List of female scientists in the 20th century

This is a historical list dealing with women scientists in the 20th century. During this time period, women working in scientific fields were rare. Women at this time faced barriers in higher education and often denied access to scientific institutions; in the Western world, the first-wave feminist movement began to break down many of these barriers.

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Anthropology

Heloísa Alberto Torres (1895 – 1977), Brazilian anthropologist and museum director
Katharine Bartlett (1907–2001), American physical anthropologist, museum curator
Ruth Benedict (1887–1948), American anthropologist
Anna Bērzkalne (1891–1956), Latvian folklorist and ethnographer
Alicia Dussán de Reichel (1920–2023), Colombian anthropologist
Dina Dahbany-Miraglia (born 1938), American Yemini linguistic anthropologist, educator
Bertha P. Dutton (1903–1994), anthropologist and ethnologist
Phebe Fjellström (1924–2007), Swedish ethnologist
Helen Groger-Wurm (1921–2005), Austrian-born Australian ethnologist
Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960), American folklorist and anthropologist
Nadine Ivanitzky (1874-1919) Ukrainian (Soviet) sociologist and cultural anthropologist
Marjorie F. Lambert (1908–2006), American archeologist and anthropologist who studied Southwestern Puebloan peoples
Dorothea Leighton (1908–1989), American social psychiatrist, founded the field of medical anthropology
Katharine Luomala (1907–1992), American anthropologist
Margaret McArthur (1919–2002), Australian anthropologist, nutritionist and educator
Margaret Mead (1901–1978), American anthropologist
Grete Mostny (1914–1991), Austrian-born-Chilean anthropologist and archaeologist
Miriam Tildesley (1883–1979), British anthropologist
Mildred Trotter (1899–1991), American forensic anthropologist
Camilla Wedgwood (1901–1955), British/Australian anthropologist
Alba Zaluar (1942–2019), Brazilian anthropologist specializing in urban anthropology

Archaeology

Sonia Alconini (born 1965), Bolivian archaeologist of the Formative Period of the Lake Titicaca basin
Niède Guidon (Born 1933), Brazilian archaeologist
Birgit Arrhenius (born 1932), Swedish archaeologist
Dorothea Bate (1878–1951), British archaeologist and pioneer of archaeozoology
Alex Bayliss British archaeologist
Crystal Bennett (1918–1987), British archaeologist whose research focused on Jordan
Zeineb Benzina Tunisian archeologist
Jole Bovio Marconi (1897–1986), Italian archaeologist and prehistorian
Juliet Clutton-Brock (1933–2015), British zooarchaeologist who specialized in domestic animals
Dorothy Charlesworth (1927–1981), British archaeologist and expert on Roman glass
Lily Chitty (1893–1979), British archaeologist who specialized in the prehistoric history of Wales and the west of England
Mary Kitson Clark (1905–2005), British archaeologist best known for her work on the Roman-British in Northern England
Bryony Coles (born 1946), British prehistoric archaeologist
Alana Cordy-Collins (1944–2015), American archaeologist specializing in Peruvian prehistory
Rosemary Cramp (born 1929), British archaeologist whose research focuses on Anglo-Saxons in Britain
Joan Breton Connelly American classical archaeologist
Margaret Conkey (born 1943), American archaeologist
Hester A. Davis (1930–2014), American archaeologist who was instrumental in establishing public policy and ethical standards
Frederica de Laguna (1906–2004), American archaeologist best known for her work on the archaeology of the Pacific Northwest and Alaska
Kelly Dixon, American archaeologist specializing in the American West
Janette Deacon (born 1939), South African archaeologist specializing in rock art conservation
Elizabeth Eames (1918–2008), British archaeologist who was an expert on medieval tiles
Anabel Ford (born 1951), American archaeologist
Aileen Fox (1907–2005), British archaeologist known excavating prehistoric and Roman sites throughout the United Kingdom
Alison Frantz (1903–1995), American archaeological photographer and Byzantine scholar
Honor Frost (1917–2010), Turkish archaeologist who specialized in underwater archaeology
Perla Fuscaldo (born 1941), Argentine egyptologist
Elizabeth Baldwin Garland, American archaeologist
Kathleen K. Gilmore (1914–2010), American archaeologist known for her research in Spanish colonial archaeology
Dorothy Garrod (1892–1968), British archaeologist who specialized in the Palaeolithic period
Roberta Gilchrist (born 1965), Canadian archaeologist specializing in medieval Britain
Marija Gimbutas (1921–1994), Lithuanian archaeologist (Kurgan hypothesis)
Hetty Goldman (1881–1972), American archaeologist and one of the first female archaeologists to conduct excavations in the Middle East and Greece
Audrey Henshall (born 1927), British archaeologist and prehistorian
Corinne Hofman (born 1959), Dutch archaeologist
Cynthia Irwin-Williams (1936–1990), American archaeologist of the prehistoric Southwest
Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski (1910–2007), American archaeologist who specialized in the ancient site of Pompei
Margaret Ursula Jones (1916–2001), British archaeologist best known for directing Britain's largest archaeological excavation at Mucking, Essex
Rosemary Joyce (born 1956), American archaeologist who uncovered chocolate's archaeological record and studies Honduran pre-history
Kathleen Kenyon (1906–1978), British archaeologist known for her research on the Neolothic culture in Egypt and Mesopotamia
Alice Kober (1906–1950), American classical archaeologist best known for her research that led to the deciphering of Linear B
Kristina Killgrove (born 1977), American bioarchaeologist
Winifred Lamb (1894–1963), British archaeologist
Mary Leakey (1913–1996), British archaeologist known for discovering Proconsul remains which are now believed to be human's ancestor
Li Liu (archaeologist) (born 1953), Chinese-American archaeologist specializing in Neolithic and Bronze Age China
Anna Marguerite McCann (1933–2017), American archaeologist known for her work in underwater archaeology
Isabel McBryde (born 1934), Australian archaeologist
Betty Meehan (born 1933), Australian anthropologist and archaeologist
Audrey Meaney (born 1931), British archaeologist and expert on Anglo-Saxon England
Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British-Indian Egyptologist and the first woman to be appointed a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom
Bertha Parker Pallan (1907–1978), American archaeologist known for being the first female Native American archaeologist
Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1909–1985), Russian-American archaeologist who contributed significantly to deciphering the Maya hieroglyphs
Charlotte Roberts (born 1957), British bioarchaeologist
Margaret Rule (1928–2015), British archaeologist led the excavation of the Tudor Warship Mary Rose
Elisabeth Ruttkay (1926–2009), Austrian Neolithic and Bronze Age specialist
Hanna Rydh (1891–1964), Swedish archaeologist and prehistorian
Elizabeth Slater (1946–2014), British archaeologist who specialized in archaeometallurgy
Julie K. Stein, Researches prehistoric humans in the Pacific Northwest
Hoang Thi Than (born 1944), Vietnamese geological engineer and archaeologist
Birgitta Wallace (born 1944), Swedish–Canadian archaeologist whose research focuses on Norse migration to North America
Zheng Zhenxiang (born 1929), Chinese archaeologist and Bronze Age specialist

Astronomy

Claudia Alexander (1959–2015), American planetary scientist
Beatriz Barbuy (Born 1950) Brazilian astrophysicist
Mary Adela Blagg (1858–1944), British astronomer
Mary Brück (1925–2008), Irish astronomer, astrophysicist, science historian
Margaret Burbidge (1919–2020), British astrophysicist
Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943), Northern Irish-British astrophysicist
Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer
Janine Connes, French astronomer^[1]
A. Grace Cook (1887–1958), British astronomer
Heather Couper (1949–2020), British astronomer (astronomy popularisation, science education)
Joy Crisp, American planetary scientist
Nancy Crooker (born 1944), American space physicist
Sandra Faber (born 1944), American astronomer^[2]
Joan Feynman (1927–2020), American space physicist
Pamela Gay (born 1973), American astronomer
Vera Fedorovna Gaze (1899–1954), Russian astronomer (planet 2388 Gase and Gaze Crater on Venus are named for her)
Julie Vinter Hansen (1890–1960), Danish astronomer
Martha Haynes (born 1951), American astronomer
Lisa Kaltenegger, Austrian/American astronomer
Dorothea Klumpke (1861–1942), American-born astronomer
Henrietta Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer (periodicity of variable stars)
Evelyn Leland (c.1870–c.1930), American astronomer working at the Harvard College Observatory
Priyamvada Natarajan, Indian/American astrophysicist
Carolyn Porco (born 1953), American planetary scientist
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1978), British-American astronomer
Ruby Payne-Scott (1912–1981), Australian radio astronomer
Vera Rubin (1928–2016), American astronomer^[3]
Charlotte Moore Sitterly (1898–1990), American astronomer
Jill Tarter (born 1944), American astronomer
Beatrice Tinsley (1941–1981), New-Zealand astronomer and cosmologist

Biology

Johanna Döbereiner (born 1924), Brazilian pioneer in soil biology
Wilhelmine Key (1872-1955), American geneticist
Effa Muhse (1877-1968), American biologist
Nora Lilian Alcock (1874–1972), British plant pathologist
Alice Alldredge (born 1949), American oceanographer and researcher of marine snow, discover of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) and demersal hellon
June Almeida (1930–2007), British virologist
E. K. Janaki Ammal (1897–1984), Indian botanist
Lena Clemmons Artz (1891–1976), American botanist
Vandika Ervandovna Avetisyan (born 1928), Armenian botanist and mycologist
Denise P. Barlow (1950–2017), British geneticist
Yvonne Barr (1932–2016), British virologist (co-discovery of Epstein-Barr virus)
Lela Viola Barton (1901–1967), American botanist
Kathleen Basford (1916–1998), British botanist
Gillian Bates (born 1956), British geneticist (Huntington's disease)
Val Beral (born 1946), British–Australian epidemiologist
Grace Berlin (1897–1982), American ecologist, ornithologist and historian
Agathe L. van Beverwijk (1907–1963), Dutch mycologist
Gladys Black (1909–1998), American ornithologist
Idelisa Bonnelly (born 1931), Dominican Republic marine biologist
Alice Middleton Boring (1883–1955), American biologist
Annette Frances Braun (1911–1968), American entomologist, expert on microlepidoptera
Victoria Braithwaite (1967–2019), British biologist and ichthyologist.
Linda B. Buck (born 1947), American neuroscientist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 for olfactory receptors)
Hildred Mary Butler (1906–1975), Australian microbiologist
Esther Byrnes (1867–1946), American biologist and science teacher
Bertha Cady (1873–1956), American entomologist and educator
Audrey Cahn (1905–2008), Australian microbiologist and nutritionist
Tarsy Carballas (born 1934), Spanish agrarian scientist
Eleanor Carothers (1882–1957), American zoologist, geneticist and cytologist
Rachel Carson (1907–1964), American marine biologist and conservationist
Edith Katherine Cash (1890–1992), American mycologist and lichenologist
Ann Chapman (1937–2009), New-Zealand biologist and limnologist
Martha Chase (1927–2003), American molecular biologist
Mary-Dell Chilton (born 1939), American molecular biologist
Augusta Christie-Linde (1870–1953), Swedish zoologist
Theresa Clay (1911–1995), English entomologist
Edith Clements (1874–1971), American botanist and pioneer of botanical ecology
Elzada Clover (1897–1980), American botanist
Gerty Theresa Cori (1896–1957), American biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947)
Suzanne Cory (born 1942), Australian immunologist/cancer researcher
Ursula M. Cowgill (1927–2015), American biologist and anthropologist
Ellinor Catherine Cunningham van Someren (1915–1988), British medical entomologist
Janet Darbyshire, British epidemiologist
Gertrude Crotty Davenport (1866–1946), American zoologist and eugenicist
Nina Demme (1902–1977), Russian arctic explorer and ornithologist
Sophie Charlotte Ducker (1909–2004), Australian botanist
Sylvia Earle (born 1935), American marine biologist, oceanographer and explorer
Sophia Eckerson (1880–1954), American botanist
Sylvia Edlund (1945–2014), Canadian botanist
Charlotte Elliott (1883–1974), American plant physiologist
Alice Catherine Evans (1881-1975), American microbiologist
Vera Danchakoff (1879 – about 1950), Russian anatomist, cell biologist and embryologist, "mother of stem cells"
Rhoda Erdmann (1870–1935), German cell biologist
Katherine Esau (1898–1997), German-American botanist
Edna H. Fawcett (1879–1960), American botanist
Catherine Feuillet (born 1965), French molecular biologist who was the first scientist to map the wheat chromosome 3B
Victoria Foe (born 1945), American developmental biologist, and research professor at the University of Washington's Center for Cell Dynamics
Dian Fossey (1932–1985), American zoologist
Faith Fyles (1875–1961), Canada's first botanical artist
Birutė Galdikas (born 1946), German primatologist and conservationist
Margaret Sylvia Gilliland (1917–1990), Australian biochemist
Jane Goodall (born 1934), British biologist, primatologist
Isabella Gordon (1901–1988), Scottish marine biologist
Susan Greenfield (born 1950), British neurophysiologist (neurophysiology of the brain, popularisation of science)
Charlotte Elliott (1883–1974), American plant physiologist
Constance Endicott Hartt (1900–1984), American botanist
Eliza Amy Hodgson (1888–1983), New-Zealand botanist
Lena B. Smithers Hughes (1905–1987), American botanist, developed strains of the Valencia orange
Maria Isabel Hylton Scott (1889–1990), Argentine zoologist and malacologist
Eva Jablonka (born 1952), Polish/Israeli biologist and philosopher
AnnMari Jansson (1934–2007), Swedish systems ecologist
Adele Juda (1888–1949), Austrian neurologist
Marian Koshland (1921–1997), American immunologist
Frances Adams Le Sueur (1919–1995), British botanist and ornithologist
Margaret Reed Lewis (1881–1970), American cell biologist and embryologist
Maria Carmelo Lico (1927–1985), Brazilian neuroscientist
Gloria Lim (born 1930), Singaporean mycologist, first woman Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Singapore
Liliana Lubinska (1904–1990), Polish neuroscientist
Marguerite Lwoff (1905–1979), French microbiologist and virologist
Misha Mahowald (1963–1996), American neuroscientist
Irene Manton (1904–1988), British botanist, cytologist
Lynn Margulis (1938–2011), American biologist
Deborah Martin-Downs, Canadian aquatic biologist, ecologist
Bettie Sue Masters (born 1937), American biochemist
Sara Branham Matthews (1888–1962), American microbiologist
Mary MacArthur, Canadian food scientist, dehydration and freezing of fresh foods
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), American geneticist, Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine 1983
Eileen McCracken (1920–1988), Irish botanist
Ruth Colvin Starrett McGuire (1893–1950), American plant pathologist
Anne McLaren (1927–2007), British developmental biologist
Ethel Irene McLennan (1891–1983), Australian botanist
Eunice Thomas Miner (1899–1993), American biologist, executive director of the New York Academy of Sciences 1939–1967
Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012), Italian neurologist (Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine 1986 for growth factors)
Marianne V. Moore (graduated 1975), aquatic ecologist
Ann Haven Morgan (1882–1966), American zoologist
Ann Nardulli (1948–2018), American endocrinologist
Margaret Newton (1887–1971), Canadian plant phytopathologist and mycologist (pioneer in stem rust research)
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942), German geneticist and developmental biologist (Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine 1995 forhomeobox genes)
Ida Shepard Oldroyd (1856–1940), American conchologist
Daphne Osborne (1930–2006), British plant physiologist (plant hormones)
Janina Oyrzanowska-Poplewska (1918–2001), Polish veterinarian and epizootiologist
Mary Parke (1908–1989), British marine botanist specialising in phycology, the study of algae
Jane E. Parker (born 1960), British botanist who researches the immune responses of plants
Ruth Myrtle Patrick (1907–2013), American botanist, limnologist, and pollution expert
Eva J. Pell (born 1948), American plant pathologist
Elisabet Petersson (1873–1919), Swedish zoologist
Theodora Lisle Prankerd (1878–1939), British botanist
Isabella Preston (1881–1965), Canadian ornamental plant breeder (botanist)
Joan Beauchamp Procter (1897–1931), British zoologist (herpetologist)
Ragna Rask-Nielsen (1900–1998), Danish biochemist
Julie Hanta Razafimanahaka, Madagascar biologist, conservationist
F. Gwendolen Rees (1906–1994), British parasitologist
Jytte Reichstein Nilsson (1932–2020), Danish protozoologist
Evdokia Reshetnik (1903-1996), Ukrainian zoologist and discoverer of Ukraine's sandy blind mole-rat
Anita Roberts (1942–2006), American molecular biologist, "mother of TGF-Beta"
Edith A. Roberts (1881–1977), American botanist and plant ecology pioneer
Gudrun Ruud (1882–1958), Norwegian zoologist specializing in embryology
Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist
Eva Schönbeck-Temesy (1930–2011), Austrian botanist of Hungarian descent
Idah Sithole-Niang (born 1957), biochemist focusing on cowpea production and disease
Florence Wells Slater (1864–1941), American entomologist
Margaret A. Stanley, British virologist and epithelial biologist
Phyllis Starkey (born 1947), British biochemist and medical researcher
Magda Staudinger (Latvian: Magda Štaudingere) (1902–1997), Latvian-German biologist and chemist
Sarah Stewart (1905–1976), Mexican American microbiologist (discovered the Polyomavirus)
Ragnhild Sundby (1922–2006), Norwegian zoologist
Felicitas Svejda (1920–2016), Canadian botanist (rose breeder)
Maria Telkes (1900–1995), Hungarian-American biophysicist
Lois H. Tiffany (1924–2009), American mycologist
Amelia Tonon (1899–1961), Italian entomologist
Lydia Villa-Komaroff (born 1947), Mexican American molecular cellular biologist
Karen Vousden (born 1957), British cancer researcher
Elisabeth Vrba (born 1942), South-African paleontologist
Marvalee Wake (born 1939), American biologist researching limbless amphibians, educator
Erna Walter (1893–1992), German botanist
Gerharda Wilbrink (1875–1962), Dutch plant pathologist
Jane C. Wright (1919–2013), American oncologist
Kono Yasui (1880–1971), Japanese cytologist
Eleanor Anne Young (1925–2007), American nutritionist and educator
Mary Sophie Young (1872–1919), American botanist
Jennie L. S. Simpson (1894 –1977), Canadian-American botanist and geneticist

Chemistry

Pauline Ramart (1880–1953), French chemist and politician
Maria Abbracchio (born 1956), Italian pharmacologist who works with purinergic receptors and identified GPR17. On Reuter's most-cited list since 2006.
Marian Ewurama Addy (1942–2014), Ghanaian biochemist, specializing in herbal medicine; first woman in Ghana to attain the rank of full professor in the natural sciences; winner of the UNESCO Kalinga Prize in 1999
Barbara Askins (born 1939), American chemist
Karin Aurivillius (1920–1982), Swedish chemist and crystallographer
Alice Ball (1892–1916), American chemist
Ulrike Beisiegel (born 1952), German biochemist, researcher of liver fats and first female president of the University of Göttingen
Anne Beloff-Chain (1921–1991), British biochemist
Jeannette Brown (born 1934), American medicinal chemist, writer, educator
Astrid Cleve (1875–1968), Swedish chemist
Seetha Coleman-Kammula (born 1950), Indian chemist and plastics designer, turned environmentalist
Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934), Polish-French chemist (pioneer in radiology, discovery of polonium and radium), Nobel prize in physics 1903 and Nobel prize in chemistry 1911
Madeleine M. Joullié (born 1927), Brazilian organic chemist
Mary Campbell Dawbarn (1902–1982), Australian biochemist
Moira Lenore Dynon (1920–1976), Australian chemist
Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999), American biochemist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 for drug development)
Claire E. Eyers (fl. 2004), British mass spectrometist
Nellie Ivy Fisher (1907–1995), London-born industrial chemist, first woman to lead a division of Kodak in Australia
Gwendolyn Wilson Fowler (1907–1997), American chemist and first licensed African American pharmacist in Iowa
Rosalind Franklin (1920–1957), British physical chemist and crystallographer^[4]^: 82–89
Ellen Gleditsch (1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist^[5]
Jenny Glusker (born 1931), British biochemist, educator
Emīlija Gudriniece (1920–2004), Latvian chemist and academic
Frances Mary Hamer (1894–1980), British chemist who specialized in photographic sensitization compounds
Anna J. Harrison (1912–1998), American organic chemist
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994), British crystallographer,^[4]^: 75–81 Nobel prize in chemistry 1964
Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), German chemist
Allene Jeanes (1906–1995), American chemical researcher who developed Dextran and Xanthan gum
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French chemist and nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935
Chika Kuroda (1884–1968), Japanese chemist
Stephanie Kwolek (1923–2014), American chemist, inventor of Kevlar
Lidija Liepiņa (1891–1985), Latvian chemist, one of the first Soviet doctorates in chemistry
Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971), British crystallographer^[4]^: 71–74
Bodil Jerslev Lund (1919–2005), Danish chemist and pharmacist
Grace Medes (1886–1967), American biochemist
Maud Menten (1879–1960), Canadian biochemist
Christina Miller (1899–2001), Scottish chemist, one of the first women elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh
Catherine J. Murphy (born 1964), American chemist
Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
Helen T. Parsons (1886–1977), American biochemist
Nellie M. Payne (1900–1990), American entomologist and agricultural chemist
Eva Philbin (1914–2005), Irish chemist
Darshan Ranganathan (1941–2001), Indian organic chemist
Mildred Rebstock (1919–2011), American pharmaceutical chemist
Elizabeth Rona (1890–1981), Hungarian (naturalized American), nuclear chemist and polonium expert
Patsy Sherman (1930–2008), American chemist, co-inventor of Scotchgard
Marija Šimanska (1922–1995), Latvian chemist
Taneko Suzuki (1926–2020), Japanese biochemist who created Marinbeef, a product made of fish that tasted like beef
Ida Noddack Tacke (1896–1978), German chemist and physicist
Grace Oladunni Taylor (born 1937), Nigerian chemist 2nd woman inducted into the Nigerian Academy of Science
Jean Thomas (born 1942), British biochemist (chromatin)
Michiyo Tsujimura (1888–1969), Japanese biochemist, agricultural scientist
Joanna Maria Vandenberg (born 1938), Dutch solid state chemist and crystallographer
Elizabeth Williamson, English pharmacologist and herbalist
Ada Yonath (born 1939), Israeli crystallographer, Nobel prize in Chemistry 2009
Daisy Yen Wu (1902–1993), first Chinese woman to work as a biochemist

Geology

Mária Mottl (1906 – 1980), Hungarian speleologist and vertebrate paleontologist
Mathilde Dolgopol de Sáez (1901 – 1957), Argentinian vertebrate paleontologist
Rosaly Lopes (born 1957), Brazilian is a planetary geologist,volcanologist
Zonia Baber (1862–1955), American geographer and geologist
Tove Birkelund (1928=1986), Danish historical geologist
Karen Callisen (1882–1970), Danish geologist
Inés Cifuentes (1954–2014), American seismologist and educator
Moira Dunbar (1918–1999), Scottish-Canadian glaciologist
Elizabeth F. Fisher (1872–1941), American geologist
Regina Fleszarowa (1888–1969), Polish geologist
Frances Gamble (1942-1997), South-African speleologist and climatologist
Winifred Goldring (1888–1971), American paleontologist
Eileen Hendriks (1887–1978), British geologist
Rosemary Hutton (1925-2004, Scottish geophysicist and pioneer of magnetotellurics
Edith Kristan-Tollmann (1934–1995), Austrian geologist and paleontologist
Dorothée Le Maître (1896–1990), French paleontologist
Karen Cook McNally (1940–2014), American seismologist
Inge Lehmann (1888–1993), Danish seismologist who discovered Earth's solid inner core
Marcia McNutt (born 1951), American geophysicist
Ellen Louise Mertz (1896–1987), Danish engineering geologist
Ruth Schmidt (1916–2014), American geologist
Ethel Shakespear (1871–1946), English geologist
Kathleen Sherrard (1898–1975), Australian geologist and palaeontologist
Ethel Skeat (1865–1939), English paleontologist and geologist
Marjorie Sweeting (1920–1994), British geomorphologist
Marie Tharp (1920–2006), American geologist and oceanographic cartographer
Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir (1932–2008), Iceland's first female geologist
Marguerite Williams (1895–1991), American geologist
Alice Wilson (1881–1964), Canadian geologist and paleontologist
Elizabeth A. Wood (1912–2006), American crystallographer and geologist

Mathematics or computer science

Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British mathematician and electrical engineer (electric arcs, sand ripples, invention of several devices, geometry)
Cecilia Berdichevsky (1925–2010), Argentinian pioneering computer scientist
Anita Borg (1949–2003), American computer scientist, founder of the Institute for Women and Technology
Carolina Araujo, Brazilian mathematician
Mary L. Cartwright (1900–1998), British mathematician^[6]
Amanda Chessell, British computer scientist
Ingrid Daubechies (born 1954), Belgian mathematician (Wavelets – first woman to receive the National Academy of Sciences Award in Mathematics)
Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa (1876–1964), Russian/Dutch mathematician
Deborah Estrin (born 1959), American computer scientist
Vera Faddeeva (Russian: Вера Николаевна Фаддеева) (1906–1983), Russian mathematician. One of the first to publish works on linear algebra.
Shafi Goldwasser (born 1959), American-Israel computer scientist
Evelyn Boyd Granville (1924–2023), American mathematician, second African-American woman to get a PhD in mathematics
Marion Cameron Gray (1902–1979), Scottish mathematician
Barbara Grosz (born 1948), American computer scientist; 1993 President of the AAAI
Milly Koss (1928–2012), American computing pioneer
Bryna Kra (born 1966), American mathematician
Margaret Hamilton (born 1936), American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner
Frances Hardcastle (1866–1941),English mathematician, founding member of the American Mathematical Society^[7]
Julia Hirschberg, American computer scientist and computational linguist
Betty Holberton (1927–2001), American computer programmer
Grace Hopper (1906–1992), American computer scientist
Sandra Hutchins (b. 1946), American computer scientists
Margarete Kahn (1880–1942), German mathematician
Lyudmila Keldysh (1904–1976), Russia mathematician known for set theory and geometric topology
Marta Kwiatkowska (born 1957), Polish-British Computer scientist
Marguerite Lehr (1898–1987), American mathematician
Margaret Anne LeMone (born 1946), American mathematician and atmospheric scientist
Barbara Liskov (born 1939), American computer scientist for whom the Liskov substitution principle is named
Margaret Millington (1944–1973), English mathematician
Mangala Narlikar (graduated 1962), Indian mathematician
Klara Dan von Neumann (1911–1963), Hungarian computer scientist
Frances Northcutt (born 1943), American engineer
Rózsa Péter (1905–1977), Hungarian mathematician
Cicely Popplewell (1920–1995), British software engineer, 1960s
Karen Sparck Jones (1935–2007), British computer scientist
Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008), American mathematician, worked at NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory
Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976), British mathematician and theoretical biochemist
Jeannette Wing (born 1956), American computer scientist, Microsoft Corporate Vice President
Maryam Mirzakhani (1977–2017), Iranian mathematician, first female recipient of the Fields medal
Karen Uhlenbeck (born 1942), American mathematician and founder of modern geometric analysis

Science education

Kathleen Jannette Anderson (1927–2002), Scottish biologist
Susan Blackmore (born 1951), British science writer (memetics, evolutionary theory, consciousness, parapsychology)
Florence Annie Yeldham (1877–1945), British school teacher and historian of arithmetic

Engineering

Zhenan Bao (born 1970), American chemical engineer and materials scientist
Frances Bradfield (1896–1967), British aeronautical engineer
Isabel Escobar, Brazilian Engineering
Jayne Bryant, engineering director for BAE Systems
Nance Dicciani (born 1947), American chemical engineer
Ana María Flores (born 1952), Bolivian engineer
Kate Gleason (1865–1933), American engineer
Ida Holz (born 1935), Uruguayan engineer
Frances Hugle (1927–1968), American engineer
Marianne Kärrholm (1921–2018), Swedish chemical engineer
Julia King, Baroness Brown of Cambridge (born 1954), British engineer
Elsie MacGill (1907–1980), Canadian First Canadian female engineer
Florence Violet McKenzie (1890 or 1892–1982), first female electrical engineer in Australia
Concepción Mendizábal Mendoza (1893–1985), Mexican first female civil engineer in Mexico
Maria Tereza Jorge Pádua (born 1943), Brazilian ecologist
Katharina Paulus (1868–1953), German aeronaut
Molly Shoichet, Canadian biomedical engineer
Laura Anne Willson (1877–1942), British engineer and suffragette
Paula T. Hammond (born 1963), American chemical engineer and material scientist

Medicine

Phyllis Margery Anderson (1901–1957), Australian pathologist
Celina Turchi, Brazilian epidemiologist
Virginia Apgar (1909–1974), American obstetrical anesthesiologist (inventor of the Apgar score)
Heather Ashton (1929–2019), English psychopharmacologist
Anna Baetjer (1899–1984), American physiologist and toxicologist
Roberta Bondar (born 1945), Canadian, space medicine
Dorothy Lavinia Brown (1919–2004), American surgeon
Audrey Cahn (1905–2008), Australian nutritionist and microbiologist
Margaret Chan (born 1947), Chinese-Canadian health administrator; director of the World Health Organization
Evelyn Stocking Crosslin (1919–1991), American physician
Eleanor Davies-Colley (1874–1934), British surgeon (first female FRCS)
Nina Einhorn (1923–2002), Polish-born Swedish oncologist
Claire Fagin (1926–2024), American health-care researcher
Adriana Fiorentini (1926–2016), Italian physiologist
Sophia Getzowa (1872–1946), Belarusian-Israeli pathologist
Esther Greisheimer (1891–1982), American academic and medical researcher
L. Ruth Guy (1913–2006), American academic and pathologist
Janina Hurynowicz (1894–1967), Polish doctor, neurophysiologist, resistance member
Karen C. Johnson (born 1955), American physician and clinical trials specialist who is one of Reuter's most cited scientists
Krista Kostial-Šimonović (1923–2018), Croatian physiologist and heavy metals expert
Mary Jeanne Kreek (1937–2021), American neurobiologist
Elise L'Esperance (1878–1958), American pathologist
Elaine Marjory Little (1884–1974), Australian pathologist
Anna Suk-Fong Lok, Chinese/American hepatologist, wrote WHO and AASLD guidelines for emerging countries and liver disease
Eleanor Josephine Macdonald (1906–2007), American pioneer cancer epidemiologist and cancer researcher
Catharine Macfarlane (1877–1969), American obstetrician and gynecologist
Charlotte E. Maguire (1918—2014), Florida pediatrician and medical school benefactor
Louisa Martindale (1872–1966), British surgeon
Helen Mayo (1878–1967), Australian doctor and pioneer in preventing infant mortality
Frances Gertrude McGill (1882–1959), Canadian forensic pathologist
Eleanor Montague (1926–2018), American radiologist and radiotherapist
Anne B. Newman (born 1955), US Geriatrics & Gerontology expert
Antonia Novello (born 1944), Puerto-Rican physician and Surgeon General of the United States
Dorothea Orem (1914–2007), American Nursing theorist
Ida Ørskov (1922–2007), Danish bacteriologist
May Owen (1892–1988), Texas pathologist, discovered talcum powder used on surgical gloves caused infection and peritoneal scarring
Angeliki Panajiotatou (1875–1954), Greek physician and microbiologist
Kathleen I. Pritchard (born 1956), Canadian oncologist, breast cancer researcher and noted as one of Reuter's most cited scientists
Frieda Robscheit-Robbins (1888–1973), German-American pathologist
Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (1935–1990), American medical researcher
Una Ryan (born 1941), Malaysian born-American, heart disease researcher, biotech vaccine and diagnostics maker/marketer
Una M. Ryan (born 1966), patented DNA test identifying the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium
Velma Scantlebury (born 1955), Bajan-American first woman of African descent to become a transplant surgeon in the U.S.
Lise Thiry (1921–2024), Belgian virologist, senator
Helen Rodríguez Trías (1929–2001), Puerto-Rican American pediatrician and advocate for women's reproductive rights
Stina Stenhagen (1916–1973), Swedish biochemist
Marie Stopes (1880–-1958), British paleobotanist and pioneer in birth control
Elizabeth M. Ward, American epidemiologist and head of the Epidemiology and Surveillance Research Department of the American Cancer Society
Hazel Hitson Weidman (born 1923), American medical anthropologist
Elsie Widdowson (1908–2000), British nutritionist
Fiona Wood (born 1958), British-Australian plastic surgeon

Meteorology

Rely Zlatarovic (fl. 1920), Austrian-trained meteorologist
Nadia Zyncenko (1948–), Argentine meteorologist

Paleoanthropology

Mary Leakey (1913–1996), British paleoanthropologist
Suzanne LeClercq (1901–1994), Belgian paleobotanist and paleontologist
Betty Kellett Nadeau (1906–?), American paleontologist

Physics

Faye Ajzenberg-Selove (1926–2012), American nuclear physicist, winner of the 2007 US National Medal of Science^[8]
Giuseppina Aliverti (1894–1982), Italian geophysicist
Betsy Ancker-Johnson (1927–2020), American plasma physicist
Alice Armstrong, American physicist
Marion Asche (1935–2013), German physicist and researcher of solid state physics
Sonja Ashauer (1923–1948), Brazilian first Brazilian woman to earn a doctorate in physics
Milla Baldo-Ceolin (1924–2011), Italian particle physicist^[9]

Marietta Blau (1894–1970), German experimental particle physicist
Lili Bleeker (1897–1985), Dutch physicist
Márcia Barbosa, Brazilian physicist
Katharine Blodgett (1898–1979), American thin-film physicist^[10]
Christiane Bonnelle (–2016), French spectroscopist^[11]
Tatiana Birshtein (born 1928), Russian molecular scientist specializing in the physics of polymers
Margrete Heiberg Bose (1866–1952), Danish physicist (active in Argentina from 1909)
Jenny Rosenthal Bramley (1909–1997), Lithuanian-American physicist^[12]^[13]
Harriet Brooks (1876–1933), Canadian radiation physicist
A. Catrina Bryce (born 1956), Scottish laser scientist
Nina Byers (1930–2014), American physicist^[14]
Yvette Cauchois (1908–1999), French physicist^[15]
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (born 1923), French theoretical physicist^[16]
Kwang Hwa Chung (born 1948), Korean physicist^[17]
Hilda Cid Araneda (20 February 1933), Chilean biophysicist who excelled in the field of crystallography
Patricia Cladis (1937–2017), Canadian/American physicist^[18]

Esther Conwell (1922–2014), American physicist, semiconductors^[19]
Jane Dewey (1900–1979), American physicist
Cécile DeWitt-Morette (1922–2017), French mathematician and physicist^[20]
Louise Dolan (born 1950), American mathematical physicist, theoretical particle physics and superstring theory
Nancy M. Dowdy (born 1938), American nuclear physicist, arms control^[21]
Mildred Dresselhaus (1930–2017), American physicist, graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and low-dimensional thermoelectrics^[22]

Helen T. Edwards (1936–2016), American physicist, Tevatron^[23]
Magda Ericson (born 1929), French nuclear physicist^[24]
Edith Farkas (1921–1993), Hungarian-born-New-Zealand meteorologist who measured ozone levels^[25]
Joan Feynman (1927–2020), American physicist^[26]
Ursula Franklin (1921–2016), Canadian metallurgist, research physicist, author and educator
Judy Franz (born 1938), American physicist and educator^[27]
Joan Maie Freeman (1918–1998), Australian physicist
Phyllis S. Freier (1921–1992), American astrophysicist^[28]

Mary K. Gaillard (born 1939), American theoretical physicist^[29]

Fanny Gates (1872–1931), American physicist^[30]
Claire F. Gmachl (born 1967), American physicist
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972), German-American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics 1963^[31]
Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber (1911–1998), American nuclear physicist^[32]

Sulamith Goldhaber (1923–1965), American high-energy physicist and molecular spectroscopist^[33]
Gail Hanson (born 1947), American high-energy physicist^[34]

Margrete Heiberg Bose (1866–1952), Danish/Argentine physicist
Evans Hayward (1922–2020), American physicist^[35]
Caroline Herzenberg (born 1932), American physicist^[36]
Hanna von Hoerner (1942–2014), German astrophysicist
Helen Schaeffer Huff (1883-1913), American physicist
Shirley Jackson (born 1946), American nuclear physicist, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, first African-American woman to earn a doctorate from MIT^[37]
Bertha Swirles Jeffreys (1903–1999), British physicist^[38]
Lorella M. Jones (1943–1995), American particle physicist [1]
Carole Jordan (born 1941), British solar physicist
Renata Kallosh (born 1943), Russian/American theoretical physicist^[39]
Berta Karlik (1904–1990), Austrian physicist^[40]
Bruria Kaufman (1918–2010), American theoretical physicist^[41]
Elizaveta Karamihailova (1897–1968), Bulgarian nuclear physicist
Marcia Keith (1859–1950), American physicist^[42]
Ann Kiessling (born 1942), American physicist
Margaret G. Kivelson (born 1928),^[43] American space physicist and planetary scientist

Noemie Benczer Koller (born 1933)^[44]
Ninni Kronberg (1874–1946), Swedish physiologist in nutrition
Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf (1922–2010)^[45]
Elizabeth Laird (physicist) (1874–1969)^[46]
Juliet Lee-Franzini (1933–2014), American particle physicist^[47]

Inge Lehmann (1888–1993), Danish seismologist and geophysicist^[48]
Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971), Irish crystallographer^[49]
Barbara Kegerreis Lunde (born 1937), American physicist
Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist^[50]
Mileva Maric (1875–1948), Serbian physicist, first wife of Albert Einstein^[51]
Nina Marković, Croatian physicist and professor
Helen Megaw (1907–2002), Irish crystallographer^[52]
Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian nuclear physicist (pioneering nuclear physics, discovery of nuclear fission, protactinium, and the Auger effect)
Kirstine Meyer (1861–1941)^[53]
Luise Meyer-Schutzmeister (1915–1981)^[54]
Anna Nagurney Canadian-born, US operations researcher/management scientist focusing on networks
Chiara Nappi, Italian American physicist
Ann Nelson (1958–2019), American physicist
Marcia Neugebauer (born 1932), American geophysicist^[55]
Gertrude Neumark (1927–2010)^[56]

Ida Tacke Noddack (1896–1979)^[57]

Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician and theoretical physicist (symmetries and conservation laws)
Marguerite Perey (1909–1975)^[58]

Melba Phillips (1907–2004)^[59]
Agnes Pockels (1862–1935)^[60]
Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina (1899–1999), Russian physicist^[61]

Edith Quimby (1891–1982)^[62]
Helen Quinn (born 1943), American particle physicist^[63]
Lisa Randall (born 1962), American physicist
Myriam Sarachik (1933–2021), American physicist^[64]
Bice Sechi-Zorn (1928–1984), Italian/American nuclear physicist^[65]
Anneke Levelt Sengers (born 1929), Dutch physicist specializing in the critical states of fluids
Hertha Sponer (1895–1968), German/American physicist and chemist^[66]
Isabelle Stone (1868–1944), American thin-film physicist and educator^[67]
Edith Anne Stoney (1869–1938), Anglo-Irish medical physicist
Nina Vedeneyeva (1882–1955), Russian geological physicist^[68]
Afërdita Veveçka Priftaj (1948–2017), Albanian physicist^[69]
Katharine Way (1903–1995), American nuclear physicist^[70]
Mariana Weissmann (born 1933), Argentine physicist, computational physics of condensed matter
Lucy Wilson (1888–1980), American physicist, working on optics and perception
Leona Woods (1919–1986), American nuclear physicist
Chien-Shiung Wu (1912–1997), Chinese-American physicist (nuclear physics, [non-]conservation of parity)
Sau Lan Wu, Chinese-American particle physicist^[71]
Xide Xie (Hsi-teh Hsieh) (1921–2000), Chinese physicist^[72]

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011), American medical physicist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 for radioimmunoassay)
Fumiko Yonezawa (1938–2019), Japanese theoretical physicist
Toshiko Yuasa (1909–1980), Japanese nuclear physicist

Psychology

Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999), American-Canadian developmental psychologist, inventor of the "Strange Situation" procedure
Martha E. Bernal (1931–2001), Mexican-American clinical psychologist, first Latina to receive a psychology PhD in the United States
Nise da Silveira (1905–1999), Brazilian psychiatrist and mental health reformer
Lera Boroditsky, American psychologist
Ludmilla A.Chistovich (1924–2006), Russian speech scientist
Mamie Clark (1917–1983), African-American psychologist active in the civil rights movement
Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902–1959), American important early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine^[73]
Tsuruko Haraguchi (1886–1915), Japanese psychologist
Margaret Kennard (1899–1975), American pioneering researcher on age effects on brain damage, which produced early evidence for neuroplasticity
Varia Kipiani (1879-1950/1965), pioneering Georgian (country) psychophysiologist who studied fatigue and child development
Grace Manson (1893–1967), American occupational psychologist
Rosalie Rayner (1898–1935), American psychology researcher^[74]
Marianne Simmel (1923–2010), American psychologist, made important contributions in research on social perception and phantom limb^[75]
Davida Teller (1938–2011), American psychologist, known for work on development of the visual system in infants^[76]^[77]
Nora Volkow (born 1956), Mexican-American psychiatrist, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Margo Wilson (1945–2009), Canadian evolutionary psychologist
Catherine G. Wolf (1947–2018), American psychologist and expert in human-computer interaction