To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

How to transfigure the Wikipedia

Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? We have created a browser extension. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology.

Try it — you can delete it anytime.

Install in 5 seconds
4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
Great Wikipedia has got greater.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

List of natural gas and oil production accidents in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion

This list is complementary to the List of pipeline accidents in the United States. Large accidents, qualifying as industrial disasters are included.

The production process encompasses all parts of the process from drilling for fuels to refining or processing to the final product. It also includes storage and disposal of waste. Unless otherwise stated, all accidents are associated with production wells.

Since many accidents involve transport of raw materials, several states included in this list have little or no fossil fuel production.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    49 395
    7 313
    39 838
    1 549
    356
  • Liquefied Natural Gas Safety and Emergency Response
  • Oil and Gas Production in the Gulf of Mexico
  • Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas
  • The Era of Shale Oil and Gas
  • The Truth and Nothing but the Truth about Gas Drilling and America's Energy Choices

Transcription

Narrator: AN LNG VESSEL FULL OF MORE THAN 100,000 CUBIC METERS OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS MAKES ITS WAY TO A TERMINAL. THE U.S. COAST GUARD HAS SPECIFICALLY AUTHORIZED THIS DELIVERY, AND MAINTAINS A SAFETY AND SECURITY ZONE AROUND THE TANKER. NO OTHER VESSELS ARE ALLOWED TO ENTER THE ZONE. ONCE THE SHIP IS DOCKED, THE LIQUEFIED GAS WILL BE PUMPED TO A MARINE TERMINAL THAT WILL GASIFY THE LIQUID PRODUCT AND SEND THE NATURAL GAS OUT INTO A NETWORK OF PIPELINES. TO SOME, THE MOVEMENT OF THIS AMOUNT OF FUEL INTO A HARBOR LOOKS LIKE A VERY HAZARDOUS UNDERTAKING, YET 3 DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH LNG SHIPPING HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE RISKS CAN BE MANAGED. THIS PROGRAM IS TITLED "LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS." IT IS DESIGNED FOR FIRE MARSHALS, FIRE CHIEFS, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, AND OTHER PERSONNEL WHO MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PLANNING, COORDINATING, OR COMMANDING AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO AN LNG INCIDENT OR WHO MAY CONTRIBUTE PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS ABOUT THE POSSIBLE SITING OF AN LNG FACILITY. THIS NEW POWER PLANT BURNS NATURAL GAS IN A TURBINE SIMILAR TO AN AIRPLANE'S JET ENGINE. IN THE INITIAL STAGE, ENERGY IN THE GAS IS CONVERTED DIRECTLY TO MECHANICAL AND THEN ELECTRICAL ENERGY WITH NO NEED TO USE STEAM. HOWEVER, THE EXHAUST GASES ARE STILL HOT ENOUGH TO GENERATE THE STEAM NECESSARY TO DRIVE A CONVENTIONAL STEAM TURBINE DOWNSTREAM. THIS COMBINED-CYCLE PROCESS RESULTS IN AN EFFICIENCY OF 50% TO 60%. AS MUCH AS 60% OF THE ENERGY IN THE GAS IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY. CONVENTIONAL STEAM GENERATION HAS AN EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 35%. NATURAL GAS IS THE CLEANEST-BURNING FOSSIL FUEL. NATURAL GAS PRODUCES LESS OF THE GREENHOUSE GAS CARBON DIOXIDE AND LESS OF THE POLLUTANT SULFUR DIOXIDE THAN COAL. TO PRODUCE THE SAME AMOUNT OF HEAT, MEASURED IN BTUs. BECAUSE OF THESE ADVANTAGES, MORE NEW POWER PLANTS ARE DESIGNED TO BURN NATURAL GAS. MANY MOTOR VEHICLES NOW USE NATURAL GAS IN ORDER TO REDUCE EMISSIONS. AT FIRST GLANCE, THE UNITED STATES APPEARS TO HAVE AN AMPLE SUPPLY OF NATURAL GAS. ANNUAL PRODUCTION IS PROJECTED TO EXPAND TO 20 TRILLION CUBIC FEET BY 2020. HOWEVER, DEMAND IS PROJECTED TO INCREASE TO 34 TRILLION CUBIC FEET BY 2020, A SHORTFALL OF 5 TRILLION CUBIC FEET A YEAR. THERE ARE HUGE NATURAL GAS RESERVES IN OTHER COUNTRIES, BUT THE CHALLENGE IS HOW TO GET THIS GAS INTO THE U.S. PIPELINE SYSTEM. NATURAL GAS IS COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF METHANE. IT IS A FLAMMABLE GAS SIMILAR TO PROPANE, EXCEPT THAT WHILE PROPANE IS HEAVIER THAN AIR, NATURAL GAS IS LIGHTER THAN AIR. NATURAL GAS IS NONTOXIC, ALTHOUGH IT CAN BE AN ASPHYIXIANT IF IT DISPLACED OXYGEN IN A CONFINED SPACE. NATURAL GAS IS COLORLESS AND, IN ITS NATURAL STATE, ODORLESS. AN ODORANT IS ADDED AS A SAFETY FEATURE BEFORE DISTRIBUTION TO HOMES AND BUSINESSES. WHEN COOLED TO 260 DEGREES BELOW ZERO FAHRENHEIT AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, NATURAL GAS TURNS INTO A LIQUID. LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS OCCUPIES 1/600 THE VOLUME OF THE MATERIAL IN ITS GASEOUS STATE AT NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND ROOM TEMPERATURE. THUS, LIQUEFYING THE GAS PROVIDES A PRACTICAL AND ECONOMICAL METHOD FOR TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE. BECAUSE LNG EXISTS AT EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURES, IT IS CONSIDERED A CRYOGENIC LIQUID, HAZARDOUS IN UNCONFINED CONDITIONS BECAUSE OF ITS EXTREME COLD. CONTACT WITH A CRYOGENIC CAN CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE SKIN AND MAKE ORDINARY MATERIALS SUBJECT TO EMBRITTLEMENT AND FRACTURE. CRYOGENIC OPERATIONS REQUIRE SPECIALIZED CONTAINERS AND PIPING. LNG IS STORE IN CONTAINERS MADE OF METALS SUCH AS 9% NICKEL STEEL OR ALUMINUM AND MOVE THROUGH STAINLESS STEEL PIPES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF HANDLING THESE LOW TEMPERATURES. LNG USUALLY IS STORED AND TRANSPORTED AT VERY LOW PRESSURES, TYPICALLY LESS THAN 5 PSIG, IN WELL-INSULATED CONTAINERS. HEAT, EVEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, CAUSES THE LIQUID TO BOIL, WHICH HELPS MAINTAIN THE LNG IN ITS LIQUID STATE, A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS AUTO-REFRIGERATION. LNG MAY BE TRANSPORTED BY CARGO TANK TRUCKS DESIGNED LIKE THOSE USED TO TRANSPORT LIQUID NITROGEN AND LIQUID OXYGEN, AN INSULATED TANK THAT ACTS LIKE A BIG THERMOS BOTTLE. DURING TRANSFER OPERATIONS, THE PIPING IS COLD ENOUGH TO CONDENSE MOISTURE FROM THE AIR, FORMING VISIBLE CLOUDS. WORKERS WEAR HEAVY GLOVES TO AVOID FREEZE BURNS. AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE WHEN UNCONTAINED, LNG BOILS RAPIDLY. IF IT IS SPILLED ON THE GROUND, IT WILL BOIL MORE SLOWLY AS THE GROUND COOLS. IF SPILLED ON WATER, IT WILL FLOAT AND BOIL VERY RAPIDLY. THE RESULTING VAPOR CLOUD IS VERY COLD AND QUITE VISIBLE BECAUSE IT CONDENSES WATER OUT OF THE AIR. INITIALLY, THE VAPOR CLOUD IS DENSER THAN AIR, HUGS THE GROUND, AND SPREADS LATERALLY. AS IT DISPERSES AND MIXES WITH AIR, THE CLOUD BECOMES NEUTRALLY BUOYANT. IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT VAPORS MAY BE PRESENT IN IGNITABLE CONCENTRATIONS OUTSIDE THE VISIBLE CLOUD. A NATURAL GAS CLOUD MAY IGNITE, BUT WILL NOT EXPLODE IF IT IS NOT CONFINED. LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS ITSELF WILL NOT BURN OR EXPLODE. IT MUST BE VAPORIZED AND MIXED WITH AIR IN THE RIGHT CONCENTRATION TO MAKE COMBUSTION POSSIBLE. NATURAL GAS IS FLAMMABLE BETWEEN ITS LOWER AND UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMITS OF 5% AND 15% CONCENTRATION IN AIR AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. OUTSIDE OF THIS RANGE, IT WILL NOT IGNITE. THIS COMPARES WITH GASOLINE-- 1.4% TO 7.6%, AND PROPANE--2.1% TO 9.5%. LARGE QUANTITIES OF LNG ARE SHIPPED FROM OVERSEAS IN MARINE TANKERS. THERE ARE MORE THAN 150 OF THESE VESSELS IN OPERATION. THESE SHIPS ARE MADE IN VARIOUS SIZES, BUT TYPICAL CAPACITY IS BETWEEN 125,000 CUBIC METERS AND 150,000 CUBIC METERS OF PRODUCT. 150,000 CUBIC METERS OF LNG WILL YIELD MORE THAN 3 BILLION CUBIC FEET OF NATURAL GAS. TWO PRIMARY DESIGNS OF LNG SHIPS ARE CURRENTLY IN USE. IN ONE DESIGN, THE LIQUEFIED GAS IS TRANSPORTED IN INSULATED SPHERICAL ALUMINUM TANKS. ANOTHER DESIGN USES AN INTERNAL MEMBRANE OF A SPECIAL CRYOGENIC-RESISTANT MATERIAL COVERED WITH A LAYER OF PRIMARY INSULATION, THEN A SECONDARY MEMBRANE AND SECONDARY INSULATION. BOTH DESIGNS INCORPORATE A DOUBLE HULL, WITH THE INNER HULL FUNCTIONING TO SUPPORT THE STORAGE TANK STRUCTURE. SINCE THE LIQUID COOLS ITSELF AS IT BOILS, A SMALL AMOUNT OF VENTED GAS IS USED AS FUEL FOR THE SHIP'S PROPULSION AND POWER SYSTEMS. ANY RESIDUAL VAPORS ARE VENTED THROUGH A VENT CONTROL SYSTEM TO PREVENT OVERPRESSURIZATION. LNG TANKERS DOCK AND UNLOAD AT MARINE TERMINALS WHICH MAY BE ONSHORE OR OFFSHORE. THE LNG IS UNLOADED AS A CRYOGENIC LIQUID PUMPED FROM THE SHIP TO THE TERMINAL TANKS, WHERE IT IS STORED AT NEAR-ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. IT TAKES ABOUT 12 TO 24 HOURS TO UNLOAD AN LNG TANKER. MOST LNG INCIDENTS THAT HAVE OCCURRED ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNLOADING PROCESS. THE FEW THAT HAVE OCCURRED HAVE BEEN MINOR SPILLS. TYPICALLY THESE ARE HANDLED BY FACILITY PERSONNEL, AND DO NOT REQUIRE A RESPONSE FROM COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONDERS. AT THE TERMINAL, THE LNG IS RECEIVED AND STORED UNTIL IT CAN BE REGASSIFIED AND SENT INTO THE PIPELINE SYSTEM. THE LIQUID IS ALWAYS BOILING OFF VAPOR, WHICH CAN BE RELIQUEFIED OR SENT OUT TO PIPELINE SYSTEMS. THE STORAGE TANKS ARE DOUBLE-WALLED AND CAN HOLD UP TO 160,000 CUBIC METERS OF PRODUCT, ABOUT 42 MILLION GALLONS. THE FACILITY USUALLY WILL HAVE FOAM AND DRY CHEMICAL EMERGENCY FIRE-SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS TO EXTINGUISH FIRES FROM SMALL RELEASES AND PREVENT ACCIDENT ESCALATION. TANK DIKES ARE DESIGNED TO HOLD AT LEAST 100% OF THE TANK'S MAXIMUM CAPACITY. IN ADDITION TO CONTAINING A SPILL, THEY CONTROL THE SIZE OF THE SPILL'S SURFACE, THUS REDUCING THE RATE AT WHICH THE VAPOR CLOUD IS GENERATED. THE NATURAL GAS PIPELINE NETWORK HAS MORE THAN 300,000 MILES OF TRANSMISSION LINES CARRYING GAS AT PRESSURES RANGING UP TO 2,000 PSI. ALONG TRANSMISSION LINES, COMPRESSOR STATIONS ARE LOCATED ABOUT EVERY 100 MILES. AT THESE STATIONS, THE GAS IS FILTERED OR SCRUBBED AND RECOMPRESSED TO BE SENT ALONG THE PIPELINE. THERE ARE 1.8 MILLION MILES OF LOCAL DISTRIBUTION LINES DELIVERING NATURAL GAS TO CUSTOMERS. OVER 100 PEAK SHAVING LNG FACILITIES ARE LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. THEIR MAIN FUNCTION IS STORAGE IN ORDER TO MAKE NATURAL GAS AVAILABLE IN CASE OF SUDDEN SURGES IN DEMAND, FOR EXAMPLE, DURING UNUSUALLY COLD WINTER WEATHER. AT THESE FACILITIES, THE LNG IN STORAGE MAY BE PRESSURIZED TO FACILITATE QUICK TRANSFER TO REGASSIFICATION UNITS. IN THE U.S., THERE HAS BEEN ONLY ONE MAJOR INCIDENT, AND IT OCCURRED AT ONE OF THE COUNTRY'S FIRST LNG FACILITIES. IN CLEVELAND, OHIO, IN 1944, A STORAGE TANK FAILED. LNG SPILLED INTO THE STORM SEWER. THE CONFINED GAS THEN IGNITED, KILLED 128 AND INJURING MORE THAN 200. THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THIS DISASTER COULD NOT BE REPEATED TODAY. DUE TO WARTIME SHORTAGES, THE TANK WAS CONSTRUCTED WITH METAL THAT WAS TOO BRITTLE. THE DIKE WAS TOO SMALL TO CONFINE THE SPILL. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS TERRIBLE ACCIDENT WERE INCORPORATED INTO EXTENSIVE SAFETY CODES AND STANDARDS WHICH GOVERN INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE TODAY. ALL MAJOR INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS INVOLVE SOME HAZARDS AND RISK. IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT HAZARDS ARE CONSTANTS, WHEREAS RISKS CAN CHANGE. WHEN THE HAZARDS AND RISKS ARE UNDERSTOOD, THEY CAN BE MANAGED TO PROTECT WORKERS AND THE PUBLIC. WHAT MUST AUTHORITIES HAVE JURISDICTION AND EMERGENCY RESPONDERS UNDERSTAND TO MAKE SOUND DECISION ABOUT RISK MANAGEMENT? HOW DO THE HAZARDS AND RISKS OF LNG COMPARE TO OTHERS MORE READILY UNDERSTOOD? THERE ARE POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN OUR HOMES. THERE ARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS THAT ARE FLAMMABLE, FLAMMABLE GASES, HEATING FUELS THAT ARE COMBUSTIBLE, BATTERIES THAT MIGHT EXPLODE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE. OUR OWN BEHAVIOR CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF FIRE-- LEAVING BURNING CANDLES UNATTENDED, SMOKING IN BED, OR STORING FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS IN THE BASEMENT. THEN THERE ARE RISKS OVER WHICH WE HAVE NO CONTROL-- A LIGHTNING STRIKE OR BECOMING THE TARGET OF AN ARSONIST... YET WE ARE SECURE LIVING IN OUR HOMES BECAUSE SOCIETY HAS LEARNED TO DEAL WITH THE HAZARDS THROUGH RISK MANAGEMENT. GOOD ELECTRICAL CODES ENSURE THAT THE LIKELIHOOD OF AN ELECTRICAL FIRE IGNITING IN THE WALLS IS VERY LOW. CONSTRUCTION CODES PROHIBIT THE USE OF EASILY IGNITABLE MATERIALS. HEATING SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO BE LEAKPROOF AND TO SHUT DOWN IF A MALFUNCTION OCCURS. EVEN THOUGH HOUSE FIRES ARE UNCOMMON, WE ARE PREPARED TO DEAL WITH THEM. MOST HOMES HAVE SMOKE DETECTORS THAT WARM PEOPLE IF A FIRE STARTS. MOST PEOPLE KNOW THE RULES FOR ESCAPING FROM A FIRE. [SMOKE DETECTOR BEEPING] WHAT'S THAT? SMOKE DETECTOR. GO GET THE BABY. [BEEPING CONTINUES] Boy: FIREMAN. WE SHOULD GET FIREMAN. WE SHOULD GET THE FIREMAN. I KNOW. WE SHOULD GET THE FIREMAN. Narrator: FIREFIGHTERS ARE TRAINED IN RESCUE AND FIRE SUPPRESSION. THE OVERALL RISK IS THE SUM OF ALL THE POTENTIAL RISKS. THE SMALLER RISKS ARE USUALLY MORE LIKELY THAN THE EXTREME RISKS, AND ALL RISKS MAY BE REDUCED BY MORE CAREFUL BEHAVIOR. HERE ARE ALL THE LINES, AND WE HOOK UP TO IT. WE HAVE 5-- 4 UNLOADING ARMS AND ONE VAPOR ARM. OK. Narrator: THE SAME GENERAL APPROACH IS USED FOR MANAGING THE HIGHER RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS INVOLVING POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. TO UNDERSTAND THE RISK, CERTAIN QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED-- WHAT HAZARDS ARE PRESENT? WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF FAILURES, AND WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THEM? HOW MIGHT FAILURES OCCUR? WHAT IS THE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCH FAILURES? WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF EACH SCENARIO? THEN A PLAN MUST BE MADE TO RESPOND TO EACH SCENARIO. OVERALL, THE RISK NEEDS TO BE LOW ENOUGH TO SATISFY REGULATORS, INSURERS, WORKERS, AND NEIGHBORS THAT THE OPERATION IS ACCEPTABLY SAFE. THE HAZARDS OF LNG ARE CONSTANTS, THE KNOWN PROPERTIES OF THE FUEL. LNG IS A CRYOGENIC LIQUID, AND ITS VAPORS ARE A FLAMMABLE GAS. WHAT FAILURES MIGHT OCCUR? EQUIPMENT FAILURE COULD RESULT IN A LIQUID OR VAPOR RELEASE AND A FIRE AT THE POINT OF RELEASE. A DISPERSING VAPOR CLOUD FROM A SPILL COULD REACH A SOURCE OF IGNITION AND BURN BACK. A RELEASE INTO A CONFINED SPACE MIGHT RESULT IN AN EXPLOSION. LNG VAPORS COULD DISPLACE OXYGEN AND RESULT IN ASPHYXIATION. A TANK TRUCK COULD BE INVOLVED IN A COLLISION. SUDDEN REMIXING OF STRATA IN A TANK COULD RESULT IN RAPID VAPORIZATION AND TANK VENTING. A RELEASE ON WATER COULD CAUSE RAPID VAPORIZATION AND BUBBLELIKE EXPLOSIONS, WHAT IS CALLED RAPID PHASE TRANSITION, OR RPT. RPT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN THE LABORATORY AND IN FIELD TESTS, BUT HAS NEVER BEEN EXPERIENCED IN ACTUAL OPERATIONS. FAILURES MIGHT RESULT FROM NATURAL DISASTERS, LIKE AN EARTHQUAKE OR LIGHTNING, ISSUES ADDRESSED IN THE STRINGENT ENGINEERING DESIGN CODES. HISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT THE LIKELIHOOD OF A MAJOR INCIDENT IS SMALL. LNG FACILITIES HAVE EXTENSIVE HAZARD DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLACE, INCLUDING GAS DETECTORS, LEAK DETECTORS, RADIANT HEAT DETECTORS, SMOKE DETECTORS, LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURE DETECTORS, EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEMS, AND FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS. FACILITIES ALSO HAVE EXTENSIVE SECURITY AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS IN PLACE. ALL NEWER LNG FACILITIES HAVE EXCLUSION ZONES, AREAS SURROUNDING THAT FACILITY WHERE THE OPERATOR OR GOVERNMENTAL BODY LEGALLY CONTROLS ALL ACTIVITY. EXCLUSION ZONES ARE DETERMINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S REGULATION UNDER 49CFR193. IF THERE WERE TO BE A FIRE, HEAT LEVELS AND THERMAL RADIATION EXCLUSION ZONES WILL ALLOW AN EXPOSED INDIVIDUAL TIME TO ESCAPE WITH RECEIVING SIGNIFICANT INJURY. CERTAIN LAND USES, SUCH AS RESIDENCES, SCHOOLS, OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ARE PROHIBITED OR RESTRICTED WITHIN THE EXCLUSION ZONES. A FACILITY MAY ALSO HAVE A FLAMMABLE VAPOR DISPERSION EXCLUSION ZONE. IN THE EVENT OF A RELEASE, VAPOR CONCENTRATION AT THE EDGE OF THE ZONE WILL BE BELOW THE LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT. EXCLUSION ZONES MAY DIFFER DEPENDING ON THE HAZARD MODEL USED AND THE INSTALLATION YEAR OF THE FACILITY. IN ADDITION, SOME FACILITIES MAY BE GRANDFATHERED. DEMANDING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REDUCE THE RISK OF A CATASTROPHIC LNG ACCIDENT. ALL LNG STORAGE FACILITIES MUST COMPLY WITH FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS-- 49CFR193, LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS; 33CFR127, WATERFRONT FACILITIES HANDLING LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS AND LIQUEFIED HAZARDOUS GAS; AND WITH NFPA 59A, STANDARD FOR THE PRODUCTION, STORAGE, AND HANDLING OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS. PERSONNEL ARE HIGHLY TRAINED. THERE ARE STRICT SECURITY MEASURES AND REGULAR AND THOROUGH INSPECTION OF FACILITIES. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOMETHING GOING WRONG? A NUMBER OF FACTORS MUST BE CONSIDERED-- WHAT QUANTITY IS RELEASED, WHAT IS THE LOCATION OF THE RELEASE, IS THE RELEASE CONFINED, WHAT IS THE WEATHER AND TIME OF DAY, WHAT IS THE NEARBY POPULATION DENSITY, WHAT EXPOSURES ARE THREATENED, WHAT ARE THE CAPABILITIES OF RESPONSE PERSONNEL. ONCE THE HAZARDS AND RISKS ARE UNDERSTOOD, PLANS CAN BE DEVELOPED FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE. FIRST RESPONDERS ALWAYS CONDUCT A FORM OF RISK ASSESSMENT WHEN THEY ARRIVE ON THE SCENE AND SIZE UP AN INCIDENT. THIS KIND OF RISK ASSESSMENT IS BASED ON THE RESPONDERS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE FACILITY, THEIR PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE, AND THEIR ESTIMATE OF WHAT'S GOING ON AND HOW THE SITUATION MAY DEVELOP. THESE ASSESSMENTS BENEFIT FROM KNOWLEDGE GAINED DURING PREINCIDENT PLANNING VISITS, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT HIGH-EXPANSION FOAM AND DRY CHEMICAL ARE THE BEST CONTROL AND EXTINGUISHING AGENTS FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKS AND FIRES AND THAT WATER IS BEST USED FOR EXPOSURE PROTECTION SINCE WATER APPLIED TO AN LNG FIRE WILL ONLY INTENSIFY THE BURNING. WHEN PLANNING A NEW OR EXPANDED LNG FACILITY, ENGINEERS PERFORMS A DIFFERENT KIND OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE HAZARDS ARE ASSESSED. THEN A MATHEMATICAL PROBABILITY IS ASSIGNED TO EACH RISK BASED ON SUCH THINGS AS ACCIDENT RATES AND HISTORY OF MECHANICAL FAILURES. THEN A WORST-CASE ASSESSMENT IS MADE. USUALLY, THE PROBABILITY OF SUCH AN EVENT IS LOW. THEN THIS INFORMATION IS USED TO APPLY FOR PERMITS, TO DESIGN THE FACILITY AND ITS SAFETY SYSTEMS, AND TO DEVELOP A RISK-MANAGEMENT PLAN. IN OVER 45 YEARS OF LNG SHIPPING COVERING MORE THAN 60,000 TRIPS AND OVER 90 MILLION MILES, THERE HAVE BEEN ONLY A FEW MAJOR SHIPBOARD LNG INCIDENTS, NONE INVOLVING AN LNG RELEASE. THEREFORE, THERE IS NO FIELD EXPERIENCE AVAILABLE TO HELP DETERMINE HOW A SIGNIFICANT SHIPBOARD LNG INCIDENT MIGHT UNFOLD. POTENTIAL FAILURES IN SHIPPING MY INCLUDE COLLISION, GROUNDING, NAVIGATIONAL ERROR, MECHANICAL FAILURE, AND SPILL DURING CONNECTION, UNLOADING, OR DISCONNECTION. NOW, THE PURPOSE OF OUR DISCUSSION HERE IS TO TALK ABOUT THE LNG CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS PROGRAMS THAT WE HAVE HERE AT TEXAS A&M. Narrator: MATHEMATICAL MODELS EXIST FOR ESTIMATING THE BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTS OF SPILLS AND FIRES, BUT NO MODEL CURRENTLY EXISTS THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE COMBINATION OF A RELEASE OF A CRYOGENIC LIQUID THROUGH TWO SHIP HULLS, ITS SPREAD ON THE WATER'S SURFACE, VAPORIZATION, TRAVEL OF THE VAPOR, AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF IGNITION. IF NOT IGNITED AS A RESULT OF THE INITIAL BREACHING OF THE HULLS, APPROXIMATIONS USING EXISTING MODELS SUGGEST THAT A RAPID RELEASE COULD PROPAGATE VAPOR IN THE FLAMMABLE RANGE MORE THAN TWO MILES FROM THE POINT OF RELEASE. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE VAPOR WOULD FIND A SOURCE OF IGNITION AND BURN BACK. THERE ARE 4 LINES OF DEFENSE FOR REDUCING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE RISKS-- WELL-DESIGNED ENGINEERING CONTROLS, FREQUENTLY REVIEWED AND UPDATED STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES, TRAINED AND QUALIFIED OPERATING PERSONNEL, AND TIMELY, INFORMED EMERGENCY RESPONSE. WELL-DESIGNED AND ENGINEERED VESSELS REDUCE THE PROBABILITY OF A RELEASE. TANKERS ARE DOUBLE-HULLED AS AN ADDED SAFETY FACTOR SHOULD THE SHIP RUN AGROUND OR BE INVOLVED IN A COLLISION. VESSELS HAVE SEVERAL INDEPENDENT LNG TANKS FOR ADDITIONAL SAFETY. THE SHIP HAS CONTROLS THAT SHUT DOWN THE GAS SYSTEM IF IT OPERATES OUT OF PARAMETERS. FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS INCLUDE FIRE SENSORS, WATER SPRAY, AND EXTINGUISHER SYSTEMS ABOVE DECKS AND INERT GAS FOR THE CARGO HOLDS. TERMINALS HAVE SHIP-TO-SHORE EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEMS AND MAY HAVE QUICK-RELEASE COUPLINGS OR OTHER TYPES OF EMERGENCY BREAKAWAY SYSTEMS TO AUTOMATICALLY DISCONNECT TRANSFER ARMS. WELL-WRITTEN, FREQUENTLY REVIEWED STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES PLACE CONTROLS ON HOW VESSELS AND FACILITIES ARE OPERATED. VESSEL MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR EACH PORT ARE DEVELOPED BY THE U.S. COAST GUARD CAPTAIN OF THE PORT. THE COAST GUARD INDIVIDUALLY AUTHORIZES EACH ARRIVAL, CREATES AND ENFORCES SAFETY AND SECURITY ZONES AROUND THE VESSEL, AND CONDUCTS A SAFETY INSPECTION OF EACH VESSEL. THE SHIPS ARE GUIDED INTO PORT BY LOCAL PILOTS AND MANEUVERED BY HARBOR TUGS. THERE ARE EXTENSIVE SAFETY AND SECURITY PROVISIONS. PERSONNEL WHO OPERATE THE FACILITY AND THE VESSELS MUST UNDERGO BACKGROUND CHECKS, BE WELL-TRAINED AND COMPLETELY QUALIFIED. THE OFFICERS AND CREW OF AN LNG VESSEL UNDERGO EXTENSIVE TRAINING IN LNG SAFETY AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE. THEN IF AN EMERGENCY DOES OCCUR, THE RESPONSE MUST BE TIMELY, INFORMED, AND WELL-COORDINATED. FIRE OFFICIALS AND OTHER EMERGENCY RESPONSE ORGANIZATIONS MUST WORK WITH PLANT MANAGEMENT TO DEVELOP A LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS EQUAL TO THE RISKS POSED BY THE FACILITY. THEY NEED TO HAVE A CLEAR PICTURE OF WHAT A CREDIBLE WORST-CASE INCIDENT WOULD BE AND A WELL-DEVELOPED EMERGENCY PLAN FOR THE FACILITY AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITY THAT TAKES A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE. EMERGENCY RESPONDERS MUST HAVE A STRATEGY IN PLACE TO QUICKLY AND EFFECTIVELY MANAGE RESOURCES TO MEET INCIDENT PRIORITIES. THE FIRST PRIORITY IS ALWAYS LIFE SAFETY. THE SECOND PRIORITY IS TO STABILIZE THE INCIDENT. THE THIRD PRIORITY IS TO MINIMIZE PROPERTY DAMAGE. DEPENDING ON THE INCIDENT, STRATEGY MAY BE OFFENSIVE, AND AGGRESSIVE ATTACK ON THE INCIDENT; DEFENSIVE, CONCENTRATING ON PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY WITH LESS RISK TO RESPONSE PERSONNEL; OR, WHEN BOTH OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES POSE UNACCEPTABLE RISKS, NONINTERVENTION. THE AREA IS ISOLATED, AND THE INCIDENT IS ALLOWED TO RUN ITS COURSE. LNG FACILITIES WILL HAVE COMPREHENSIVE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS WHICH SHOULD BE REVIEWED AND UNDERSTOOD BY LOCAL EMERGENCY RESPONDERS. IN ADDITION, THESE FACILITIES ARE REQUIRED BY FEDERAL LAW TO CONDUCT EMERGENCY RESPONSE DRILLS ON A REGULAR SCHEDULE. LOCAL AND REGIONAL EMERGENCY RESPONDERS SHOULD PARTICIPATE AND CRITIQUE THE EXERCISES TO IDENTIFY PROBLEMS AND IMPROVE RESPONSE CAPABILITY. AN LNG INCIDENT MAY INVOLVE MULTIPLE AGENCIES AND JURISDICTIONS, INCLUDING THE COAST GUARD, STATE AUTHORITIES, LOCAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDUSTRY. PERSONNEL FROM THESE DIVERSE ORGANIZATIONS MUST WORK AS A TEAM TO MITIGATE THE INCIDENT. IN SUCH CASES, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH UNIFIED COMMAND. UNIFIED COMMAND IS A TEAM REPRESENTING KEY AGENCIES THAT HAVE STATUTORY OR JURISDICTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INCIDENT. THE TEAM TAKES THE PLACE OF A SINGLE INCIDENT COMMANDER WHO NORMALLY MANAGES ROUTINE INCIDENTS. ALL THE WAY UP TO 16, YOU GET TRAFFIC. Narrator: THE CHALLENGE IS TO INTEGRATE THE VARIOUS RESPONSE AGENCIES INTO A SINGLE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE WHICH IS FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO CONTINUALLY ASSESS AND MODIFY INCIDENT OBJECTIVES. AGENCIES WHO MAY RESPOND TO STATUTORY OR JURISDICTIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST MAKE UNIFIED COMMAND PART OF THEIR REGULAR TRAINING AND EXERCISES. ONE CONCERN IS THE RISK OF A TERRORIST ATTACK. TIGHT SECURITY REDUCES THE LIKELIHOOD OF A SUCCESSFUL TERRORIST ATTACK. SHIPS AND TERMINAL FACILITIES ARE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND CONVENTIONAL MAJOR ACCIDENTS, WHICH ALSO MAKES THEM VERY RESISTANT TO POTENTIAL TERRORIST EVENTS. AND SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORY STUDY SUGGESTS THAT TERRORIST SCENARIOS WOULD NOT EXCEED OTHER WORST-CASE PLANNING SCENARIOS. EMERGENCY PLANNERS HAVE TO PREPARE FROM A CREDIBLE WORST-CASE SCENARIO-- A MASSIVE BREACH OF A CONTAINER AND THE RAPID RELEASE OF ALL ITS CONTENTS, WHETHER CAUSED INTENTIONALLY OR BY ACCIDENT. THEY ALSO HAVE TO PLAN FOR LESSER ACCIDENTS, WHERE THE POSSIBILITY OF ESCALATION EXISTS. SINCE THE CLEVELAND ACCIDENT IN 1944, THERE HAVE BEEN NO MAJOR RELEASES OF LNG. ONSHORE RELEASES ARE CONTAINED WITHIN DIKES DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE CONTAINER. RELEASES FROM LNG VESSELS ON OPEN WATER ARE LESS PREDICTABLE. RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE ATTEMPTED TO MODEL THE BEHAVIOR OF LNG SPILLED ON OPEN WATER. MODELING OF AN LNG SPILL IN A HARBOR AREA IS MORE DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF FIXED AND FLOATING OBSTRUCTIONS. RESEARCH CONTINUES. IN GENERAL, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ON PUBLIC SAFETY AND PROPERTY FROM A MAJOR SPILL EXIST WITHIN APPROXIMATELY 500 METERS OF THE SPILL WITH LOWER IMPACTS AT DISTANCES BEYOND APPROXIMATELY 1,600 METERS FROM A SPILL, EVEN FOR VERY LARGE SPILLS. FOR ANY NEW FACILITY OR PROPOSED EXPANSION, FEDERAL REGULATIONS REQUIRE LNG OPERATORS TO ESTABLISH COMMUNICATION WITH SAFETY AND ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES IN ORDER TO COORDINATE ALL FACETS OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE. THE AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION MUST REVIEW THE OPERATOR'S ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TO VERIFY THAT THEY ARE ADEQUATE TO DEAL WITH A CREDIBLE WORST-CASE SCENARIO. THESE WORST-CASE RISKS ARE VERY IMPROBABLE AND DO NOT CONTRIBUTE MUCH TO THE TOTAL RISK, BUT ARE OF CONCERN BECAUSE OF THE POTENTIAL FOR PUBLIC IMPACT. THE AUTHORITY MAY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS OR ENHANCED EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS IF IT DETERMINES THAT THE EXISTING PLANS ARE INADEQUATE. NATURAL GAS IS A CLEAN-BURNING FUEL THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO MEET A SIGNIFICANT PART OF OUR COUNTRY'S FUTURE ENERGY NEEDS. TO MEET THAT NEED, LARGE QUANTITIES OF NATURAL GAS WILL BE LIQUEFIED AND TRANSPORTED. LNG IS A CRYOGENIC WHICH CAN VAPORIZE TO A FLAMMABLE GAS, YET THESE HAZARDS AND THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPORTING AND SITING LNG FACILITIES CAN BE MANAGED BY CAREFUL HAZARD AND RISK ANALYSIS; A COMBINATION OF ENGINEERING, SECURITY, AND SAFETY STANDARDS; AND A PREPARED AND KNOWLEDGEABLE EMERGENCY RESPONSE COMMUNITY.

Alabama

  • November 8, 2013 – Pickens County, Crude oil train derails, fire, one person evacuated[1]

Alaska

Arizona

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 but no accidents have been uncovered.[4]

Arkansas

  • September 2010 – March 2011 – Near Greenbrier, earthquake swarm near injection wells, largest 4.7[5]
  • May 21, 2012 - A fire and explosion broke out at an abandoned crude oil tank battery, near El Dorado.[6]
  • March 29, 2013 – Mayflower – "Exxon-Pegasus" oil pipeline spill, 22 homes evacuated[7]
  • November 12, 2014 – earthquake, see Kansas

California

  • Jan. 27, 1908 - Lightning struck tank number 3 of the Union Oil Co. tank farm at Avila. The bolt struck at 3:30 p.m. and ignited the oil stored in the tank.[8]
  • October 5, 1913 - A spark from a passing locomotive was blamed for starting a fire, in a 250,000 gallon tank of distillate oil at the San Diego Standard Oil tank yard. As the oil burned it threw sparks skyward, which rained down on several other tanks nearby, igniting them. The fire burned for 2 days.[9]
  • April 7, 1926 - A lightning-caused fire, involving a 1 million gallon tank, near San Luis Obispo.[8]
  • September 1, 1968 - Lightning struck an oil storage surface reservoir, at the Standard Oil Company of California refinery in El Segundo, igniting the wooden roof, and started a fire on the 7.25-acre surface of bunker oil that burned for 13 days. An attack with seven high expansion and five low expansion foam generators produced more than 4 million cubic feet of foam. These efforts failed, however, and a controlled burnout had to be accepted.[10]
  • September 16, 1928 – George F. Getty Inc. well exploded at the Santa Fe Springs oil fields, igniting a fire that burned for almost two months.[11]
  • 1969 – The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill. In January and February 1969, in the Santa Barbara Channel, near the city of Santa Barbara, in Southern California. It was the largest oil spill in United States waters at the time, and now ranks third after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 1989 Exxon Valdez spills. It remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California.
  • April 10, 1989 – An explosion and fire occurred in a cracking column at the Chevron Richmond refinery. A total of 8 workers and firefighters were injured. Three workers suffered second and third degree burns.
  • February 23, 1999 - A fire occurred in the crude unit at Tosco Corporation's Avon oil refinery in Martinez. Workers were attempting to replace piping attached to a 150-foot-tall fractionator tower while the process unit was in operation. During removal of the piping, naphtha was released onto the hot fractionator and ignited. The flames engulfed five workers located at different heights on the tower. Four men were killed, and one sustained serious injuries.[12]
  • March 25, 1999 – An explosion and fire, at the Chevron Richmond refinery, that spread noxious fumes, and sent hundreds of Richmond residents to hospitals.
  • August 6, 2012 – A large fire erupted at the Chevron Richmond refinery. About 15,000 sought medical treatment for exposure to the smoke. On April 15, 2013, the US Chemical Safety Board released their preliminary report citing Chevron for a chronic failure to replace aging equipment and called for an overhaul of regulatory oversight of the industry to prevent such accidents from happening again.
  • February 12, 2014, - Sulfuric acid burned two workers in a Martinez refinery's alkylation unit, who were transported to the nearest hospital burn unit by life flight. The incident occurred when the operators opened a block valve to return an acid sampling system back to service. Very shortly after this block valve had been fully opened, the tubing directly downstream of the valve came apart, spraying two operators with acid.[13]
  • May 15, 2014 – Los Angeles, pipeline rupture, 4 sickened[14]
  • February 18, 2015 – Torrance, refinery explosion, four injured[15]
  • May 19, 2015 – Santa Barbara – Pipeline rupture, large oil spill [16]
  • October 22, 2017 - An oil well pump fire, east of Orcutt.[17]
  • January 19, 2018 - A fire broke out in the cooling tower of a refinery in Bakersfield.[18]
  • October 8, 2018 - Nearly 1,900 gallons of crude oil leaked from a ruptured pipe over a weekend, at a Torrance Refinery.[19]
  • December 22, 2018 - Five gallons of Modified Hydrofluoric Acid leaked from a hose, as it was being transferred from a tanker truck to a container, at a Torrance refinery.[20]

Colorado

  • Oil spill data are available on Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission Spill Analysis website 
  • August 2001 through 2012 – Trinidad, earthquakes up to magnitude 5.3
  • February 2004 - Williams was fined $30,000 for a fire at a well in Parachute.[21]
  • February 26, 2006 – Fire at a gas compressor station, southwest of Fort Lupton[22]
  • June 25, 2012 - One worker dead, two injured at BP Pinon natural gas compressor station explosion[23][24] in Bayfield
  • September 11, 2012 – A malfunction and fire at a gas compressor station, in Colorado.[25]
  • May 9, 2014 – Weld County: six crude oil tankers of 100-car train derail, one leaks an estimated 6,500 gal. (of 28,000 gal. contents)[26]
  • November 13, 2014 – Weld County explosion, one dead, two injured,[27]
  • April 17, 2015 - Lightning struck a wastewater storage tank in Greeley, which ignited the vapors inside. Other storage tanks then caught fire.[28]
  • April 17, 2017 – A severed flow line, from a gas well, leads to a gas explosion in a home, killing 2 people, in Firestone, Colorado.[29][30]
  • May 8, 2017 – Fire broke out at a tank for a fracking well near Greeley.[31]
  • May 25, 2017 – An oil tank explosion and fire in northern Colorado killed a worker, and burned three others.[32]
  • September 20, 2017 - A fire at oil tank farm in Weld County.[33]
  • October 29, 2017 - An oil well near Berthoud, capped in 1984, began spilling drilling mud.[34]
  • December 22, 2017 - One person injured in an explosion & fire at an oil well in Weld County, Colorado.[35]
  • February 18, 2018 - A liquid spill near tanks used in oil drilling, near Erie, was more than 200 gallons.[36]
  • April 19, 2018 - A pipeline released an unknown amount of oil & gas production wastewater, near Bayfield.[37]
  • June 19, 2018 - A lightning strike caused an explosion that damaged or destroyed up to six oil tanks at a storage facility near Hudson in Weld County.[38]

Delaware

  • July 17, 2001, an explosion occurred at the Motiva Enterprises refinery in Delaware City. A work crew had been repairing a catwalk above a sulfuric acid storage tank farm when a spark from their hot work ignited flammable vapors in one of the tanks. This tank had holes in its roof and shell due to corrosion. The tank collapsed, and one of the contract workers was killed; eight others were injured. A significant volume of sulfuric acid was released to the environment.[39]
  • November 5, 2005 - Two contract employees were overcome and fatally injured by nitrogen as they performed maintenance work near a 24-inch opening on the top of a reactor. One of the workers died attempting rescue.[40]
  • November 29, 2015 - An operator at the Delaware City Refining Company's (DCRC) Kellogg Alkylation Unit suffered second degree burns to his face and neck areas while performing de-inventorying activities on a vessel in preparation for the removal of a pipe spool from a connected process. This incident follows two other incidents at the same facility which occurred on August 21, and August 28, 2015.[41]

Florida

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 but no accidents have been uncovered.[4]

Idaho

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 but no accidents have been uncovered.[4]

Illinois

  • November 20, 2012 – Mokena, Pipe rupture, oil spill in tank farm[42]
  • March 5, 2015 – Galena, train derailment, fire, evacuations[43]
  • November 14, 2017 - A man was seriously hurt in an oil rig explosion & fire in White County, and later died from his injuries.[44]

Indiana

  • In September, 1941, a nine-hour conflagration at the Whiting Standard of Indiana refinery killed one man and injured 20 others. That blaze also destroyed more than 30 oil storage tanks and half a dozen buildings with a loss estimated at $100,000.[45]
  • On August 27, 1955, a brand new hydroformer at the Whiting Standard of Indiana refinery exploded and burned. An 8-day long fire then consumed at least 45 acres of storage tanks and damaged nearby homes and businesses. In addition to a boy killed in his home, one Standard Oil workman died of a heart attack, another 40 were injured, and 1,500 evacuated.[45]
  • On Nov 23, 1957, 2 workers were killed in a Whiting Standard of Indiana refinery fire.[45]
  • On Apr 16, 1988, 16 workers were hurt in explosion at the Whiting Standard of Indiana refinery.[45]
  • On Oct 31, 1988, 3 workers were killed, and 1 seriously injured in asphalt plant explosion & fire, at the Whiting Standard of Indiana refinery.[45]
  • About March 26, 2014 – Whiting – Crude oil spill from refinery.[46]

Kansas

  • June 25, 2013 - An oil tank battery located in Ft. Leavenworth was struck by lightning & burned.[47]
  • September 23, 2014 - A lightning storm caused a Russell Co. tank battery fire.[48]
  • November 12, 2014 – Sumner County, epicenter of magnitude 4.8 earthquake[49]
  • January 19, 2015 – see OK
  • September 25, 2017 - Lightning causes an oil tank battery fire near Lindsborg.[50]
  • April 30, 2018 - Lightning is blamed for a pair of oil tank battery fires in Reno and Russell counties.[51]
  • June 26, 2018 - A lightning strike was blamed for an oil tank fire, southwest of Oxford.[52]

Kentucky

  • January, 2005 – Carrollton, Crude oil pipeline rupture, oil spill,[53]
  • October, 2008 – Burlington, Crude oil pipeline rupture, oil spill, 80 homes evacuated[53]
  • August 2019 - Danville, natural gas pipeline rupture, fire, 1 death, 6 injured, 75 homes evacuated[54]

Louisiana

  • November 30, 1980 - An oil rig contracted by Texaco accidentally drilled into the Diamond Crystal Salt Company salt mine under Lake Peigneur. Because of an incorrect or misinterpreted coordinate reference system, the 14-inch (36 cm) drill bit entered the mine, starting a chain of events that turned the lake from freshwater to salt-water, with a deep hole. All 55 employees in the mine at the time of the accident were able to escape thanks to well-planned and rehearsed evacuation drills, while the crew of the drilling rig fled the platform before it was sucked down into the new depths of the lake.[55]
  • October 24, 1998 - A catastrophic vessel failure and fire occurred near Pitkin, at the Temple 22-1 Common Point Separation Facility owned by Sonat Exploration Co. Four workers who were near the vessel were killed, and the facility sustained significant damage. The vessel lacked a pressure relief system and ruptured due to overpressurization during start-up, releasing flammable material which ignited.[56]
  • 2004 Taylor oil spill a low-volume on-going event, which as of 2018, was still leaking between 300 and 700 barrels of oil a day.[57]
  • April 20, 2010 – Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in the Gulf of Mexico, 11 dead
  • July 22, 2013 – Offshore gas well, 44 workers evacuated[58]
  • October 8, 2015 - Three people were killed and two others were seriously wounded Thursday when a natural gas plant in Gibson, Louisiana exploded.[59]
  • November 22, 2016, - An isobutane release occurred in the sulfuric acid alkylation unit at the ExxonMobil Refinery in Baton Rouge, Louisiana which resulted in four serious injuries to workers and injured two others. The incident occurred during minor maintenance on a flammable isobutane line which failed, releasing isobutane into the unit which ignited.[60]
  • April 14, 2017 – Well blowout in Red River Parish, Louisiana.[61]
  • April 18, 2017 – One worker was killed, and, 2 others injured, by a well tank explosion, in Mansfield, Louisiana.[62]
  • October 15, 2017 - One worker was missing & presumed dead, after a drilling rig explosion & fire on Lake Pontchartrain. 7 other workers were injured.[63]
  • July 29, 2018 - A flare for an ethylene pipeline spread to the tower it was mounted on in Plaquemine.[64]

Maryland

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 but no accidents have been uncovered.[4]
  • On October 6, 1979, LNG vapors at the Dominion Cove Point LNG facility leaked from a pump, causing an explosion leading to 1 death, 1 critical injury, and, major damage to the facility.[65]

Massachusetts

Michigan

  • July 25, 2010 – Near Marshall, massive spill of dilbit (diluted bitumen) from Canada
  • September 16, 2014– Benton Harbor, pipeline gas leak, 500 residents evacuated[67]
  • January 3, 2018 - An oil rig caught fire, injuring 1, in Evart.[68]

Mississippi

  • June 5, 2006 – Raleigh, oil field explosion, three dead, one injured[69]
  • October 31, 2009 - Two teens were killed when an oil tank located in a clearing in the woods near one of the teens’ homes in Carnes, MS, exploded.[70]
  • June 28, 2016 -An Enterprise Gas Processing, LLC natural gas plant in Pascagoula, Mississippi exploded and burned.[71]

Missouri

  • April 30, 2013 – Ripley County, crude oil spill from pipeline,[72]
  • November 29, 2013 – An explosion and fire at a natural gas compressor station, near Houstonia.

Montana

  • July 2, 2011 – 10 miles from Billings, pipeline spill, evacuations[73]
  • January 16, 2015 – near Glendive, pipeline rupture [74]
  • April 27, 2018 - An estimated 25,000 gallons of oil and 3,780,000 gallons of produced water, also known as brine, were released from an oil well on the Ft Peck Reservation.[75]

Nebraska

  • August 8, 2018 - An oil tank battery caught on fire after being struck by lightning, in Franklin County.[76]

Nevada

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 but no accidents have been uncovered.[4]

New Mexico

  • 18,622 reported spills as of January 13, 2015 on the State of New Mexico Oil Conservation Division web site
  • May 26, 1983 – Explosion and fire at a gas compressor station near Bloomfield. Two employees were severely burned.[77]
  • April 8, 2004 - Four workers were seriously injured, when highly flammable gasoline components were released and ignited, at the Giant Industries Ciniza refinery, east of Gallup.[78]
  • July 11, 2016 – Explosion in New Mexico, 36 Oil Tanks Catch Fire[79][80]
  • June 9, 2017 - A tank battery caught fire, 20 miles west of Hobbs.[81]
  • September 1, 2017 - An explosion in Otis caused a fire at a tank battery near Otis.[82]

New Jersey

  • On Dec. 6, 1970, a series of powerful explosions and fire ripped through a portion of the Humble Oil & Refining Company facilities in Linden. Policemen and firemen at the scene reported “numerous injuries,” and three hospitals in nearby Elizabeth reported that they were treating the injured in their emergency rooms.[83]

New York

List of NYC gas explosions; most are likely in distribution lines and not associated with production [84]

1979–2009

  • 270 Accidents in the state[86]

After 2009

  • August 20, 2014 – Albany, crude oil spill from pipeline,[87]
  • December 16, 2017 - An accident involving a home heating oil truck sparked a huge fire on Long Island.[88]

North Carolina

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 but no accidents have been uncovered.[89][90]
  • June 13, 2010 - Lightning struck a tank of gasoline at the Colonial Pipeline Company tank farm in Greensboro, and ignited a major blaze.[91]

July 2019, A steel construction manufacturing contractor accidentally ruptured a gas tank at Prescient Co. in Durham, killing 2 people and injuring 25.

North Dakota

2006 through October 2014

  • Numerous spills, mainly western part of state, at least four injuries[92]
  • February 13, 2014 – A fracking well blew out.[93]

2015

  • January 6, 2015 – near Williston, large brine spill (reference to this article contains links to stories of earlier spills)[94]
  • February 18, 2018 - A fuel oil tank fire at a West Fargo tank farm.[95]

Ohio

Before 2014

  • October 20, 1944 – The Cleveland East Ohio Gas explosion: An LNG tank suffered a seam failure, leading to LNG vapors entering sewers. The vapors later exploded, causing 130 deaths, and, destroying of square mile of Cleveland, Ohio.
  • December 15, 2007 – Geauga County, gas well explosion,[96]
  • September 29, 2008 – Medina county, water well pollution[97]
  • March 17 – December 24, 2011 – Youngstown, 11 earthquakes near injection wells[98]
  • September 2012 to November 2013 –Four eastern Counties, repeated drilling-slurry spills[99]
  • November 1, 2012 to January 31, 2013 – Mahoning River, Illegal dumping of fracking waste[100]
  • September 30, 2013 – Harrison County, 400 micro-earthquakes[101]

2014

2015

  • January 10, 2015 – Lima, Refinery explosion,[105]
  • April 3, 2015 – Vienna – Oil spill, water pollution, fish and animal kills[106]
  • July 24, 2015 –Trumbull County – Crude oil spill [107]

2016

  • February 1, 2016 – Crooksville, Gas leak, 500 evacuated [108]
  • March 9, 2016 – Near Barnsville, truck accident, waste water spill [109]

2017

  • April 2, 2017 – Wayne National Forest, Earthquake [110]
  • October 23, 2017 - Stark County Ohio “Wooster Man Dead in Stark County Gas Line Incident, The Daily Record, October 23, 2017

2018

2019

  • January 21, 2019 - A 30-inch diameter natural gas pipeline owned by Enbridge exploded in Noble County, Ohio at approximately 10:40 a.m.. The pipeline was built in the 1950s, and last inspected in the 1980s prior to the explosion. Still under investigation, corrosion is the presumed cause.[112]

Oklahoma

Accidents

  • November 17, 2009 – Elk City, Crane failure,[113]
  • March 8, 2012 - Lightning caused an oil tank battery fire in southwest Oklahoma City.[114]
  • April 18, 2013 - A Lightning strike caused a tank battery fire in NE Oklahoma City.[115]
  • December 17, 2014 – Coal County, 2 dead, 3 injured[116][117]
  • February 16, 2016 – One person was injured in an explosion, at a Pittsburg County oil field. Fire spread to 3 other wells.[118]
  • January 22, 2018 - Five workers killed in a gas well explosion near Quinton, Oklahoma;[119] deaths due to burns and smoke inhalation.[120]
  • May 24, 2018 - A tank battery caught fire in southwest Oklahoma City.[121]
  • July 16, 2018 - Multiple fire departments responded to a tank battery fire in Pawnee County.[122]
  • July 29, 2018 - A tank battery fire broke out north of Carrier.[123]

Earthquakes

Oregon

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 [127] but no accidents have been uncovered.

– Major crude oil train derailment in Mosier, a small town in the Columbia gorge spilled and burst into flames June 2016. The accident was due to railway dysfunction and bad parts. As of now, groundwater contamination is found at the site impacting wildlife.

Pennsylvania

  • Records of violations and spills are posted on the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Web page
  • February, 2011 – Avila, explosion, 3 injured[128]
  • April 19, 2011 – Well blowout in Bradford County, Pennsylvania.[129]
  • March 28, 2012 – An explosion at a natural gas compression station in Susquehanna County.[130]
  • May 19, 2012 – Leroy Twp., Contamination from leaking gas well,[131]
  • May 15, 2013 – A fire and possible explosion, at a Susquehanna County gas compressor station.[132]
  • January 11, 2014 – Susquehanna County, Explosion, 1 injured[133]
  • February 11, 2014 – Greene County explosion, one injured, one dead. Later, the well owner, Chevron, apologized to area residents by giving out free pizza. Chevron also blocked PA DEP personnel from the site for two days after the fire.[134][135][136]
  • September 6, 2014 – Mercer County – Fire, 15 to 20 homes evacuated[137]
  • December 1, 2014 – A gauge leaking methane most likely caused an explosion and fire, in a Susquehanna County natural gas compressor station.[138]
  • December 13, 2016 – Fire at a natural gas compressor station, located outside the village of Wharton Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania.[139]
  • December 25, 2016 – A fire broke out at a gas compressor station, in Armstrong County.[140]
  • January 1, 2017 – Fire erupts at Marcellus Shale pad in Somerset Township, Washington County.[141]
  • March 9, 2017 – A fire at a Susquehanna County gas compressor station.[142]
  • November 30, 2017 - A gas well pad fire in Somerset County.[143]
  • January 4, 2018 - Three workers hurt at a gas well in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.[144]
  • January 23, 2018 - 5 workers hospitalized after hydrofluoric acid leak at a refinery in Trainer, Pennsylvania.[145]
  • June 21, 2019 - A propane and hydrofluoric acid leak caused a low-hanging vapor cloud, which ignited and resulted in 3 sequential explosions at a refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first two explosions where of vessels containing alkylate. The final explosion was the largest and was fueled by pure hydrocarbons. It sent three fragments of the containment vessel into flight. 5 workers were hospitalized. [146]

South Dakota

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015.[127]
  • August 18, 2018 - Several oil tanks caught fire at a Whiting Petroleum site near Watford City.[147]

Tennessee

  • State had active oil and or gas wells as of April 2015 [127] but no accidents have been uncovered.

Texas

  • April 11, 1965 - A gas well blew out in Parker County, causing a massive fire. Firefighter Red Adair had to be called in to control the well, which was capped on April 17.[148]
  • February 2, 1975 - A ruptured pipe connection on a gas well, near Denver City, released hydrogen sulfide (H2S). 8 people were killed while trying to evacuate their nearby home. A worker checking that well about an alarm was also killed.[149]
  • October, 1998 – During heavy rainfall, the roof and sides of a Koch 50,000 barrel (2,100,000 gallon) above-ground storage tank buckled, discharging approximate 24,700 gallons of crude oil into Marcelinas Creek, which is a tributary of the San Antonio River. The spill occurred 1 mile northwest of Falls City, Karnes County, Texas, and entered Marcelinas Creek at flood stage. The spill was generally contained about three miles downstream. The floodwaters transported the oil laterally well beyond the banks of the creek, coating vegetation in these areas with oil as the floodwaters receded. The three miles of creek and adjacent riparian corridor, consisting of mature hardwood trees and improved pasture, provide essential habitat to numerous species of fish, birds, mammals, and reptiles. It took 17 years for the terms of settlement to be reached with regulators.[150][151]
  • January 13, 2003, a vapor cloud fire erupted at the BLSR Operating Ltd. oilfield waste disposal facility near Rosharon, south of Houston. Two BLSR employees and one truck driver were fatally burned. Four other workers suffered serious burns, but survived.[152]
  • March 23, 2005 – The Texas City refinery explosion; 15 dead, 180 injured[153]
  • February 16, 2007, a propane fire erupted at the Valero McKee Refinery in Sunray, north of Amarillo. Three workers suffered serious burns, and the refinery was forced to shut down. The fire began following a leak in the propane deasphalting unit and spread quickly, in part because of the rapid collapse of a major pipe rack carrying flammable hydrocarbons. Some of the rack's support columns had not been fireproofed.[154]
  • April 27, 2008 - A fire broke out at a tank battery in Ward County.[155]
  • May 15, 2009 - An oil tank battery exploded, following a tank battery fire, in Lamesa.[156]
  • July 19, 2009 - A fire in the alkylation unit at CITGO's Corpus Christi refinery led to a release of hydrofluoric acid (HF). The alkylation unit makes high-octane blending components for gasoline. One worker was critically burned.[157]
  • July 28, 2009 - A tank battery caught fire near West Odessa.[158]
  • August 28, 2012 - A tank battery caught fire, near Brownwood.[159]
  • March 28, 2013 - A tank battery caught fire in Martin County.[160]
  • April 5, 2013 – West, blowout, two dead, two injured[161]
  • April 19, 2013 – Gas well blowout in Denton, Texas.[162]
  • September 17, 2013 - Tank batteries caught fire, during a lightning storm, in east Midland.[163]
  • April 30, 2014 – Loving County, explosion, 2 dead, 9 injured[164]
  • August 2014 – Methane leaked into a water well in Palo Pinto County, causing an explosion that burned 3 people. Later the methane was linked to nearby fracking operations.[165][166]
  • January 1, 2015 – Irving, earthquake[167]
  • May 7, 2015 - An oil tank battery caught fire, north of Whitesboro.[168]
  • May 19, 2015 – Fracking well blew out in Karnes County, Texas, spraying a toxic mix of chemicals, and forcing the evacuation of 20 families.[169][170]
  • August 20, 2015 – Crude oil storage fire [171]
  • October 24, 2015 - A lightning strike from a thunderstorm was being blamed for an estimated $200,000 in damage to a saltwater disposal unit west of Patricia.[172]
  • January 26, 2016 - A tank battery caught fire in Ector County.[173]
  • March 30, 2016 - An explosion & fire at a tank battery in Pecos.[174]
  • October 14, 2016 - Lightning resulted in two tank battery fires in Howard County.[175]
  • April 4, 2017 – Fire at an oil well site, in northern Howard County. One firefighter was injured.[176]
  • August 16, 2017 - A tank battery caught fire in Greenwood.[177]
  • September 25, 2017 - A tank battery caught fire after a lightning strike, about four miles south of the Canadian River, near Amarillo.[178]
  • October 17, 2017 - Two oilfield workers were injured after an oil storage tank exploded at an oilfield near Dilley.[179]
  • December 6, 2017 - A gas well blowout in Houston.[180]
  • December 27, 2017 - A fire broke out at an oil tank, in Cherokee County.[181]
  • January 3, 2018 - An oil tank fire in Madison County.[182]
  • January 24, 2018 - An explosion & fire at an oil rig injures 1, in Karnes County.[183]
  • Feb. 25, 2018 - A lightning strike caused an explosion & fire, at an oil storage facility in Gonzales County.[184]
  • April 3, 2018 - A tank battery fire caught fire from a lightning strike, in Rusk County.[185]
  • April 14, 2018 - A tank battery caught fire in Caldwell County.[186]
  • April 28, 2018 - A tank battery exploded and burned, in Reeves County.
  • May 2, 2018 - Lightning caused a tank battery fire in southeast Russell County.[187]
  • May 22, 2018 - A tank battery was destroyed, after it was struck by lightning and ignited near Hallsville.[188]
  • May 29, 2018 - Lightning caused a tank battery fire northwest of Hays.[189]
  • June 8, 2018 - A tank battery fire broke out in Pecos.[190]
  • June 30, 2018 - A fire was reported at a tank battery, in Glasscock County.[191]
  • July 10, 2018 - A tank battery caught fire in Jones County.[192]
  • July 18, 2018 - An oilfield worker was killed, and another was injured, after a tank battery caught fire off of U.S. Refinery Road near Loving.[193]
  • July 23, 2018 - An oil rig caught on fire in Howard County.[194]
  • August 21, 2018 - An oil tank battery in Southeast Atascosa County caught fire.[195]
  • August 28, 2018 - A fire broke out at a Plains All American Pipeline crude storage tank east of Wichita Falls, Texas.[196]

Utah

  • March 6, 1935 – Five miles south of St. George, 70 to over 100 local townspeople gathered to watch the shooting of an Arrowhead Petroleum Company's Escalante oil, well unaware of impending danger. The explosion occurred about 9:40 pm while six 10 foot long torpedoes, each loaded with nitroglycerin and TNT and hanging from the derrick, were being lowered into the well. All told, 2,500 pounds of nitroglycerin exploded and sent a shaft of fire into the night that was seen as far as 18 miles away. Ten people died, and more were injured.[197]
  • August 8, 1993- A contract welder was killed in a flash fire at a Flying J refinery in North Salt Lake City. A pipe near where the welder was working was mistakenly filled with flammable hydrocarbons which were ignited by the welding arc. The refinery was later fined for the incident.[198]
  • January 14, 2005 - A pipe at the Silver Eagle Refinery in Woods Cross failed, expelling hydrogen and diesel fuel, that caused 30- to 40-foot flames.[199]
  • January 12, 2009 - 2 refinery operators and 2 contractors suffered serious burns resulting from a flash fire at the Silver Eagle Refinery in Woods Cross. The accident occurred when a large flammable vapor cloud was released from an atmospheric storage tank, known as tank 105, which contained an estimated 440,000 gallons of light naphtha. The vapor cloud found an ignition source and the ensuing flash fire spread up to 230 feet west of the tank farm.[200]
  • November 4, 2009, a second accident occurred at the Silver Eagle Refinery in Woods Cross, when a powerful blast wave caused by the failure of a 10-inch pipe damaged nearby homes.[200]
  • June 10, 2012 – The Red Butte Creek oil spill in Salt Lake City caused significant pollution.
  • November 21, 2012 - Two men who suffered burns when a natural gas compressor station exploded in Dry Canyon.[201]
  • January 22, 2013 – A natural gas well fire, in Roosevelt, Utah forces evacuations.[202]
  • January 19, 2018 - A double tanker vehicle hauling gasoline exploded & burned on I-15 in Midvale UT.[203]
  • July 28, 2018 - Two men were "badly burned" and suffered "significant injuries", as a result of an explosion at a natural gas collection facility near Cisco, Utah.[204]

Virginia

  • April 9, 2014 – Lynchburg, Train derailment, explosion, fire, 300 people evacuated, oil spill[205]

Washington

  • April 2, 2010 - An explosion and fire led to the fatal injury of seven employees when a nearly forty-year-old heat exchanger catastrophically failed during a maintenance operation to switch a process stream between two parallel banks of exchangers at the Tesoro refinery in Anacortes.[206]
  • March 31, 2014 - A large explosion rocked a natural gas processing plant on the Washington-Oregon border, injuring five workers, causing about 400 people to evacuate from nearby farms and homes, and emitting a mushroom cloud of black smoke that was visible for more than a mile. The blast at the Williams Northwest Pipeline facility near the Washington town of Plymouth, along the Columbia River, sparked a fire and punctured one of the facility's two giant storage tanks for liquefied natural gas.[207]

West Virginia

  • List of spills is posted on West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection database. Company name is needed to search database.
  • June 7, 2010 through January 26, 2015 – Ohio River Valley, Numerous accidents, 2 dead, 7 injured, about 1000 evacuated[128]
  • September 9, 2010 – Explosion and a fire that burned for 9 days, in Wetzel County.
  • February 5, 2012 – Taylor County, Explosion, One dead[208]
  • April 11, 2013 – 2 workers died from injuries sustained in an explosion at a natural gas operation, in Tyler County
  • July 7, 2013 – Dodridge County, Well fire, Five injured,[209]
  • February 16, 2015 – Mount Carbon – derailment, one injured, 85 evacuated [210]
  • May 25, 2018 - A storage tank exploded at a well site, killing one, and injuring 3 others, in Doddridge County.[211]
  • June 7, 2018 - Seven people were injured in an explosion, at a two-day-old gas well that had recently started drilling to the deep Marcellus shale formation, in Moundsville.[212]
  • December 8, 2020 - An explosion occurred at a Chemours plant in Belle, West Virginia. A plant worker was tragically killed and 3 other people were injured.[213]

Wisconsin

  • July 29, 2012 – Pipeline oil spill, one evacuation[214]

Wyoming

  • August 2006 – A fracking well blowout near Clark forced many in 25 nearby homes to evacuate.[215]
  • December 6, 2011 – An explosion at a Falcon natural gas compressor station, south of Pinedale.[216]
  • September 24, 2012 – Well blowout[217]
  • December 25, 2013 – An explosion, and flash fire, at a Legacy Resources Natural Gas Compressor Station, injured one man, near Riverton.[218]
  • April 23, 2014 - There was an explosion followed by a fire, at the Williams Gas Plant near Opal, Wyo. The entire town of Opal was evacuated after 4 p.m., according to the natural gas company Williams.[219]
  • September 23, 2014 - 4 men had severe burns from an explosion at a gas plant pumping station, near Opal, Wyoming. One man died later on.[220][221]
  • March 16, 2018 - Several oil storage tanks were involved in a fire, in southern Campbell County.[222]
  • Threats and the safety standards of American oil & gas industry[citation needed]

External links

Gas Well Fire in Greene County PA, 11 Feb. 2014, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

References

  1. ^ Edward McAllister (8 November 2013). "Train carrying crude oil derails, cars ablaze in Alabama". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  2. ^ "Rig Runs Aground in Alaska, Reviving Fears About Arctic Drilling". The New York Times. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  3. ^ Elizabeth Harball (17 April 2017). "BP halts oil and gas leaking from North Slope well". Alaskapublic.org.
  4. ^ a b c d e "NRDC "Fracking's Most Wanted, April 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-14.
  5. ^ "Arkansas Earthquakes Decline After 'Fracking' Injection Well Closures". The Huffington Post. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  6. ^ "Site Profile - Long Brothers Tank Battery Fire - EPA OSC Response". response.epa.gov.
  7. ^ 2013 Mayflower oil spill
  8. ^ a b "Oil tank farm in Avila Beach burned 18 years before fire in SLO | the Tribune". Archived from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  9. ^ "1913 - The Great Standard Oil Fire | Fire-Rescue Department | City of San Diego Official Website". Sandiego.gov.
  10. ^ "Login". Fireengineering.com. September 1968.
  11. ^ Harrison, Scott (25 April 2017). "From the Archives: Santa Fe Springs oil well fires". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2017-05-06.
  12. ^ "Tosco Avon Refinery Petroleum Naphtha Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  13. ^ "Tesoro Martinez Sulfuric Acid Spill | CSB". Csb.gov.
  14. ^ "Pipeline breaks, spills crude oil into Los Angeles neighborhood", Reuters, May 15, 2014
  15. ^ "ExxonMobil Refinery Explosion | CSB". Csb.gov.
  16. ^ Los Angeles Times (20 May 2015). "105,000 gallons of oil may have spilled in Santa Barbara County". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  17. ^ Anderson, Logan. "Firefighters extinguish oil pump fire east of Orcutt". Santa Maria Times.
  18. ^ "Crews battle fire at oil refinery in Bakersfield". Yahoo.com.
  19. ^ "Leaking pipe spills crude oil at Torrance Refinery". October 8, 2018.
  20. ^ Radio, Southern California Public (December 27, 2018). "AQMD reviewing new toxic chemical leak at Torrance Refinery". Southern California Public Radio.
  21. ^ correspondent, Dennis WebbGlenwood Springs. "EnCana racks up the fines".
  22. ^ Cardona/Merritt (26 February 2006). "Natural-gas tank ignites". The Denver Post. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  23. ^ Price, Hilton. "Worker killed in explosion at BP gas compression station". Pennenergy.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  24. ^ Hasterok, Pamela (26 June 2012). "BP investigates fatal Colorado natgas blast". Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  25. ^ Editorial, Reuters (12 September 2012). "Colorado Interstate Gas sets force majeure after compressor fire". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-02-04. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  26. ^ The Christian Science Monitor (10 May 2014). "Colorado derailment: Six crude oil tankers jump track". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  27. ^ Jesse Paul and Mark Jaffe (13 November 2014). "Fracking blast kills one Halliburton worker, injures 2 in Weld County". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  28. ^ Dunn, Sharon (7 March 2016). "Greeley Fire Department learns several lessons in its first big test in oil-gas firefighting". Greeleytribune.com.
  29. ^ Greene, Susan (8 May 2018). "Former Anadarko brass slam company for safety risks, callousness". The Colorado Independent. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  30. ^ Osher, Christoper N. (8 May 2018). "Former Anadarko employees say safety sacrificed for profits in run up to fatal home explosion in Firestone". The Denver Post. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  31. ^ "Worker seriously burned by fire at Greeley petroleum well - Aurora Sentinel". 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
  32. ^ Konopasek, Michael (25 May 2017). "One killed, 3 injured in Anadarko oil tank explosion in Weld County". FOX31 Denver. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  33. ^ "No injuries reported at fire at oil tank farm in Weld County". September 21, 2017.
  34. ^ "Crews start plugging Berthoud-area oil well that bubbled up after 33 years". November 8, 2017.
  35. ^ "Investigation begins into oil site explosion, fire near Windsor". Kdvr.com. 23 December 2017.
  36. ^ "Oil spill at Anadarko well site in Erie rankles locals". February 19, 2018.
  37. ^ "BP released unknown amount of wastewater into creek near Bayfield". Durango Herald.
  38. ^ "Lightning strike causes explosion at Weld County oil storage facility". June 19, 2018.
  39. ^ "Motiva Enterprises Sulfuric Acid Tank Explosion | CSB". Csb.gov.
  40. ^ "Valero Refinery Asphyxiation Incident | CSB". Csb.gov.
  41. ^ "Delaware City Refining Company | CSB". Csb.gov.
  42. ^ Aaron Clark (21 November 2012). "BP Chicap Pipe Spilled Oil at Illinois Tank Farm, Filing Shows". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  43. ^ Edward McAllister. "Oil train jumps tracks in Illinois". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  44. ^ Lyman, Jill. "Man dies after White Co. oil rig explosion". 14news.com.
  45. ^ a b c d e ""Inferno at Whiting"Standard Oil: 1955". Pophistorydig.com. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  46. ^ "BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill". Tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  47. ^ Moody, Steve. "Oil Tank Battery Fire". Fort Leavenworth.
  48. ^ "Morning storm causes Russell Co. tank battery fire". Hutchpost.com.
  49. ^ "4.8 quake shakes Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas". Usatoday.com. 12 November 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  50. ^ "Lightning causes battery tank fire near Lindsborg". Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  51. ^ "Kansas storms bring large hail, driving rain, powerful wind". Kwch.com.
  52. ^ "Lightning strike blamed for oil tank fire southwest of Oxford… building collapses in Mulvane, Caldwell". Sumnernewscow.com.
  53. ^ a b Smith, Carrie Blackmore; Baker, Jennifer Edwards (March 18, 2014). "Oil spill at nature preserve 'absolutely terrible'". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  54. ^ "PLD19FR002.aspx". www.ntsb.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  55. ^ "Lake Peigneur: The Swirling Vortex of Doom". Damn Interesting.
  56. ^ "Sonat Exploration Co. Catastrophic Vessel Overpressurization | CSB". Csb.gov.
  57. ^ "A 14-year-long oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico verges on becoming one of the worst in U.S. history". Washington Post.
  58. ^ Eric Tucker. "Oil-well leak in Gulf of Mexico could go on for 100 years, U.S. says". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  59. ^ International, United Press (October 9, 2015). "Explosion At Non-Operational Natural Gas Plant Kills 3, Injures 2 In Louisiana".
  60. ^ "ExxonMobil Refinery Chemical Release and Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  61. ^ Pizarro, Sierra. "Well blowout continues in Red River Parish; road closed to traffic". Ktbs.com.
  62. ^ "Update: Man killed in Mansfield well explosion identified". Shreveporttimes.com. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  63. ^ "JPSO to continue search for missing oil platform worker". Wwltv.com.
  64. ^ "Flare tower catches fire at Plaquemine pipeline facility Sunday; no injuries reported". The Advocate.
  65. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2017-06-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  66. ^ "Ask Beacon Plant Permit Be Revoked". The Boston Daily Globe. March 13, 1928.
  67. ^ "TransCanada Pipeline Rupture Prompts Evacuation Of Benton Harbor". The Huffington Post. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  68. ^ "Evart Fire Department Investigating Following Oil Rig Fire". January 3, 2018.
  69. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) U.S. Chemical Safety Board. “Case Study, Hot Work Control And Safe Work Practices At Oil And Gas Production Wells, Partridge-Raleigh Smith County Oilfield” June, 2007
  70. ^ "On One-Year Anniversary of Fatal Oil Site Accident in Forrest County, Mississippi, CSB Launches Educational Outreach Initiative - Investigations - News | CSB". Csb.gov.
  71. ^ "Fire Still Burning After Large Gas Plant Explosion in Mississippi". OilPrice.com.
  72. ^ "Exxon says Missouri oil spills from already-ruptured Pegasus line". Reuters. 1 May 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  73. ^ "Ruptured Pipeline Spills Oil Into Yellowstone River". The New York Times. 3 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  74. ^ "Pipeline breach spills oil into Yellowstone River". Great Falls Tribune. 18 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  75. ^ Courier, The Glasgow. "90,600 Barrels of Contaminant Spilled From Oil Well". The Glasgow Courier.
  76. ^ "Franklin firefighters battle house, oil well blazes Wednesday". Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  77. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2017-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  78. ^ "Giant Industries Refinery Explosions and Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  79. ^ EcoWatch (13 July 2016). "Massive Fracking Explosion in New Mexico, 36 Oil Tanks Catch Fire". Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  80. ^ News, Jonathan Thompson High Country. "Navajos battle to protect Chaco Canyon from oil drilling". paysonroundup.com. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  81. ^ "VIDEO: Lea County firefighters respond to tank battery fire". Hobbs News Sun. June 9, 2017.
  82. ^ "Tank battery explodes in Otis". Journal & Courier.
  83. ^ "Many Hurt in Jersey Blast; Metropolitan Area Jolted". The New York Times. December 6, 1970.
  84. ^ Dunlap, David W. (4 October 2015). "Gas Explosions That Have Rocked New York City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017.
  85. ^ "Staten Island liquefied natural gas explosion in 1973 led to decades-long ban in New York". 31 January 2015.
  86. ^ Elmira Star-Gazette, November 8, 2009; "Drilling Spills | Petroleum | Surface Runoff | Free 30-day Trial". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
  87. ^ "Oil spill at Port of Albany contained", Albany Times Union, August 21, 2014 "Oil spill at Port of Albany contained". 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
  88. ^ "Accident involving home heating oil truck sparks large fire on Long Island". ABC7 New York. December 16, 2017.
  89. ^ [1][dead link]
  90. ^ "Fracking's Most Wanted : Lifting the Veil on Oil and Gas Company Spills and Violations" (PDF). Nrdc.org. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  91. ^ "Blaze Hits N.C. Gas Tank Farm". Firehouse.
  92. ^ "The Downside of the Boom", New York Times, November 23, 2014
  93. ^ "Fracking Well Blowout Causes Oil And Chemical Wastewater Spill In North Dakota (Updated)". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12.
  94. ^ "Williams County brine spill much bigger than originally reported", Grand Forks Herald, January 21, 2015
  95. ^ < [dead link]
  96. ^ "Ohio Department of Natural Resources" (PDF). oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-25.
  97. ^ Bob Downing. "Three years after drilling, feds say natural gas in Medina County well water is potentially explosive". Ohio.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  98. ^ Bob Downing. "Northeast Ohio rocked by 11th earthquake linked to Youngstown injection wells". Ohio.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  99. ^ Laura Arenschield. "Pipeline company MarkWest fined for repeated spills into Ohio streams". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  100. ^ "Youngstown man admits dumping toxic fracking waste into Mahoning River". Cleveland.com. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  101. ^ "Fracking Triggers More Ohio Earthquakes, Study Finds". NBC News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  102. ^ January 23, 2014 – Boston Heights, Gas well explosion and fire Hudson Hub-Times, February 26, 2014 Archived January 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  103. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  104. ^ "Evacuated families in Monroe County await answers on fracking-well gas leak", Columbus Dispatch, December 22, 2014 
  105. ^ "Explosion, fire shake Lima refinery; police say no one hurt". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  106. ^ "Youngstown News, OEPA: 2,000 gallons of waste oil spilled into Vienna wetlands". Archived from the original on 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2016-02-08. "OEPA: 2,000 gallons of waste oil spilled into Vienna wetlands" Youngstown Vindicator, April 4, 2015
  107. ^ “OEPA investigates oil spill near Shenango River, Youngstown Viddicator, July 24, 2015 “OEPA investigates oil spill near Shenango River", Youngstown Viddicator, July 24, 2015
  108. ^ "Officials: Valve on gas well caused leak near Crooksville", Zanesville Times Recorder, February 2, 2016 [2]
  109. ^ Truck overturns, spills drilling wastewater that taints reservoir, Columbus Dispatch, March 9, 2016 "Truck overturns, spills drilling wastewater that taints reservoir | the Columbus Dispatch". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  110. ^ "Ohio investigates cause of weekend earthquake in drilling region", Columbus Dispatch, April 4, 2017 "Ohio investigates cause of weekend earthquake in drilling region - News - the Columbus Dispatch - Columbus, OH". Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  111. ^ Davison, Kate (15 February 2018). "Well pad explosion, fire forces evacuations in Powhatan Point area". Wtov9.com.
  112. ^ Chow, Lorraine (22 January 2019). "Enbridge Gas Pipeline Explodes in Ohio". Ecowatch.com.
  113. ^ Oil rig accident in Elk City kills 2 Vici men, NewsOK, November 19, 2009
  114. ^ "Lightning causes oil tank battery fire in southwest Oklahoma City". Oklahoman.com. March 8, 2012.
  115. ^ "Lightning strike causes tank battery fire". Koco.com. April 18, 2013.
  116. ^ UPDATE: Two dead after coal County, Oklahoma oil rig fire Friday, Ponca Post, December 19, 2014
  117. ^ Schmitt, Madeline. "Two killed in Coal County drilling rig fire". KXII Fox News 12. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  118. ^ Youngman, Clayton (16 February 2017). "1 hospitalized after gas well explosion in Pittsburg County". Archived from the original on 2017-03-10.
  119. ^ "Chemical Safety Board Investigates Fatal Gas Well Explosion in Oklahoma". Ehstoday.com. 8 February 2018.
  120. ^ "Colorado man, fellow oil rig workers died of burns and smoke inhalation". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  121. ^ "Tank Battery Fire Reported In SW OKC". News9.com.
  122. ^ Bell, Megan (July 15, 2018). "Multiple fire departments battle tank battery fire during thunderstorm in Pawnee County". KTUL.
  123. ^ Eagle, Ryan Miller | Enid News &. "Battery fire reported near Carrier Sunday morning". Enidnews.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  124. ^ "Oklahoma Shakes, Is Fracking to Blame?", Time, February 18, 2014
  125. ^ "Earthquakes rumble in southern Kansas, northern Oklahoma", Wichita Eagle, January Q9, 2015
  126. ^ "Firefighters extinguish damaging Grady Co. fracking fire". 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
  127. ^ a b c NRDC:"Fracking’s Most Wanted", April 2015
  128. ^ a b "Over the past five years, the Ohio Valley has seen at least 21 drilling or pipeline-related accidents" Wheeling Intelligencer, February 1, 2015
  129. ^ victoria (20 April 2011). "Fracking Blowout Causes Massive Spill in Pennsylvania". Truthout. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26.
  130. ^ "Fire at Gas Compressor Station". 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012.
  131. ^ "Methane Making An Appearance In Pa. Water Supplies", NPR, August 28, 2012
  132. ^ Joseph Kohut. "Fire, possible explosion at Susquehanna gas compressor station thought to be accidental". Archived from the original on 2016-04-09.
  133. ^ Scranton times-Tribune; DEP fines Cabot for January tank explosion caused by cellphone
  134. ^ "One fire out, second still burning at Chevron natural gas well blast in Greene County" Channel 4 Pittsburgh, February 13, 2014
  135. ^ "Chevron gas well fire claims a worker's life in Southwest Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on 2017-06-08.
  136. ^ "Chevron blocked access to DEP after fatal well fire in southwest Pa". 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11.
  137. ^ "Fire at Mercer County gas well briefly forces evacuation in 1-mile radius", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 6, 2014
  138. ^ Brendan Gibbons. "Fire broke out in natural gas compressor station last week". Archived from the original on 2015-03-28.
  139. ^ Jones, Amanda (13 December 2016). "Compressor fire reported at Williams Gas Co. in Wharton". Archived from the original on 2018-02-14.
  140. ^ "Crews Battle Fire At Armstrong Co. Gas Company". 26 December 2016. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017.
  141. ^ "Marcellus Fracking Well Pad Fire in Washington County, PA". Frackcheckwv.net. Archived from the original on 2017-05-21.
  142. ^ Jackson, Rod (9 March 2017). "Crews respond to fire at Susquehanna County Compressor station". Archived from the original on 9 March 2017.
  143. ^ "Well pad fire in Somerset County prompts evacuation of nearby residents". Stateimpact.npr.org. December 1, 2017.
  144. ^ "Workers Hurt at Natural Gas Well Pad in Susquehanna County". Wnep.com. 5 January 2018.
  145. ^ "5 workers hospitalized after hydrofluoric acid leak at refinery near Delaware". delawareonline.
  146. ^ "A fire at a Philadelphia oil refinery sparked an explosion felt for miles". cnn. 21 June 2019.
  147. ^ Tribune, AMY DALRYMPLE Bismarck. "Oil tanks catch fire near Watford City". Bismarck Tribune.
  148. ^ Christin Coyne. "Red Adair once extinguished a raging gas well fire near Weatherford". Weatherforddemocrat.com. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  149. ^ "Denver City remembers H2S tragedy". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal.
  150. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2017-05-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  151. ^ Group, Sinclair Broadcast (13 August 2015). "After 17 years, Koch Pipeline Company will finally pay for South Texas oil spill". Archived from the original on 2016-01-21.
  152. ^ "BLSR Operating Ltd. Vapor Cloud Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  153. ^ U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Refinery Explosion and Fire. Report No. 2005-04-I-TX, March 2007
  154. ^ "Valero Refinery Propane Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  155. ^ "Tank Battery Fire Leaves Behind Extensive Damage". KWES. 28 April 2008.
  156. ^ "Oil tank battery explodes following a fire in Lamesa". Kcbd.com.
  157. ^ "CITGO Refinery Hydrofluoric Acid Release and Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  158. ^ "Investigation Continues After Tank Battery Fire in West Odessa". KWES. 29 July 2009.
  159. ^ "Volunteer Fire Departments Respond to Oil Tank Battery Fire Early Monday". August 28, 2012.
  160. ^ "Officials Called Out to Tank Battery Fire in Martin County - KFDA - NewsChannel 10 / Amarillo News, Weather, Sports". Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  161. ^ "Two Basic Energy Workers Killed After Texas Well Blowout", Bloomberg News, April 8, 2013
  162. ^ "Denton News, Sports, Entertainment, Business and Weather - Denton Record-Chronicle". Denton Record-Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  163. ^ "Texas Firefighters Extinguish Massive Tank Battery Fire". Firehouse.
  164. ^ Los Angeles Times (30 April 2014). "Oil well explosion kills two workers, injures nine in West Texas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  165. ^ "METHANE: A flash fire, third-degree burns and an investigation without end". Eenews.net. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20.
  166. ^ TEGNA. "Scientists link fracking and water well explosion in Palo Pinto County". Archived from the original on 2017-05-18.
  167. ^ "2015 begins with yet another small earthquake near the old Texas Stadium site", Dallas Morning News, January 1, 2015
  168. ^ "PHOTOS: Crews extinguish Sadler tank battery fire". Kxii.com.
  169. ^ Coleman, Jesse (11 June 2015). "Fracking Blowout in Texas Causes Huge Dead Zone (PHOTOS)". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017.
  170. ^ "Update: Karnes residents still evacuated after well blowout". 5 June 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016.
  171. ^ "Lightning ignites fire at Bolivar crude oil facility - Houston Chronicle". September 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  172. ^ "Lightning causes tank battery fire - Lamesa Reporter". Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  173. ^ "Ector County firefighters battle tank battery fire - wistv.com - Columbia, South Carolina". Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  174. ^ "Traffic detoured due to tank battery fire near Pecos - KXXV Central Texas News Now". Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  175. ^ "Lightning sparks two tank battery fires in Howard Co. - WAFB 9 News Baton Rouge, Louisiana News, Weather, Sports". Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  176. ^ "Fire at fracking well causes $4 million in damages, one injured - Big Spring Herald". Bigspringherald.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-14.
  177. ^ "Tank battery fire in Greenwood - KSWO 7News | Breaking News, Weather and Sports". Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  178. ^ Johnson, Kaitlin. "Multiple fire crews responding to fire at tank battery farm". Newschannel10.com.
  179. ^ "Two injured in oil tank explosion near Dilley, Texas". WFAA.
  180. ^ Yan, Renee (December 18, 2017). "UPDATE: State Rep. Ron Reynolds address concerns about Wednesday's gas well blowout". Community Impact Newspaper.
  181. ^ "Fire chief: Cherokee County oil well fire extinguished". Kltv.com.
  182. ^ Oder, Michael. "Multiple fire crews respond to oil tank fire on Highway 21". Kbtx.com.
  183. ^ Ibanez, David (January 24, 2018). "1 injured in oil rig explosion in Karnes County". KSAT.
  184. ^ "Oil storage fire causes early-morning evacuation". The Gonzales Inquirer.
  185. ^ [3][dead link]
  186. ^ "Tank battery catches fire in Caldwell County". KVUE.
  187. ^ "Rural Firefighters Respond to Tank Battery Fire - KRSL Russell Radio". Krsl.com.
  188. ^ Hedler, Ken. "Lightning strike ignites tank battery near Hallsville". Longview News-Journal.
  189. ^ "Lightning blamed for fire that claimed 15 tank batteries and caused multiple explosions". Hayspost.com.
  190. ^ "Officials respond to tank battery fire in Pecos". Cbs7.com.
  191. ^ "Laredo Petroleum (LPI) Provides Update on Fire Reported at Tank Battery in Glasscock County, Texas". Streetinsider.com. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  192. ^ Teresky, Nicholas (July 10, 2018). "Tank battery in rural Jones County goes up in flames". Ktxs.com. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  193. ^ "One dead in tank battery fire near Loving". Carlsbad Current Argus.
  194. ^ "Patterson-UTI Drilling release statement on Howard Co. oil rig fire". Newswest9.com. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  195. ^ Antonio, SBG San (August 21, 2018). "Atascosa County oil site erupts in flames, no injuries reported". WOAI.
  196. ^ "Fire breaks out at Plains All American crude tank near..." Uk.reuters.com. August 28, 2018.
  197. ^ "Explosion of the Escalante Oil Well". wchsutah.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-13.
  198. ^ "FLYING J FINED $112,000 FOR FATAL REFINERY EXPLOSION". Deseret News. 1993-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  199. ^ Fruhwirth, Jesse. "Utah's Unstable Oil Refineries". Salt Lake City Weekly.
  200. ^ a b "Silver Eagle Refinery Flash Fire and Explosion and Catastrophic Pipe Explosion - Investigations". U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Retrieved 23 February 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  201. ^ Morgan, Emiley (November 21, 2012). "Ruptured pipeline to blame for Carbon County gas plant blast". DeseretNews.com.
  202. ^ Liesik, Geoff (22 January 2013). "Natural gas well fire forces evacuations in Roosevelt". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
  203. ^ "Crews Working to Repair I-15 After Gas Tanker Explosion | Utah News | US News". Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  204. ^ "Explosion near gas plant in Cisco, Utah seriously injures two". The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel.
  205. ^ "The Bad Oil Boom: Train Explodes in Virginia Town While Regulators Chug Along" Bloomberg Businessweek, April 30, 2014
  206. ^ "Tesoro Refinery Fatal Explosion and Fire | CSB". Csb.gov.
  207. ^ "Blast rocks Washington gas plant; 4 workers hurt". USA TODAY.
  208. ^ "West Virginia EQT Explosion Kills Worker At Taylor County Natural Gas Well Pad", AP, February 15, 2013
  209. ^ "Update: Gas Well Fire Injures 5 Workers in Doddridge County", WBOY.com, July 8, 2013
  210. ^ "West Virginia oil train derailment: Fires for hours, smoke", Columbus Dispatch, February 17, 2015
  211. ^ "UPDATE: W.Va. DEP releases cause of fatal explosion in Doddridge County". Wtap.com.
  212. ^ "7 hurt in W.Va. gas well explosion". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  213. ^ "Chemours Plant Explosion Kills 1 and Hurts 3 in West Virginia". Morrow & Sheppard LLP. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  214. ^ "UPDATE 4 - Enbridge to replace leaky Wisconsin oil pipeline Monday", Reuters, July 29, 2012
  215. ^ "A personal story: Deb Thomas, Beartooth Front, Wyoming". 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015.
  216. ^ Star-Tribune, Jeremy Fugleberg, Casper. "VIDEO: Falcon natural gas compressor station explodes". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  217. ^ "Chesapeake Wyoming well blowout no threat to water – EPA" Reuters, April 26, 2012
  218. ^ "UPDATE: Legacy Resources natural gas compressor explosion injured one at North Alkali Field today – County 10™". archive.county10.com.
  219. ^ "Wyoming town evacuated after gas plant explosion". April 23, 2014.
  220. ^ "Explosion reported at gas plant pumping station in Wyoming". September 23, 2014.
  221. ^ "Worker hurt in Wyoming natural gas tank blast dies". San Diego Union-Tribune. September 24, 2014.
  222. ^ "Firefighters snuff oil tank fire in southern Campbell County". Gillette News Record.
This page was last edited on 27 March 2024, at 03:46
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.
Contact WIKI 2
Introduction
Terms of Service
Privacy Policy