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List of frigates of India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Frigates, which are naval vessels intermediate between corvettes and destroyers,[1] have had a significant role in the naval history of India. Although the Maratha Navy, the naval branch of the armed forces of the Maratha Empire, used Grabs and Gallivats to project naval power,[2] the concept of frigates (formerly called sloops) was introduced by the British.[3] HMIS Clive, HMIS Lawrence and HMIS Cornwallis, of the Aubrietia class, were some of the early sloops commissioned into the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) during the 1920s. These ships later served in the Second World War. Later, in the 1930s, sloops of the P, Anchusa, Hastings, Grimsby, and Black Swan[citation needed] classes were commissioned.[4][5]

The RIN was expanded significantly during the Second World War.[citation needed] The sloops HMIS Sutlej and HMIS Jumna, of the Black Swan class, took part in Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily.[6] In 1945, HMIS Dhanush and HMIS Shamsher, of the River class, were the first frigates, so-called, to be commissioned. Several frigates of the River class were also commissioned. Some of them were later transferred to Pakistan during partition.

In the post-war period, the Indian Navy operated frigates from the Blackwood,[7] Whitby,[8] Leopard,[9] Leander,[10] and Nilgiri classes.[11] The Nilgiri-class frigates were the first major warships to be built in India, in association with Yarrow Shipbuilders of the United Kingdom.[11] Later in the 2000s, the Indian Navy, collaborating with Russia for the first time, acquired six under Project 1135.6, designated as Talwar-class.[12] As of May 2022, 12 guided-missile frigates from three different classes – Shivalik, Talwar, and Brahmaputra – are operated by the Indian Navy.[13][14]

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Transcription

Ships currently in commission

The Shivalik class is the largest of the frigate classes presently in service as of February 2017.[15] INS Shivalik is the lead ship of the class and the first stealth warship built by India.[16] All three ships of this class were built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai, from 2000 to 2010. With their improved stealth features and land-attack capabilities, the Shivalik-class warships were originally conceived as successors to the six Talwar-class frigates,[15] which are modified Krivak III-class vessels built by Russia for the Indian Navy.[citation needed] The Talwar class was preceded by the Brahmaputra-class frigates, which were built by the Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers in Kolkata. Three ships of this class are still in service with the Indian Navy.[14]

Shivalik class

The Shivalik class, or Project 17 class, is a class of multi-role frigates in service with the Indian Navy. They are the first stealth warships built in India.[17] A total of three ships were built between 2000 and 2010, and all three were in commission by 2012.[15] The Shivalik class, along with the seven Project 17A frigates being developed from them as of February 2017, are projected to be the principal frigates of the Indian Navy in the first half of the 21st century.[18] All ships of the class were built by Mazagon Dock Limited. The class and the ships are named after hill ranges in India.[15] Originally conceived as a successor to the Talwar-class frigates, the Shivalik-class frigates feature improved stealth features and land-attack capabilities.[15]

Ship
Picture
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Laid down
Commissioned
INS Shivalik (F47)[19]
6,200 tonnes (6,100 long tons; 6,800 short tons) full load[20] 11 July 2001 29 April 2010  India[15][20]
INS Satpura (F48)[21]
31 October 2002 20 August 2011
INS Sahyadri (F49)[22]
17 March 2003 21 July 2012

Talwar class

The Talwar class, also known as Project 1135.6, is a class of guided-missile frigates designed and built by Russia for the Indian Navy, as modified Krivak III-class frigates[23] (the class that is also the basis of the Russian Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate), with a number of systems of Indian design and manufacture, including anti-submarine sensors (sonar) and communications equipment.[12][24][25] Each ship of this class has a displacement of 4,000 tons and speed of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) and is capable of accomplishing a wide variety of missions, primarily finding and eliminating enemy submarines and large surface ships. Due to the use of stealth technologies and a special hull design, the frigate operates with reduced radar cross section (RCS), as well as reduced electromagnetic, acoustic, and infrared signatures.[12]

Ship
Picture
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Laid down
Commissioned
INS Talwar (F40)[26]
4,035 tonnes (3,971 long tons; 4,448 short tons)[27] 10 March 1999 18 June 2003  Russia[13]
INS Trishul (F43)[28]
24 September 1999 25 June 2003
INS Tabar (F44)
26 May 2000 19 April 2004
INS Teg (F45)[29]
July 2007 27 April 2012
INS Tarkash (F50)[30]
November 2007 9 November 2012
INS Trikand (F51)[31]
11 June 2008 29 June 2013

Brahmaputra class

The Brahmaputra-class frigates (Type 16A or Project 16A) are guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy, designed and built in India. They are an enhancement of the Godavari class, with the same displacement, 3850 tons, and length, 126 metres (413 ft), but with different configuration, armaments, and capabilities. Three ships of this class serve in the Indian Navy. The class and the ships, are named for Indian rivers.[14][32]

Ship
Picture
Armament
Displacement
Commissioned
Origin
INS Brahmaputra (F31)
3,850 tonnes (3,790 long tons; 4,240 short tons) 14 April 2000  India[32]
INS Betwa (F39)
7 July 2004
INS Beas (F37)
11 July 2005

Decommissioned ships

Most of the decommissioned frigates or sloops of the Indian Navy originated in the United Kingdom.

Sloops

A modern British sloop-of-war is a warship used for convoy defence. HMIS Clive,HMIS Lawrence of the Aubrietia class, were some of the early sloops commissioned into the RIN during the 1920s. These ships were also the first ships to be decommissioned. Later, sloops from the Black Swan, Grimsby, P, Hastings, and Anchusa classes were commissioned. The sloops HMIS Narbada and HMIS Godavari,[citation needed] of the Black Swan class, and HMIS Hindustan, of the Hastings class, were transferred to Pakistan post-partition. HMIS Elphinstone, of the Anchusa class, and HMIS Indus,[citation needed] of the Grimsby class, were lost in action during the Second World War. The other sloops were subsequently scrapped after their decommissioning.[6]

Anchusa class

The twenty-eight Anchusa-class sloops were a small class of corvettes or convoy sloops built in 1917 and 1918 under the Emergency War Programme for the Royal Navy in the First World War, as the final part of the larger "Flower class" (which were also referred to as the "cabbage class", or "herbaceous borders"). The sloops were single-screw with triple hulls at the bows to give extra protection against loss when working as fleet sweeping vessels, or as convoy protection ships (the class was built to look like merchant ships for use as Q-ships). HMS Ceanothus (1917) (later renamed as HMS Elphinstone), transferred to the Royal Indian Marine in 1922, was the only Anchusa-class sloop used by India.

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Commissioned
(Royal Navy)
Commissioned
(Royal Indian Marine)
Decommissioned
HMIS Elphinstone 1,290 tonnes (1,270 long tons; 1,420 short tons) 2 June 1917 May 1922  United Kingdom Wrecked on the Nicobar Islands on 29 January 1925.

Aubrietia class

The Aubrietia class was a class of twelve sloops built under the Emergency War Programme for the Royal Navy in the First World War as part of the larger "Flower" class. The Flowers were the first ships designed as minesweepers. Like all the Flowers, the Aubrietia class were originally designed as single-screw fleet sweeping vessels, with triple hulls at the bows and an above-water magazine located aft, to give extra protection against loss from mine damage when working. However, the greatest utility was to be as a convoy escort; and, as such, other classes took over the minesweeping role. The Aubrietias were re-classified as convoy sloops. HMIS Cornwallis of this class was used by the RIN from 1921 to 1946, when it was decommissioned.

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Commissioned (Royal Navy)
Commissioned
(Royal Indian Marine)
Decommissioned
HMIS Cornwallis (U09)[a] 1,250 tonnes (1,230 long tons; 1,380 short tons) 21 August 1917 September 1921 1946  United Kingdom scrapped

P class

The P class, nominally classified as "patrol boats", was in effect a class of coastal sloops. Twenty-four ships to this design were ordered in May 1915 (numbered P.11 to P.34), and another thirty between February and June 1916 (numbered P.35 to P.64), under the Emergency War Programme[33] for the Royal Navy in the First World War. In December 1916, ten of the latter group were altered on the stocks before launch for use as decoy Q-ships and were renumbered as PC-class sloops. Although usually not named, in 1925 P.38 was given the name Spey, as well as HMIS Baluchi and HMIS Pathan, the two P-class sloops used by the RIN.

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Commissioned (Royal Navy)
Commissioned
(RIN)
Decommissioned
HMIS Baluchi (PC.55) 613 tonnes (603 long tons; 676 short tons) 5 May 1917 May 1922 1935  United Kingdom Sold for scrapping.[33]
HMIS Pathan (PC.69) 11 March 1918 5 August 1921 Sunk by Italian submarine Galvani on 23 June 1940.

Grimsby class

The Grimsby class was a class of 13 sloops-of-war laid down between 1933 and 1940. Eight were built in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy, four in Australia for the Royal Australian Navy, and one, HMIS Indus, for the RIN.

Ship
Picture
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down
Commissioned
(RIN)
Decommissioned
HMIS Indus (U67)
1,006 tonnes (990 long tons; 1,109 short tons) 8 December 1933[34] 15 March 1935[34]  United Kingdom Bombed and sunk by Japanese aircraft during the Burma Campaign on 6 April 1942.

Black Swan class

The Black Swan and Modified Black Swan were two classes of sloops of the Royal Navy and RIN. Twelve Black Swans were launched between 1939 and 1943, including four for the RIN. Twenty-five Modified Black Swans were launched between 1942 and 1945, including two for the RIN. Several other ships were cancelled.

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned
(RIN) 		Decommissioned
HMIS Cauvery[b] 1,350 tonnes (1,330 long tons; 1,490 short tons)[c] 28 October 1942 26 August 1943 30 September 1977[35]  United Kingdom scrapped
HMIS Jumna[d] 20 February 1940 13 May 1941 31 December 1980[36] scrapped
HMIS Narbada 30 August 1941 29 April 1943 1948 Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Jhelum.
HMIS Kistna[e] 14 July 1942 26 August 1943 31 December 1981[37] scrapped
HMIS Godavari 30 August 1941 28 June 1943 1948 Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Sind.
HMIS Sutlej[f] 4 January 1940 23 April 1941 31 December 1978[35] scrapped

Hastings class

The Hastings class, also known as Folkestone class, was a class of five sloops built for the Royal Navy and the RIN in the interwar period, which went on to see service in the Second World War.[4] HMIS Hindustan of this class served in the RIN.

Ship
Picture
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned
(RIN) 		Decommissioned
HMIS Hindustan (L80)
1,210 tonnes (1,190 long tons; 1,330 short tons) 4 September 1929 10 October 1930 1948  United Kingdom Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Karsaz till 1960.

Other sloops

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Commissioned (Royal Indian Marine) Decommissioned
HMIS Clive (U79}[g] 2,083 tonnes (2,050 long tons; 2,296 short tons) 20 April 1920 1947  United Kingdom scrapped
HMIS Lawrence (U83)[h] 1,245 tonnes (1,225 long tons; 1,372 short tons) 27 December 1919 scrapped

Frigates

In 1945, HMIS Dhanush and HMIS Shamsher of the River class were the first frigates commissioned into the RIN. They were later transferred to Pakistan during partition. Later, several more frigates of the River class were commissioned. Frigates of the Blackwood, Whitby, Leopard, Nilgiri,[citation needed] Leander, and Godavari classes served with the Indian Navy. Of these, the Nilgiri-class frigates, commissioned between 1972 and 1981, were the first home-grown frigates in Indian service. The last ship of the Nilgiri class, INS Taragiri, was decommissioned in 2013.[38]

River class

The River class was a class of 151 frigates launched between 1941 and 1944 for use as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the North Atlantic. The majority served with the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), with some serving in other Allied navies: the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Free French Navy (FFN), the Royal Netherlands Navy and, post-war, the South African Navy (SAN).[5] Eight ships of this class served in the RIN.

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Commissioned
(Royal Navy) 		Commissioned
(RIN) 		Decommissioned
HMIS Neza (K239)[i] 1,390 tonnes (1,370 long tons; 1,530 short tons) 7 May 1943 1946 1947  United Kingdom Returned to the Royal Navy in April 1947. Scrapped in 1955.
HMIS Kukri (K243)[j] 27 February 1943 1946 1951 Converted to survey vessel and recommissioned as INS Investigator post republic.
HMIS Tir (K256)[k] 7 May 1943 3 December 1945 30 September 1977[35] scrapped
HMIS Tamar (K262)[l] 28 July 1943 1946 December 1946 Constructive total Loss after running aground off Hainan Island.
HMIS Dhanush (K265)[m] 2 March 1943 1945 1948 Transferred to Pakistan and served as PNS Zulfiqar.
HMIS Hooghly (K330)[n] 16 June 1943 Purchased 1948 unknown scrapped
HMIS Shamsher (K392)[o] 20 January 1944 1945 1947 Transferred to Pakistan and served as PNS Shamsher. Scrapped in 1959.
HMIS Bengal (K419)[p] 6 June 1944 Purchased 1948 unknown scrapped

Blackwood class

The Type 14 Blackwood was a ship class of minimal "second-rate" anti-submarine warfare frigates. Built for the Royal Navy, to supplement the Type 12 class, during the 1950s at a time of increasing threat from the Soviet Union's submarine fleet, they served until the late 1970s. Twelve ships of this class served with the Royal Navy and a further three were built for the Indian Navy.[7]

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned Decommissioned
INS Kirpan (F144) 1,479 tonnes (1,456 long tons; 1,630 short tons) 5 November 1956 July 1959 18 August 1978[35]  United Kingdom Transferred to Indian Coast Guard in 1978.[39][40]
INS Kuthar (F146) 19 September 1957 November 1959 18 August 1978[35] Transferred to Indian Coast Guard in 1978.[39]
INS Khukri (F149) 29 December 1955 16 July 1958 Sunk in action on 9 December 1971 during 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.[39]

Whitby class

The Type 12 or Whitby class was a six-ship class of anti-submarine frigates of the British Royal Navy, which entered service late in the 1950s. They were designed in the early 1950s as first-rate ocean-going convoy escorts, in the light of experience gained during the Second World War. At the time, the Royal Navy were designing single-role escorts and the Whitbys were designed as fast convoy escorts capable of tackling high-speed submarines. However, this made the Whitbys more sophisticated and expensive to produce in large numbers in the event of a major war. Although themselves rapidly outdated, the Type 12 proved to be an excellent basis for a series of frigate designs used by the British and Commonwealth navies for the next 20 years.[8] Two ships from this class served in the Indian Navy.[41]

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned Decommissioned
INS Talwar (F140) 2,185 tonnes (2,150 long tons; 2,409 short tons) 7 June 1957 26 April 1959 30 October 1985[36]  United Kingdom Broken up for scrap in 1992.[41]
INS Trishul (F143) 19 February 1957 13 January 1960 31 August 1992[42] Broken up for scrap in 1996.[41]

Leopard class

The Type 41 or Leopard class was a class of anti-aircraft defence frigates built for the Royal Navy (4 ships) and Indian Navy (3 ships) in the 1950s.[43]

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned Decommissioned
INS Brahmaputra[q] 2,337 tonnes (2,300 long tons; 2,576 short tons) 20 October 1955 31 March 1958 30 June 1986[44]  United Kingdom Broken up in 1986.[43]
INS Beas 29 November 1956 24 May 1960 22 December 1992[42] Broken up in 1992.[43]
INS Betwa 29 May 1957 8 December 1960 31 December 1991[42] Broken up in 1991.[43]

Nilgiri class

The Nilgiri class are updated versions of the Leander class, designed and built for the Indian Navy by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai. Six ships were built between 1972 and 1981. Vessels of the class formed the 14th Frigate Squadron. The lead ship, INS Nilgiri, was the first major warship to be built in India, in collaboration with Yarrow Shipbuilders of the United Kingdom. The class and the ships are named for hill ranges of India.[citation needed] With the entry into service of the Shivalik class, the Nilgiri class has been decommissioned by the navy, five ships having been decommissioned, with one having been sunk in an accident. INS Taragiri was the last ship of the class to be decommissioned, on 27 June 2013 in Mumbai, after serving 33 years in the navy.[38]

Ship
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Commissioned Decommissioned
INS Nilgiri (F33) 2,682 tonnes (2,640 long tons; 2,956 short tons) 3 June 1972 31 May 1996[42]  India Sunk on 24 April 1997, in a test firing of a Sea Eagle anti-ship missile by a Sea Harrier Frs Mk 51 taking off from the aircraft carrier, INS Viraat.[45]
INS Himgiri (F34) 23 November 1974 6 May 2005 Awaiting disposal as of December 2016.[45][46]
INS Udaygiri (F35) 18 February 1976 24 August 2007 Awaiting disposal as of December 2016.[45]
INS Dunagiri (F36) 5 May 1977 20 October 2010 Awaiting disposal as of December 2016.[45]
INS Taragiri (F41) 16 May 1980 27 June 2013 Awaiting disposal as of December 2016.[45][38]
INS Vindhyagiri (F42) 8 July 1981 11 June 2012 Collided with a merchant ship while in Mumbai harbour on 30 January 2011; sank after on-board fire. Re-floated and decommissioned with full honours in 2012.[45][47]

Leander class

The Leander-class, or Type 12I frigates, comprising twenty-six vessels, was among the most numerous and long-lived classes of frigates in the modern history of the Royal Navy. The class was built in three batches between 1959 and 1973. INS Krishna, formerly HMS Andromeda, from Batch 3A, served in the Indian Navy.[48]

Ship
Picture[r]
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned
(Royal Navy) 		Commissioned
(Indian Navy) 		Decommissioned
INS Krishna (F46)[s]
2,500 tonnes (2,500 long tons; 2,800 short tons) 25 May 1966 2 December 1968 22 August 1995 24 May 2012  United Kingdom Awaiting disposal[49][50]

Godavari class

The Godavari-class frigates (formerly Type 16 or Project 16 frigates) were guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy. The Godavari class was the first significant indigenous warship design-and-development initiative of the Indian Navy. The design is a modification of the Nilgiri class, with larger hull and updated armaments, as well as with a focus on an indigenous content of 72%. The class and the ships took their names from Indian rivers. INS Gomati was the first Indian Navy vessel to employ digital electronics in her combat data system. The ships combined Indian, Russian, and Western weapons systems.[51][52] The last of the class in service, INS Gomati, was decommissioned on 28 May 2022.

Ship
Picture
Armament
Displacement
Service
Origin
Fate
Laid down Commissioned Decommissioned
INS Godavari (F20)
  • 4 × P-20M (SS-N-2D Styx) AShMs in single-tube launchers
  • Barak SAM system
  • 2 × 57 mm (2.2 in) (twin) guns at 90° elevation
  • 4 × AK-230 30 mm (1.2 in) gunmounts with 85° elevation (in CIWS role only)
  • 6 × 324 mm (12.8 in) ILAS 3 torpedo tubes with Whitehead A244S or NST 58 anti-submarine torpedoes
 3,600 tonnes (3,500 long tons; 4,000 short tons) 3 November 1978 10 December 1983 23 December 2015  India Awaiting disposal[53][54]
INS Ganga (F22)
  • 4 × SS-N-2D Styx AShM
  • 24 × Barak SAM (3 × 8 cell VLS units)
  • 1 × AK-725 twin-barreled 57 mm (2.2 in) gun
  • 4 × AK-630 6-barreled 30 mm (1.2 in) gatling
 3,850 tonnes (3,790 long tons; 4,240 short tons) 30 December 1985 22 March 2018
INS Gomati (F21)
  • 4 × SS-N-2D Styx AShM
  • 24 × Barak SAM (3 × 8 cell VLS units)
  • 1 × AK-725 twin-barreled 57 mm (2.2 in) gun
  • 4 × AK-630 6-barreled 30 mm (1.2 in) gatling
 3,850 tonnes (3,790 long tons; 4,240 short tons) 16 April 1988 28 May 2022

Future ships

A total of eleven ships from two different projects, Project 17A and Admiral Grigorovich classes, are expected to be commissioned into the Indian Navy. Most of these ships are under construction .[55]

Nilgiri-class frigate (2019)

The Nilgiri-class or Project 17A-class frigate is a follow-on of the Project 17 Shivalik-class frigate for the Indian Navy. A total of seven ships will be built at Mazagon Dock and GRSE. The first ship is expected to start construction by early 2017 and to be launched by 2020.[55]

Picture
Armament
Displacement
Status
Origin
 		6,670 tonnes (6,560 long tons; 7,350 short tons) 7 Launched  India[56][57]

Talwar-class

The Talwar-class is a variant of the Russian-built Admiral Grigorovich class frigate in service with the Indian Navy. Six of this class were planned for service with the Russian Navy, with the engines to be supplied by the Ukrainian government-owned firm Zorya-Mashproekt. Of the first batch of three frigates, two vessels are in service with Russia as of February 2017, with the last to be commissioned in 2016. The 2014 Crimean crisis halted any further cooperation between the Russian and Ukrainian governments, leaving the second batch of three ships without engines. In August 2016, Russia agreed to sell the second batch of frigates to India. India will likely be able to acquire Ukrainian-built engines on its own. The frigates remain under construction, and it is possible the hulls could be transported to India for their final fitting-out, including the installation of their engines.[58] Indian Navy has already inducted six of these ships in two batches while 4 more ships with two built by Yantar Shipyard (Russia) and Goa Shipyard (India) each.

Picture[t]
Armament
Displacement
Status
Origin
 		4,035 tonnes (3,971 long tons; 4,448 short tons) 4 under construction[59]  Russia[58] India

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ Formerly HMS Lychnis (L09).
  2. ^ Renamed as INS Kaveri post republic.
  3. ^ Original: 1,250 tonnes (1,230 long tons; 1,380 short tons)
  4. ^ Renamed as INS Jamuna post republic.
  5. ^ Renamed as INS Krisna post republic.
  6. ^ Renamed as INS Sutlej post republic.
  7. ^ Previously L79.
  8. ^ Previously L83.
  9. ^ Formerly HMS Test.
  10. ^ Formerly HMS Trent. Renamed INS Kukri post republic.
  11. ^ Formerly HMS Bann. Renamed INS Tir post republic.
  12. ^ Formerly HMS Aire.
  13. ^ Formerly HMS Deveron.
  14. ^ Formerly HMCS Waskesiu. Renamed INS Hooghly post republic.
  15. ^ Formerly HMS Nadder.
  16. ^ Formerly HMCS Kokanee. Renamed INS Bengal post republic.
  17. ^ Formerly HMS Panther.
  18. ^ HMS Andromeda, 1970 (IWM).jpg—Image attribution to the Royal Navy. Re-use under the Open Government Licence by authority of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  19. ^ Formerly HMS Andromeda.
  20. ^ Адмирал_Григорович.jpg–Image attribution to the Russian Navy (Mil.ru). This file comes from the websites (mil.ru, минобороны.рф) of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and is copyrighted. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence.

Citations

  1. ^ "Definition of FRIGATE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  2. ^ Sridharan 2000, p. 43.
  3. ^ Bhatia 2008, p. 30.
  4. ^ a b "Steel Sloops". www.leander-project.homecall.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  5. ^ a b "WWII Frigates". www.leander-project.homecall.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  6. ^ a b "The Second World War in the Mediterranean, North Africa and Italy". Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  7. ^ a b Friedman 2008, p. 14.
  8. ^ a b Friedman 2008, pp. 214–216.
  9. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 202.
  10. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 13.
  11. ^ a b Lt Cdr Kalesh Mohanan (14 December 2012). "Indigenous Warship Building". Indian Defence Review. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  12. ^ a b c "Launch of sixth Project 11356 Talwar Class frigate for Indian Navy". maritime propulsion. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Shivalik Class, Talwar Class, Kamorta Class". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  14. ^ a b c "Brahmaputra Class". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Shivalik Class Frigates". Naval Technology. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
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References

  • Bhatia, HS (2008), Military History of British India, 1607–1947 (2nd ed.), New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, ISBN 978-81-8450-079-0
  • Conway, Robert (1995), All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, Conway Maritime Press, ISBN 0-85177-605-1
  • Friedman, Norman (2008), British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After (reprint ed.), Barnsley: Seaforth, ISBN 978-1-84832-015-4
  • Hague, Arnold (1993). Sloops: A History of the 71 Sloops Built in Britain and Australia for the British, Australian and Indian Navies 1926–1946. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-67-3.
  • Hiranandani, GM (2000), Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975, Lancer Publishers, ISBN 978-1-897829-72-1
  • Hiranandani, GM (2005), Transition to Eminence: History of the Indian Navy, 1976-1990, Lancer Publishers, ISBN 81-7062-266-2
  • Singh, Satyindra (1992), Blueprint to Bluewater: The Indian Navy, 1951–65, New Delhi: Lancer International, ISBN 978-81-7062-148-5
  • Sridharan, K (2000), Sea: Our Saviour, New Delhi: Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-81-224-1245-1

Further reading

External links

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