
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Ndau:
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
Ndebele (Northern):
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
Ndebele (Southern):
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- New Zealand (with English and Māori)
Noon:
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Norway (two official written forms – Bokmål and Nynorsk)
- Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, the official language is English)
O
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Wamey, the official language is French)
- South Ossetia (with Russian and Georgian; independence is disputed)[44]
P
- Afghanistan (with Dari in Afghanistan)[31]
- Iran
- Afghanistan (called Dari in Afghanistan; with Pashto)[31]
- Tajikistan (called Tajiki in Tajikistan; with Russian for "inter-ethnic communication")[57]
- Angola
- Brazil
- Cape Verde
- East Timor (with Tetum)
- Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and French)
- Guinea-Bissau
- Macau (with Cantonese)
- Mozambique
- Portugal
- São Tomé and Príncipe
Q
- Bolivia (with Spanish, Aymara, Guaraní and 33 other languages)[12]
- Ecuador (with Shuar and Spanish)
- Peru (with Spanish, Aymara and other languages)[13]
R
- National language in Switzerland (with German, French, and Italian)[41]
- Official language in canton of Grisons (with German and Italian)[58]
- Russia (in some regions together with regional languages)[59]
- Abkhazia (with Abkhaz according to the Abkhazian constitution;[1] independence is disputed)
- Belarus (with Belarusian)[15]
- Kazakhstan (with Kazakh)[52]
- Kyrgyzstan (with Kyrgyz)[55]
- South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Georgian; independence is disputed)[44]
- Tajikistan ("inter-ethnic communication"; with Tajik)[57]
- Transnistria (with Moldovan and Ukrainian; independence is disputed)[60]
S
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Sao Pauloan Brazilian Portuguese (Portugues)
- Central African Republic (with French)[39]
Sena:
- Zimbabwe as Chirbawe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- Scotland (With English and Scots Gaelic)[42]
- Serbia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian, Croatian) (de facto)[21]
- Kosovo (independence is disputed; with Albanian)
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Seychelles (with French and English)
- Zimbabwe (with English, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- Djibouti (with Arabic, French, Afar)
- Somalia (with Arabic)
- Somaliland (with Arabic and English; independence is disputed)
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
- Mauritania (a national language along with Fula, Wolof, the official language is Arabic)
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Wolof, the official language is French)
- Lesotho (with English)
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Argentina (de facto)
- Bolivia (with Aymara, Quechua, Guaraní, and 33 other languages)[12]
- Chile
- Easter Island (with Rapa Nui)
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador (with Quechua and Shuar)
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea (with French and Portuguese)
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Mexico (de facto)
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay (with Guaraní)[46][62]
- Peru (with Aymara, Quechua and other languages)[13]
- Spain[63] (Aranese, Basque, Catalan, and Galician are co-official in some regions)
- United States (in the US territory of Puerto Rico)
- Uruguay (de facto)
- Venezuela
- Western Sahara (with Arabic)
Susu:
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
- Kenya (with English)[64]
- Rwanda (with English, French and Kinyarwanda)
- Tanzania (de facto; with English)
- Uganda (since 2005; with English)
- Eswatini (with English)
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Sweden
- Finland (with Finnish)
- Åland (monolingually Swedish) (an autonomous province under Finnish sovereignty)
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
T
- Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Formosan languages,[26] Hakka[28] and Taiwanese Hokkien.[27])
- Taiwan (using Traditional Chinese characters and/or pe̍h-oē-jī (Latin letters); other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Formosan languages,[26] Hakka[28] and Taiwan Sign Language.[27])
- Tajikistan (a variant of Persian written in Cyrillic)[57]
- see Filipino
- Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, the official language is French)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tasawaq, Tebu)[9]
- India (with 21 other languages, and with English as a link language)
- Singapore (with English, Chinese and Malay)[25]
- Sri Lanka (with Sinhala, and with English as a link language)
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tebu)[9]
Tebu:
- Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq)[9]
- India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)[citation needed]
- East Timor (with Portuguese)
Thai:
- Papua New Guinea (with English and Hiri Motu)
Toma:
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Botswana (with English)
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
- Turkey
- Cyprus (with Greek)[45]
- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (independence disputed)
U
- Ukraine
- Transnistria (with Moldovan and Russian; independence is disputed)[60]
Urdu:
- Pakistan (with English)
- India (Urdu dialect and in script it is Sanscrit with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)
V
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu)[2]
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Xhosa)[29]
W
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, the official language is French)
- United Kingdom (limited de jure official status in Wales)[65]
- Mauritania (a national language along with Fula, Soninke, the official language is Arabic)
- Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, the official language is French)
X
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Zulu)[2]
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda)[29]
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Y
Yobe:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
Yom:
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
- Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yom, the official languages is French)
- Nigeria (with English, Hausa and Igbo)[47]
Z
- Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[29]
Zulu:
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)[2]
List of languages by the number of countries in which they are the most widely used
This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, co-official, an administrative or working language.[66]
Language | Number of countries language spoken |
---|---|
English | 101 |
French | 60 |
Arabic | 51 |
Standard Chinese | 33 |
Spanish | 31 |
Persian | 29 |
German | 18 |
Russian | 16 |
Malay | 13 |
Portuguese | 12 |
Official regional and minority languages
- Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Cherkess, Karachay, Nogai and Russian)[67]
- Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]
- Kosovo
- North Macedonia (in some municipalities)
- Montenegro (The only official language is Montenegrin, while Albanian is in official use along with Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian)
- Altay, Republic of (state language; with Russian)[71]
- Philippines (mainly in Mindanao)
Aranese see Occitan
- India (with Hindi, English {as a "subsidiary official language"} and 20 other official languages)
Avar:
- Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Kabardian and Russian)[72]
- Bashkortostan (state language; with Russian)[73]
- Basque Autonomous Community (with Spanish)
- Navarre (in some areas with Spanish)
- India (as a "subsidiary official language"} and 20 other official languages; second most spoken Indian Language)
- Luzon and Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]
- part of Serbia
- Sandžak region
- Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Albanian, Croatian and Serbian)
- Buryatia (state language; with Russian)[74]
- Zabaykalsky Krai
- Agin-Buryat Okrug (authorized language)[75]
- China:
- Some provinces Canton Province (with Mandarin)
- Hong Kong (for Chinese language, Cantonese is spoken de facto; co-official with English)
- Macau (for Chinese language, Cantonese is spoken de facto; co-official with Portuguese)
- parts of Spain
- Balearic Islands (with Spanish)
- Catalonia (with Spanish)
- Valencia (named as Valencian, with Spanish)
- parts of France
- parts of Italy
- Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]
- Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]
- Chechnya (state language; with Russian)[76]
- Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]
- Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Karachay, Nogai and Russian)[67]
- Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area in Oklahoma, United States.[77]
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
Cree:
- Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
- Crimea (with Russian and Ukrainian)
- part of Austria
- Burgenland (with German and Hungarian)*part of Italy
- Molise[citation needed]
- part of Serbia
- Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Albanian, Bosnian and Serbian)
- The Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France) (French Flemish dialect with French, English for some part of the region)
English:
- parts of Canada:
- Alberta
- British Columbia
- Manitoba (with French)
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- Nova Scotia
- Ontario
- Prince Edward Island
- Quebec
- Saskatchewan
- New Brunswick (with French)
- Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ)
- Nunavut (with Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, and French)
- Yukon (with French)
- The United Kingdom:
- England
- Northern Ireland
- Scotland (with Scottish Gaelic in some municipalities)
- Wales (with Welsh)
- Isle of Man (with Manx Gaelic)
- Guernsey (with French)
- Jersey (with French)
- parts of the United States. See English-only movement. English is an official language in the following states and territories:
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii (with Hawaiian language)
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kentucky
- Massachusetts
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Montana
- Nebraska
- New Hampshire
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Puerto Rico (with Spanish)
- South Carolina
- South Dakota (with Lakota & Dakota)
- Texas
- Tennessee
- U.S. Virgin Islands
- Utah
- Virginia
- West Virginia
- Wyoming
Even:
- Faroe Islands (with Danish)
- parts of Canada
- New Brunswick (co-official with English)
- Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, English, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ)
- Nunavut (with English, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut)
- Quebec
- Yukon (with English)
- Guernsey (with English)
- Jersey (with English)
- Puducherry (co-official with Tamil in the Union Territory of Puducherry. Also Telugu and Malayalam are its regional official languages)
- part of Italy
- Aosta (co-official with Italian)
- part of United States with Louisiana
- The Netherlands: co-official in the province of Friesland (with Dutch)
- The Friuli region of northeastern Italy
- part of Spain
- Galicia (with Spanish)
- Italy
- South Tyrol (together with Italian and Ladin)
- parts of south Albania
- parts of south Italy
- Bolivia
- Paraguay
- in Argentina
- Corrientes Province (co-official with Spanish)
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
- Hawaii (with English)
- Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- part of Serbia
- Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Slovak and Ruthenian)
- part of Romania
- part of Slovenia
- part of Croatia
- part of Slovakia
- part of Austria
- Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]
- Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan.)[70]
- Ingushetia (state language; with Russian)[82]
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
- Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuktitut)
- Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuinnaqtun)
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
- Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) (along with Ulster Scots and English)
- part of Croatia
- Istria county (with Croatian)
- part of Slovenia
- Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]
- Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Russian)[72]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]
- Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Nogai and Russian)[67]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Republic of Altay (official language; in localities with Kazakh population)[84]
- part of the People's Republic of China
- part of Mongolia
- Mori, with Mongolian
- Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Mansi and Nenets)[86]
- Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Nenets and Selkup)[87]
- Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]
Komi:
- Perm Krai
- Komi-Permyak Okrug (official language)[89]
- part of the People's Republic of China with Chinese (Mandarin)
- part of the People's Republic of China
- Kizilsu (with Chinese (Mandarin))
Lak:
- Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)[86]
- Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
Mari (Hill and Meadow):
- Mexico (*only recognized)
- Guatemala (*only recognized)
- Belize (*only recognized)
- Honduras (*only recognized)
- El Salvador (*only recognized)
Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):
- India (with 21 other official languages)
- Nova Scotia ("first language"; with English (de facto), French, Scottish Gaelic)
- part of the People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Haixi, with Tibetan and Chinese (Mandarin)
- Bortala, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Bayin'gholin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Dorbod, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Qian Gorlos, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Harqin Left, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Fuxin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Weichang, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Subei, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Henan, with Chinese (Mandarin)
- Mexico (*only recognized)
- El Salvador (*only recognized)
- Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Mansi)[86]
- Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Selkup)[87]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]
- Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Russian)[67]
- Catalonia, with Catalan and Spanish)
Odia:
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):
- North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Russian)[91]
- Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]
- part of the People's Republic of China
- Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak and Ruthenian)
Russian. Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:
- Adygea (state language; with Adyghe)[68]
- Altay, Republic of (state language; with Altay)[71]
- Bashkortostan (state language; with Bashkir)[73]
- Buryatia (state language; with Buryat)[74]
- Chechnya (state language; with Chechen)[76]
- Chuvashia (state language; with Chuvash)[79]
- Dagestan (state language; with the languages of the Dagestan peoples)[69]
- Ingushetia (state language; with Ingush)[82]
- Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Kabardian)[72]
- Kalmykia (state language; with Kalmyk)[83]
- Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Nogai)[67]
- Karelia (state language)[92]
- Khakassia (state language; with Khakas)[85]
- Komi (state language; with Komi)[88]
- Mari El (state language; with Mari (Hill and Meadow))[90]
- Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Moksha)[80]
- North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Ossetic)[91]
- Sakha (state language; with Sakha)[93]
- Tatarstan (state language; with Tatar)[94]
- Tyva (state language; with Tuvan)[95]
- Udmurtia (state language; with Udmurt)[96]
- Russian (with Gagauz) is an official language of Gagauzia (autonomous republic within Moldova)
- Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak)
- Ukraine
- Zakarapts'ka region (with Ukrainian, Hungarian)
- Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Tagalog)[70]
Sami:
- Finland (in four municipalities)
- Norway (in six municipalities in two provinces)
- Sweden (in four municipalities and surrounding municipalities)
- part of the People's Republic of China (It's different from Tajiki of Tajikistan)
- Taxkorgan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)[87]
- Croatia-Co-official minority language in municipalities: Borovo,[97] Trpinja,[97] Markušica,[97] Negoslavci,[97] Vukovar,[98] Šodolovci,[97] Erdut,[98] Darda,[99] Jagodnjak,[97] Kneževi Vinogradi,[99] Dvor,[97] Gvozd,[97] Biskupija,[98] Ervenik,[98] Kistanje,[98] Gračac,[98] Udbina,[98] Vrbovsko,[98] Donji Kukuruzari[98] and Nijemci.[99]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Pakistan (Official language in the Province of Sindh along with Urdu and English)
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
- part of Italy
- Friuli-Venezia Giulia (with Italian, Friulian and German)
- part of Austria
- New Mexico (spoken with English)
- Puerto Rico (with English)
- Philippines (mainly as Chavacano in Mindanao)
- El Cenizo, Texas[100]
- Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]
- Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]
- French Polynesia (with French)
Tat:
- Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Maranao, and Yakan)[70]
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Tibet Autonomous Region (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Aba (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Garzê (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Dêqên (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Wenshan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Gannan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Haibai (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Hainan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Huangnan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Golog (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Gyêgu (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Haixi (with Mongolian and Chinese (Mandarin))
- Muli (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Tianzhu (with Chinese (Mandarin))
- Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey)
- South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)
- North Macedonia in Plasnica and Centar Župa
- Kosovo in Prizren and Mamuša
- part of Bulgaria
Urdu:
- Pakistan (with English as co-official language)
- India (with 21 other regional languages)
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Delhi Territory
- Uttar Pradesh state
- Bihar state
- Andhra Pradesh mainly in Hyderabad (former princely state of Nizam) and adjacent areas of Maharashtra and Karnataka
- Xinjiang (with Chinese (Mandarin))
Veps:
- Guangxi Province, China (some regional status)
- Part of Cambodia
- Part of Laos
- Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, and Tagalog)[70]
- Wales (United Kingdom) (with English)
- Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Tausug)[70]
- Russia (only in Jewish Autonomous Oblast, with Russian)
See also
- List of official languages of international organizations
- List of official languages by country and territory
- National language
Notes
- ^ The sovereignty of Kosovo is disputed. See International recognition of Kosovo.
References
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