List of heads of state or government who have been in exile

In some cases, the deposed head of state or head of government are allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. In some cases, governments in exile are created.^[1]

There have also been instances where they managed to return to power, as did Charles II of England.

Examples in chronological order include:

     Returned to power

Name	Title	Home country	Exile period († – died in exile)	Exiled country or countries
Jehoahaz	King of Judah	Kingdom of Judah	609 BC–unknown	Egypt
Jeconiah	King of Judah	Kingdom of Judah	597 BC–562 BC	Babylon
Pisistratus	Tyrant of Athens	Athens	561 BC–556 BC
			556 BC–546 BC	Rhaecelus
Arcesilaus III	King of Cyrene	Cyrene	518 BC–515 BC	Samos
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus	King of Rome	Roman Kingdom	509 BC–495 BC†	Caere, Clusium, Tusculum, and Cumae
Lycophron II	Tyrant of Pherae	Pherae	352 BC–after 352 BC†	Athens
Arybbas	King of Epirus	Epirus	343 BC–unknown†	Athens
Nectanebo II	Pharaoh of Egypt	Egypt	342 BC–unknown†	Upper Egypt Nubia
Aeacides	King of Epirus	Epirus	316 BC–313 BC
Pyrrhus	King of Epirus	Epirus	302 BC–297 BC
Cleombrotus II	King of Sparta	Sparta	240 BC–unknown†	Tegea
Cleomenes III	King of Sparta	Sparta	222 BC–219 BC†	Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt
Demetrius III Eucaerus	King of Syria	Seleucid Empire	87 BC–after 87 BC†	Parthia
Herod Antipas	Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea	Galilee and Perea	39 AD–after 39 AD†	Gaul
Mithridates III	King of the Bosporus	Bosporan Kingdom	45–68†	Rome, Roman Empire
Romulus Augustulus	Roman Emperor	Western Roman Empire	476–after 511†	Campania (Castellum Lucullanum)
Heraclonas	Byzantine Emperor	Byzantine Empire	641–642†	Rhodes
Zhongzong	Emperor of the Tang dynasty	Tang dynasty	684–698	Fang Prefecture Jun Prefecture
Justinian II	Byzantine Emperor	Byzantine Empire	695–702/703	Cherson
Eadwulf I	King of Northumbria	Northumbria	705–717†	Dál Riata or Pictland
Junnin	Emperor of Japan	Japan	764–765†	Awaji Island, Hyōgo Prefecture
Alhred	King of Northumbria	Northumbria	774–unknown	Pictland
Telerig	Khan of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	777–777†	Byzantine Empire
Æthelred I	King of Northumbria	Northumbria	779–790
Ecgberht	King of Wessex	Wessex	789–802	Frankish Empire
Osred II	King of Northumbria	Northumbria	790–792†	Isle of Man
Osbald	King of Northumbria	Northumbria	796–799†	Lindisfarne
Eardwulf	King of Northumbria	Northumbria	806–808	Frankish Empire
Irene of Athens	Byzantine Empress	Byzantine Empire	802–803†	Lesbos
Wiglaf	King of Mercia	Mercia	829–830
Theodora II	Byzantine Empress	Byzantine Empire	857–867†	Gastria, Cyprus
Yahya IV	Emir of Morocco	Morocco	922–946†	Fatimid Caliphate
Constantine Lekapenos	Byzantine Emperor	Byzantine Empire	945–946/948†	Samothrace
Hassan II	Sultan of Morocco	Morocco	974–985†	Caliphate of Córdoba
Otto Orseolo	Doge of Venice	Republic of Venice	1026–1032†	Byzantine Empire
Casimir I	Duke of Poland	Duchy of Poland	1034–1039	Kingdom of Hungary Holy Roman Empire
Constantine IX Monomachos	Byzantine Emperor	Byzantine Empire	1035–1042	Lesbos
Bagrat IV	King of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	1050–1053	Byzantine Empire
Romanos IV Diogenes	Byzantine Emperor	Byzantine Empire	1072–1072†	Proti
Sultan Shah ibn Radwan	Sultan of Aleppo	Aleppo	1118–after 1125†
Władysław II	High Duke of Poland Duke of Silesia	Duchy of Poland Duchy of Silesia	1146–1159†	Altenburg
Sutoku	Emperor of Japan	Japan	1156–1164†	Sanuki Province, Shikoku
Go-Toba	Emperor of Japan	Japan	1221–1239†	Oki Province, Oki Islands
Demetrius	King of Thessalonica	Kingdom of Thessalonica	1224–1230†	Holy Roman Empire
Mitso Asen	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1257–before 1277/78†	Byzantine Empire
Ivan Asen III	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1280–1303†	Golden Horde
George Terter I	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1292–1301	Byzantine Empire
Al-Nasir Muhammad	Sultan of Egypt	Mamluk Sultanate	1294–1299	Al-Karak
			1309–1310
Ivan II	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1300–before 1330†	Byzantine Empire
Christopher II	King of Denmark	Denmark	1326–1329	Northern Germany
Ivan Stefan	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1331–1373†	Serbia  Naples
Go-Daigo	Emperor of Japan	Japan	1331–1333	Oki Province, Oki Islands
David II	King of Scots	Scotland	1333–1341	France
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman	Sultan of Morocco	Morocco	1348–1351†	High Atlas
Muhammad V	Sultan of Granada	Granada	1359–1362	Morocco
Leo V	King of Armenia	Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	1375–1393†	Mamluk Sultanate  Castile  France
Gongyang	King of Goryeo	Goryeo	1392–1394†	Wonju, Joseon Samcheok, Joseon
Min Saw Mon	King of Arakan	Kingdom of Mrauk U	1406–1429	Bengal Sultanate
Constantine II	Tsar of Bulgaria	Tsardom of Vidin	1422–1422†	Serbia
Danjong	King of Joseon	Joseon	1457–1457†	Yeongwol
Muhammad XII	Sultan of Granada	Granada	1492–1533†	Morocco
Piero de' Medici	Lord of Florence	Florence	1494–1503†	Venice  Naples
Eberhard II	Duke of Württemberg	Württemberg	1498–1504†	Electoral Palatinate
Yeonsangun	King of Joseon	Joseon	1506–1506†	Ganghwa Island
Tabariji	Sultan of Ternate	Sultanate of Ternate	1535–1544	Goa, Portuguese India
Hairun	Sultan of Ternate	Sultanate of Ternate	1544–1546	Goa, Portuguese India
Narapati IV	King of Ava	Kingdom of Ava	1555–unknown	Pegu
António I	King of Portugal	Kingdom of Portugal	1580–1595†	France
Saidi Berkat	Sultan of Ternate	Sultanate of Ternate	1606–1628†	Spanish Philippines
Rory O'Donnell	King of Tyrconnell	Tyrconnell	1607–1608†	Spanish Netherlands  Papal States
Khalifeh Soltan	Grand Vizier of the Safavid Empire	Safavid Empire	1632–1645	Qom
Ngarolamo	Sultan of Tidore	Sultanate of Tidore	1634–1639†	Sultanate of Ternate
Charles II	King of England and Ireland King of Scotland	England  Scotland  Ireland	1651–1660	France The Low Countries
Zhu Youlang (Yongli Emperor)	Emperor of the Southern Ming	Southern Ming	1661–1662†	Burma
Govinda Manikya	Maharaja of Tripura	Twipra Kingdom	1661–1667	Chittagong Hill Tracts Kingdom of Mrauk U
James II and VII	King of England and Ireland King of Scotland	England  Scotland  Ireland	1688–1701†	France
Chakdor Namgyal	King of Sikkim	Sikkim	1700–1707	Tibet
Charles XII	King of Sweden	Sweden	1709–1714	Ottoman Empire
Vakhtang VI	King of Kartli	Kingdom of Kartli	1724–1737†	Russian Empire
Theodore I	King of Corsica	Kingdom of Corsica	1736–1756†	Dutch Republic  Great Britain
Pasquale Paoli	President of Corsica	Corsican Republic	1769–1790	Great Britain  United Kingdom
			1795–1807†
Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu)	King of Nakhon Si Thammarat	Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom	1770–1776	Thonburi Kingdom
Şahin Giray	Khan of Crimea	Khanate of Crimea	1783–1787†	Russian Empire Ottoman Empire
Tenzing Namgyal	King of Sikkim	Sikkim	1788–1793†	Tibet
Louis XVIII	King of France	France	1791–1814	Prussia  Great Britain  Russia
William I and VI	King of the Netherlands Grand Duke of Luxembourg Prince of Orange-Nassau	Netherlands  Luxembourg	1795–1813	Great Britain  Prussia
Shah Shujah Durrani	Emir of Afghanistan	Durrani Empire	1809–1839	Punjab
Cornelio Saavedra	President of the Primera Junta	United Provinces of the Río de la Plata	1811–1815	Chile
Hamengkubuwono II	Sultan of Yogyakarta	Yogyakarta Sultanate	1812–1815	Penang
			1817–1826	Ambon,  Dutch East Indies
Tenskwatawa	Leader of Tecumseh's Confederacy	Tecumseh's Confederacy	1813–1824	Canada
Napoleon	Emperor of the French	France	1814–1815	Elba
			1815–1821†	Saint Helena
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha	King of Kandy	Kingdom of Kandy	1815–1832†	Vellore Fort, British India
Baji Rao II	Peshwa	Maratha Confederacy	1818–1851†	Bithur, British India
Ahmad Tajuddin II	Sultan of Kedah	Kedah Sultanate	1821–1842	Penang Malacca
Bernabé Aráoz	President of the Republic of Tucumán	Republic of Tucumán	1823–1824	Salta, Río de la Plata
Agustín I	Emperor of Mexico	Mexico	1823–1824	Tuscany  United Kingdom
Charles X	King of France	France	1830–1836†	United Kingdom  Austrian Empire
Louis XIX			1830–1844†
Henry V			1830–1883†
Charles II	Duke of Brunswick	Brunswick	1830–1873†	United Kingdom  France   Switzerland
Pakubuwono VI	Susuhunan of Surakarta	Surakarta Sunanate	1830–1849†	Ambon,  Dutch East Indies
Miguel I	King of Portugal	Portugal	1834–1847	Papal States
			1847–1851	United Kingdom
			1851–1866†	Baden
Antonio López de Santa Anna	President of Mexico	Mexico	1836–1837	United States
			1845–1846	Cuba
			1848–1853	British Jamaica Colombia
			1855–1864	Cuba Colombia St. Thomas  United States
			1864–1867	Cuba St. Thomas  United States
			1867–1874	Cuba  Dominican Republic  Bahamas
Pratap Singh	Chhatrapati	Maratha Confederacy	1839–1847†	Benares State, British India
Joaquin Mora Fernandez	Head of State of Costa Rica	Costa Rica	1839–1842	Chile
Dost Mohammad Khan	Emir of Afghanistan	Emirate of Afghanistan	1840–1842	Mussoorie
Tomás Bobadilla	President of the Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic	1844–1849
			1868–1871†	Puerto Rico  Haiti
Louis Philippe I	King of the French	France	1848–1850†	United Kingdom
Juan Manuel de Rosas	Governor of Buenos Aires	Argentina	1852–1877†	United Kingdom
Duleep Singh	Maharaja	Sikh Empire	1854–1893†	United Kingdom
Wajid Ali Shah	Nawab of Awadh	Oudh State	1856–1887†	Metiabruz,  Bengal Presidency
Bahadur Shah II	Mughal Emperor	Mughal Empire	1857–1862†	British Burma
Birjis Qadr	Nawab of Awadh	Oudh State	1858–1887	Nepal
Faustin I	Emperor of Haiti	Haiti	1858–1867	British Jamaica
Bartolomé Calvo	President of the Granadine Confederation	Granadine Confederation	1861–1876	Puerto Rico  Ecuador
José Antonio Páez	President of Venezuela	Venezuela	1863–1873†	United States
George V	King of Hanover	Hanover	1866–1878†	Austria  France
Napoleon III	Emperor of the French	France	1871–1873†	United Kingdom
Muhammad Khudayar Khan	Khan of Kokand	Khanate of Kokand	1875–1886†	Russian Empire  Emirate of Afghanistan
Abdullah II	Sultan of Perak	Perak	1876–1894	British Mauritius (Seychelles)
Michel Domingue	President of Haiti	Haiti	1876–1877†	British Jamaica
Ismail Pasha	Khedive of Egypt	Egypt	1879–1895†	Italy  Ottoman Empire
Thibaw Min	King of Burma	Burma	1885–1916†	British India
Jaja	King of Opobo	Opobo	1887–1891†	Gold Coast  United Kingdom British Windward Islands
Hàm Nghi	Emperor of Vietnam	Đại Nam	1888–1943†	French Algeria
Pedro II	Emperor of Brazil	Brazil	1889–1891†	France
Dinuzulu	King of the Zulu Nation	Zulu Kingdom	1890–1897	Saint Helena
Yusuf Ali Kenadid	Sultan of Hobyo	Sultanate of Hobyo	1890–1911†	Aden Protectorate  Italian Eritrea
Gungunhana	Emperor of Gaza	Gaza Empire	1895–1906†	Portugal  Azores, Portugal
Khalid bin Barghash	Sultan of Zanzibar	Zanzibar	1896–1927†	German East Africa British Mauritius (Seychelles)  Saint Helena  British East Africa
Wobgho	Mogho Naba of Ouagadougou	Ouagadougou	1897–1904†	Gold Coast
Ranavalona III	Queen of Madagascar	Madagascar	1897–1907†	Réunion French Algeria
Ovonramwen	King of Benin	Benin	1897–1914†	British Southern Nigeria
Manuel Barillas	President of Guatemala	Guatemala	1898–1907†	Mexico
Paul Kruger	President of the South African Republic	Transvaal	1900–1904†	Netherlands  France   Switzerland
Francis William Reitz	President of the Orange Free State	Orange Free State	1902–1907	Netherlands
Mussa Moloh	King of Fuladu	Fuladu	1903–1931†	British Gambia British Sierra Leone
Thành Thái	Emperor of Vietnam	French Annam	1907–1954	French Cochinchina Réunion
Pierre Nord Alexis	President of Haiti	Haiti	1908–1910†	British Jamaica  United States
Cipriano Castro	President of Venezuela	Venezuela	1909–1924†	United States
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar	Shah of Iran	Iran	1909–1925†	Russian Empire (1909–1920)  Ottoman Empire (1920–1921)  Italy (1921–1925)
José Santos Zelaya	President of Nicaragua	Nicaragua	1909–1919†	Spain  United States
Manuel II	King of Portugal	Portugal	1910–1932†	United Kingdom
Porfirio Díaz	President of Mexico	Mexico	1911–1915†	Spain  France
Victoriano Huerta	President of Mexico	Mexico	1914–1916†	United Kingdom  Spain  United States
Guillermo Billinghurst	President of Peru	Peru	1914–1915†	Chile
Abbas II	Khedive of Egypt	Egypt	1914–1944†	Ottoman Empire  Italy   Switzerland
Muhammad Usman	Sultan of Ternate	Sultanate of Ternate	1915–1932	Java,  Dutch East Indies
Duy Tân	Emperor of Vietnam	French Annam	1916–1945†	Réunion France French Equatorial Africa
Alexander Kerensky	Prime Minister of Russia	Russia	1917–1970†	France  United States
Constantine I	King of the Hellenes	Greece	1917–1920	Switzerland
			1922–1923†	Italy
Ferdinand I	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1918–1948†	Germany
Wilhelm II	Emperor of Germany	Germany	1918–1941†	Netherlands
Nikola I	King of Montenegro	Montenegro	1918–1921†	France
Ludwig III	King of Bavaria	Bavaria	1918–1918	Austria
			1919–1920	Hungary  Liechtenstein   Switzerland
Marie-Adélaïde	Grand Duchess of Luxembourg	Luxembourg	1919–1924†	Italy  Germany
Charles I and IV	Emperor of Austria King of Hungary	Austria-Hungary	1919–1921	Switzerland
			1921–1922†	Madeira, Portugal
Francisco Bertrand	President of Honduras	Honduras	1919–1926	United States
Symon Petliura	Chairman of the Directorate of Ukraine	Ukraine	1920–1926	Poland  Hungary   Switzerland  France
Sayid Abdullah	Khan of Khiva	Khanate of Khiva	1920–1933†	Ukrainian SSR
Mohamoud Ali Shire	Sultan of Warsengali	Warsangali Sultanate	1920–1928	British Seychelles
Jameel Al-Madfaai	Prime Minister of Iraq	Iraq	1920–1923	Transjordan
			1941
Mahmud Barzanji	King of Kurdistan	Kurdistan	1921–1922	British India
			1932–1941	Iraq (Nasiriyah)
Carlos Herrera	President of Guatemala	Guatemala	1921–1930†	France
Akaki Chkhenkeli	Prime Minister of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic	Transcaucasia	1921–1959†	France
Noe Zhordania	Prime Minister of Georgia	Georgia	1921–1953†	France
Mehmed VI	Sultan of the Ottoman Empire	Ottoman Empire	1922–1926†	Italy
Mahammad Amin Rasulzade	President of the Azerbaijani National Council	Azerbaijan	1922–1955†	Turkey
Idris	Chief of the Senussi Order Emir of Cyrenaica Emir of Tripolitania	Italian Cyrenaica	1922–1947	Egypt
	King of Libya	Libya	1969–1983†	Egypt
Ahmad Shah Qajar	Shah of Iran	Iran	1923–1930†	France
Arturo Alessandri[2]	President of Chile	Chile	1924–1925	Italy
George II	King of the Hellenes	Greece	1924–1935	Romania
			1941–1945	Egypt  United Kingdom
Hussein bin Ali	King of Hejaz	Hejaz	1925–1930	British Cyprus
Ali bin Hussein	King of Hejaz	Hejaz	1925–1935†	Iraq
Amanullah Khan	King of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1929–1960†	British India  Italy
Washington Luís[3]	President of Brazil	Brazil	1930–1947	Switzerland  Portugal  United States
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo	President of Chile	Chile	1931–1937	Argentina
Alfonso XIII	King of Spain	Spain	1931–1941†	Italy
Prajadhipok	King of Siam	Siam	1935–1941†	United Kingdom
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora	Prime Minister of Spain	Spain	1936–1949†	France (1936–1942)  Argentina (1942–1949)
Haile Selassie I	Emperor of Ethiopia	Ethiopia	1936–1941	United Kingdom
Juan Bautista Sacasa	President of Nicaragua	Nicaragua	1936–1946†	United States
Yasin al-Hashimi	Prime Minister of Iraq	Iraq	1936–1937†	Lebanon
Nuri al-Said	Prime Minister of Iraq	Iraq	1936–1937	Egypt
			1941	Transjordan
Edvard Beneš	President of Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovakia	1938–1945	United Kingdom
Augustinas Voldemaras	Prime Minister of Lithuania	Lithuania	1938–1939	France
			1940–1942	Soviet Union
Manuel Azaña	Prime Minister of Spain	Spain	1939–1940†	France
Władysław Sikorski	Prime Minister of Poland	Poland	1939–1943†	United Kingdom  Gibraltar
Haakon VII	King of Norway	Norway	1940–1945	United Kingdom
Johan Nygaardsvold	Prime Minister of Norway	Norway	1940–1945	United Kingdom
Charlotte	Grand Duchess of Luxembourg	Luxembourg	1940–1945	France  Portugal  United Kingdom  United States  Canada
Wilhelmina	Queen of the Netherlands	Netherlands	1940–1945	United Kingdom
Dirk Jan de Geer	Prime Minister of the Netherlands	Netherlands	1940–1941	United Kingdom
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy			1940–1945
Hubert Pierlot	Prime Minister of Belgium	Belgium	1940–1945	United Kingdom
Antanas Smetona	President of Lithuania	Lithuania	1940–1944†	United States
Eduardo Schaerer	President of Paraguay	Paraguay	1940–1941†	Argentina
Zog I	King of Albania	Albania	1941–1961†	United Kingdom  France
Rezā Shāh	Shah of Iran	Iran	1941–1944†	British Mauritius  South Africa
Emmanouil Tsouderos	Prime Minister of Greece	Greece	1941–1944	Egypt  United Kingdom
Sofoklis Venizelos	Prime Minister of Greece	Greece	1944	Egypt
Georgios Papandreou			1944–1945
Arnulfo Arias Madrid	President of Panama	Panama	1941–1945, 1951–1960	Latin America
			1968–1978, 1984–1988†	United States
Moncef Bey	Bey of Tunis	Tunisia	1943–1948†	French Algeria  France
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez	President of El Salvador	El Salvador	1944–1966†	Honduras
Jorge Ubico	President of Guatemala	Guatemala	1944–1946†	United States
Isaías Medina Angarita	President of Venezuela	Venezuela	1945–1953†	United States
Miklós Horthy	Regent of Hungary	Hungary	1945–1957†	France (1945–1949)  Portugal (1949–1957)
Peter II	King of Yugoslavia	Yugoslavia	1945–1970†	United States
Victor Emmanuel III	King of Italy	Italy	1946–1947†	Egypt
Umberto II	King of Italy	Italy	1946–1983†	Portugal   Switzerland
Simeon II	Tsar of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1946–1996	Egypt  Spain
Leonardo Argüello Barreto	President of Nicaragua	Nicaragua	1947–1947†	Mexico
Pridi Banomyong	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	1947–1947 1948–1971	Singapore  China  France
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	1947–1948	Hong Kong
Teodoro Picado Michalski	President of Costa Rica	Costa Rica	1948–1960†	Nicaragua
José Bustamante y Rivero	President of Peru	Peru	1948–1955	Argentina
Rómulo Betancourt	President of Venezuela	Venezuela	1948–1958	United States  Cuba  Costa Rica
Rómulo Gallegos	President of Venezuela	Venezuela	1948–1958	Cuba  Mexico
Michael I	King of Romania	Romania	1948–1997	United Kingdom   Switzerland
Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi	Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah	Ras Al Khaimah	1948–1951†	Sharjah
Shukri al-Quwatli	President of Syria	Syria	1949–1955	Egypt
Tribhuvan	King of Nepal	Nepal	1950–1951	India
Carlos Prío Socarrás	President of Cuba	Cuba	1952–1975†	United States
Farouk	King of Egypt	Egypt	1952–1965†	Monaco  Italy
Fuad II			1952–present	Switzerland  France
Laureano Gómez	President of Colombia	Colombia	1953–1959	Spain
Mohammed V	Sultan of Morocco	Morocco	1953–1955	France (1953–1954)  Madagascar (1954–1955)
Fawzi Selu	President of Syria Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1954–early 1960s	Saudi Arabia
Husni al-Barazi	Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1954–1975†	Lebanon  Turkey
Adib Shishakli	President of Syria Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1954–1964†	Lebanon  Brazil
Jacobo Árbenz	President of Guatemala	Guatemala	1954–1971†	France  Czechoslovakia  Soviet Union  Uruguay (1957–1960)  Cuba (1960–1965)  Mexico (1965–1971)
Juan Perón	President of Argentina	Argentina	1955–1973	Venezuela (1955–1958)  Spain (1958–1973)
Mohammed Ben Aarafa	Sultan of Morocco	Morocco	1955–1976†	Tangier  France  Lebanon  France
Bảo Đại	Emperor of Vietnam	Vietnam	1955–1997†	France  Monaco
Paul Magloire	President of Haiti	Haiti	1956–1986	United States
Imre Nagy	Prime Minister of Hungary	Hungary	1956–1957	Yugoslavia (embassy)  Romania
Plaek Phibunsongkhram	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	1957–1964†	Cambodia  Japan
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla	President of Colombia	Colombia	1957–1958	Spain or  Dominican Republic
Iskander Mirza	President of Pakistan	Pakistan	1958–1969†	United Kingdom
Marcos Pérez Jiménez	President of Venezuela	Venezuela	1958–1963	United States
			1968–2001†	Spain
Tenzin Gyatso	14th Dalai Lama	Tibet	1959–present	India
Ghalib al-Hinai	Imam of Oman	Imamate of Oman	1959–2009†	Saudi Arabia
Fulgencio Batista	President of Cuba	Cuba	1959–1973†	Portugal  Spain
Anselmo Alliegro y Milá	President of Cuba	Cuba	1959–1961†	United States
Andrés Domingo y Morales del Castillo	President of Cuba	Cuba	1959–1979†	Dominican Republic  Portugal  United States
Syngman Rhee	President of South Korea	South Korea	1960–1965†	United States
Kigeli V	King of Rwanda	Rwanda	1961–2016†	Tanganyika  Uganda  Kenya  United States
Joaquín Balaguer	President of the Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic	1962–1966	United States
Manuel Prado Ugarteche	President of Peru	Peru	1962–1967†	France
Albert Kalonji	Mulopwe	South Kasai	1962–1964	Spain
			1965–?	Unknown
			1997–2005	France
Moïse Tshombe	President of Katanga	Katanga	1963–1964	Northern Rhodesia  Spain
	Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	DR Congo	1965–1969†	Spain  Algeria
Juan Bosch	President of the Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic	1963–1966	Puerto Rico
Abdullah Afeef	President of the United Suvadive Republic	United Suvadive Republic	1963–1993†	Seychelles
Nazim al-Qudsi	President of Syria	Syria	1963–1998†	Lebanon Europe  Jordan
Khalid al-Azm	Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1963–1965†	Lebanon
Maamun al-Kuzbari	Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1963–1998†	France  Morocco  Lebanon
Maarouf al-Dawalibi	Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1963–2004†	Lebanon  Saudi Arabia
Jamshid bin Abdullah	Sultan of Zanzibar	Zanzibar	1964–present	United Kingdom  Oman
Juscelino Kubitschek	President of Brazil	Brazil	1964–1967	United States
Víctor Paz Estenssoro	President of Bolivia	Bolivia	1964–1978	Peru
			1980–1982
Saud	King of Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	1964–1969†	Switzerland  Egypt  Greece
João Goulart	President of Brazil	Brazil	1964–1976†	Uruguay (1964–1973)  Argentina (1973–1976)
Mohamed Boudiaf	Chairman of the High Council of State	Algeria	1964–1992	Morocco (Kenitra)
Fulbert Youlou	President of the Republic of Congo	Republic of Congo	1965–1972†	Democratic Republic of the Congo  Spain
Nguyễn Khánh	Prime Minister of South Vietnam	South Vietnam	1965–2013†	France  United States
Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi	Ruler of Sharjah	Sharjah	1965–1972	Bahrain Egypt
Mutesa II	President of Uganda Kabaka of Buganda	Uganda	1966–1969†	United Kingdom
Kwame Nkrumah	President of Ghana	Ghana	1966–1972†	Guinea (1966–1971)  Romania (1971–1972)
Mwambutsa IV	King of Burundi	Burundi	1966–1977†	Republic of the Congo   Switzerland
Ntare V	King of Burundi	Burundi	1966–1972	West Germany  Uganda
Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan	Ruler of Abu Dhabi	Abu Dhabi	1966–1970	Iran
Amin al-Hafiz	President of Syria	Syria	1966–2003	Lebanon  Iraq
Salah al-Din al-Bitar	Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1966–1980†	Lebanon  France
Constantine II	King of the Hellenes	Greece	1967–2013	Italy  United Kingdom
Fernando Belaúnde Terry	President of Peru	Peru	1968–1980	United States
Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif	Prime Minister of Iraq	Iraq	1968–1978†	Switzerland  United Kingdom  Jordan
Muhammad al-Badr	King of Yemen	Yemen	1969–1996†	Saudi Arabia  United Kingdom
Norodom Sihanouk	Prime Minister of Cambodia	Cambodia	1970–1993	China  North Korea
Said bin Taimur	Sultan of Oman	Oman	1970–1972†	United Kingdom
Moshoeshoe II	King of Lesotho	Lesotho	1970–1970	Netherlands
			1990–1992	United Kingdom
Milton Obote	President of Uganda	Uganda	1971–1979	Tanzania
			1985–2005†	Zambia
Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani	Emir of Qatar	Qatar	1972–1977†	Dubai,  United Arab Emirates
Son Ngoc Thanh	Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic	Cambodia	1972–1977†	South Vietnam  Vietnam
Mohammed Zahir Shah	King of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1973–2002	Italy
Thanom Kittikachorn	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	1973–1976	United States  Singapore
Américo Tomás	President of Portugal	Portugal	1974–1980	Brazil
Marcello Caetano	Prime Minister of Portugal	Portugal	1974–1980†	Brazil
António de Spínola	President of Portugal	Portugal	1974–1976†	Brazil
Cheng Heng	President of the Khmer Republic	Cambodia	1975–1992	United States
Lon Nol	President of the Khmer Republic	Cambodia	1975–1985†	United States
In Tam	Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic	Cambodia	1975–2006†	United States
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu	President of South Vietnam	South Vietnam	1975–2001†	United Kingdom  United States
Nguyễn Bá Cẩn	Prime Minister of South Vietnam	South Vietnam	1975–2009†	United States
Boun Oum	Prime Minister of Laos	Laos	1975–1980†	France
Alimirah Hanfare	Sultan of Aussa	Aussa Sultanate	1975–1991	Saudi Arabia
Abdurrahim El-Keib	Prime Minister of Libya	Libya	1976–2011	United States
Michel Micombero	President of Burundi	Burundi	1976–1983†	Somalia
James Mancham	President of the Seychelles	Seychelles	1977–1992	United Kingdom
Abdul Hamid Bakkush	Prime Minister of Libya	Libya	1977–2007†	Egypt
Ange-Félix Patassé	Prime Minister of the Central African Empire	Central African Empire	1978–1979	France
		Central African Republic	1980–1981	Chad
			1982–1992	Togo
	President of the Central African Republic		2003–2009	Togo
Jafar Sharif-Emami	Prime Minister of Iran	Iran	1978–1998†	United States
Gholam Reza Azhari	Prime Minister of Iran	Iran	1978–2001†	United States
Ali Amini	Prime Minister of Iran	Iran	1979–1992†	France
Shapour Bakhtiar	Prime Minister of Iran	Iran	1979–1991†	France
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Shah of Iran	Iran	1979–1980†	Egypt  Morocco  Bahamas  Mexico  United States  Panama  Egypt
Idi Amin	President of Uganda	Uganda	1979–2003†	Libya (1979–1980)  Saudi Arabia (1980–2003)
Jean-Bédel Bokassa (Bokassa I)	Emperor of Central Africa	Central African Empire	1979–1986	Ivory Coast (1979–1983)  France (1983–1986)
Fred Degazon	President of Dominica	Dominica	1979–2008†	United Kingdom
Félix Malloum	President of Chad	Chad	1979–2002	Nigeria
Moktar Ould Daddah	President of Mauritania	Mauritania	1979–2001	France
Anastasio Somoza Debayle	President of Nicaragua	Nicaragua	1979–1980†	Paraguay
Pascal Lissouba	Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo	Republic of Congo	1979–1990	France
	President of the Republic of Congo		1997–2020†	United Kingdom (1997–2004)  France (2004–2020)
Ahmed Ben Bella	President of Algeria	Algeria	1980–1990	Switzerland
Luís Cabral	President of Guinea-Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	1980–2009†	Cuba (1980–1984)  Portugal (1984–2009)
Johan Ferrier	President of Suriname	Suriname	1980–2010†	Netherlands
Ali Zeidan	Prime Minister of Libya	Libya	1980–2012	India   Switzerland  Germany
Isabel Perón	President of Argentina	Argentina	1981–present	Spain
Abolhassan Banisadr	President of Iran	Iran	1981–2021†	France
Yusuf Zuayyin	Prime Minister of Syria	Syria	1981–2016†	United Kingdom  Hungary  Sweden
Luis García Meza	President of Bolivia	Bolivia	1981–1995	Brazil
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond	First State Commissioner of Zaire	Zaire	1981–1985	Belgium
	Prime Minister of Zaire		1996–2003	South Africa
Hendrick Chin A Sen	President of Suriname	Suriname	1982–1995	United States  Netherlands
Dương Văn Minh	President of South Vietnam	South Vietnam	1983–2001†	France  United States
Jules Sedney	Prime Minister of Suriname	Suriname	1983–1987	Netherlands
Ahmadou Ahidjo	President of Cameroon	Cameroon	1983–1989†	France  Senegal
Nguyễn Văn Lộc	Prime Minister of South Vietnam	South Vietnam	1983–1992†	Singapore  United States  France
Benazir Bhutto	Prime Minister of Pakistan	Pakistan	1984–1987	United Kingdom
			1999–2007	United Arab Emirates
Gaafar Nimeiry	President of Sudan	Sudan	1985–1999	Egypt
Goukouni Oueddei	President of Chad	Chad	1985–2007	Libya  Algeria
Saeb Salam	Prime Minister of Lebanon	Lebanon	1985–1994	Switzerland
Jean-Claude Duvalier	President of Haiti	Haiti	1986–2011	France
Ferdinand Marcos	President of the Philippines	Philippines	1986–1989†	United States
Tito Okello	President of Uganda	Uganda	1986–1993	Kenya
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza	President of Burundi	Burundi	1987–1993	Libya
			1998–2002	Uganda
Henri Namphy	President of Haiti	Haiti	1988–2018†	Dominican Republic
Ahmed al-Mirghani	President of Sudan	Sudan	1989–2001	Egypt
Alfredo Stroessner	President of Paraguay	Paraguay	1989–2006†	Brazil
Erich Honecker	General Secretary	East Germany	1989–1994†	Soviet Union (1989–1991)  Russia (1991–1993)  Chile (1992–1994)
Hissène Habré	President of Chad	Chad	1990–2021†	Senegal
Jabir III al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah	Emir of Kuwait	Kuwait	1990–1991	Saudi Arabia
Michel Aoun	President of Lebanon	Lebanon	1990–2005	France
Amine Gemayel	President of Lebanon	Lebanon	1990–2000	Switzerland  France  United States
Jean-Bertrand Aristide	President of Haiti	Haiti	1991–1994	Venezuela  United States
			2004–2011	Jamaica (2004)  South Africa (2004–2011)
Siad Barre	President of Somalia	Somalia	1991–1995†	Kenya (1991)  Nigeria (1991–1995)
Chatichai Choonhavan	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	1991–1992	United Kingdom
Mengistu Haile Mariam	President of Ethiopia	Ethiopia	1991–present	Zimbabwe
Sultan Ali Keshtmand	Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1991–present	Russia  United Kingdom
Alan García	President of Peru	Peru	1992–2001	Colombia  France
Ayaz Mutallibov	President of Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan	1992–2012	Russia
Mohammad Najibullah	President of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1992–1996†	United Nations (mission)
Joseph Saidu Momoh	President of Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	1992–2003†	Guinea
Jorge Serrano Elías	President of Guatemala	Guatemala	1993–present	Panama
Didier Ratsiraka	President of Madagascar	Madagascar	1993–1996	France
			2002–2011	France
Théodore Sindikubwabo	President of Rwanda	Rwanda	1994–1998†	Zaire
Dawda Jawara	President of the Gambia	Gambia	1994–2002	Senegal  United Kingdom
Abdumalik Abdullajanov	Prime Minister of Tajikistan	Tajikistan	1994–present	Russia  United States
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani	Emir of Qatar	Qatar	1995–2004	France
Carlos Salinas de Gortari	President of Mexico	Mexico	1995–1999	United States  Ireland
Faustin Twagiramungu	Prime Minister of Rwanda	Rwanda	1995–2003 2003–2023†	Belgium
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya	President of Burundi	Burundi	1996–1997	United States (embassy)
Valentine Strasser	Head of State of Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	1996–2000	United Kingdom
Burhanuddin Rabbani	President of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1996–2001	Northern Alliance
Abdalá Bucaram	President of Ecuador	Ecuador	1997–2017	Panama
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah	President of Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	1997–1998	Guinea
Mobutu Sese Seko	President of Zaire	Zaire	1997–1997†	Togo  Morocco
Akezhan Kazhegeldin	Prime Minister of Kazakhstan	Kazakhstan	1997–present	United Kingdom
Joachim Yhombi-Opango	President of the Republic of Congo	Republic of Congo	1997–2007	Benin  Ivory Coast  France
Norodom Ranariddh	Prime Minister of Cambodia	Cambodia	1997–1998	Philippines  Singapore  Indonesia
			2007–2008	Malaysia
Nawaz Sharif	Prime Minister of Pakistan	Pakistan	1999–2007	Saudi Arabia  United Kingdom
			2019–2023	United Kingdom[4]
Henri Konan Bédié	President of Ivory Coast	Ivory Coast	1999–2001	Togo  France
João Bernardo Vieira	President of Guinea-Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	1999–2005	Portugal
Jamil Mahuad	President of Ecuador	Ecuador	2000–present	United States
Pierre-Célestin Rwigema	Prime Minister of Rwanda	Rwanda	2000–2011	United States
Alberto Fujimori	President of Peru	Peru	2000–2007	Japan (2000–2005)  Chile (2005–2007)
André Kolingba	President of the Central African Republic	Central African Republic	2001–2003	Uganda
			2003–2010†	France
Mullah Omar	Supreme Leader of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	2001–2013†	Zabul Province, Afghanistan (in hiding)[5]
Abdul Kabir	Acting Prime Minister of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	2001–2021	Pakistan[6]
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	President of Bolivia	Bolivia	2003–present	United States
Charles Taylor	President of Liberia	Liberia	2003–2006	Nigeria
Martin Ziguélé	Prime Minister of the Central African Republic	Central African Republic	2003–2005	France
Jean-Paul Ngoupandé	Prime Minister of the Central African Republic	Central African Republic	2003–2005	France
Gustavo Noboa[7]	President of Ecuador	Ecuador	2003–2005	Dominican Republic
Norodom Sihanouk	King of Cambodia	Cambodia	2004–2012†	China  North Korea
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya	President of Mauritania	Mauritania	2005–present	Gambia (2005)  Qatar (2005–present)
Lucio Gutiérrez	President of Ecuador	Ecuador	2005–2005	Brazil  Peru  United States
Askar Akayev	President of Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan	2005–present	Russia
Nikolai Tanayev	Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan	2005–2020†	Russia
Thaksin Shinawatra	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	2006–2008 2008–2023	United States  United Kingdom  Singapore  China  Hong Kong  Cambodia  United Arab Emirates
Pervez Musharraf	President of Pakistan	Pakistan	2008–2013 2016–2023†	United Arab Emirates
Marc Ravalomanana	President of Madagascar	Madagascar	2009–2014	Swaziland (2009)  South Africa (2009–2014)
Manuel Zelaya	President of Honduras	Honduras	2009–2011	Costa Rica (2009)  Dominican Republic (2010–2011)
Kurmanbek Bakiyev	President of Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan	2010–present	Belarus
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali	President of Tunisia	Tunisia	2011–2019†	Saudi Arabia
Amadou Toumani Touré	President of Mali	Mali	2012–2017	Senegal
François Bozizé	President of the Central African Republic	Central African Republic	2013–2019	Cameroon
Michel Djotodia	President of the Central African Republic	Central African Republic	2014–2020	Benin
Tom Thabane	Prime Minister of Lesotho	Lesotho	August–September 2014	South Africa
Viktor Yanukovych	President of Ukraine	Ukraine	2014–present	Russia
Mykola Azarov	Prime Minister of Ukraine	Ukraine	2014–present	Russia
Mikheil Saakashvili	President of Georgia	Georgia	2014–2021	United States  Ukraine  Netherlands  Ukraine
Mauricio Funes	President of El Salvador	El Salvador	2014–present	Nicaragua
Blaise Compaoré	President of Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso	2014–present	Ivory Coast  Morocco
Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi	President of Yemen	Yemen	2015–present[note 1]	Saudi Arabia
Yahya Jammeh	President of the Gambia	Gambia	2017–present	Equatorial Guinea
Rafael Correa	President of Ecuador	Ecuador	2017–present	Belgium
Yingluck Shinawatra	Prime Minister of Thailand	Thailand	2017–present	Singapore  United Kingdom  United Arab Emirates
Evo Morales	President of Bolivia	Bolivia	2019–2020	Mexico  Argentina
Guillaume Soro	Prime Minister of Ivory Coast	Ivory Coast	2019–present	France  Belgium  United Arab Emirates
Ashraf Ghani	President of Afghanistan	Afghanistan	2021–present	United Arab Emirates
Gotabaya Rajapaksa	President of Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka	July–September 2022	Maldives  Singapore  Thailand
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba	Interim President of Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso	2022–present	Togo
Succès Masra	Prime Minister of Chad	Chad	2022–2023	United States
Jair Bolsonaro	President of Brazil	Brazil	2022–2023[8][9]	United States
Ernest Bai Koroma	President of Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	2024–present	Nigeria