Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Harry S. Truman during his presidency.[1] In total Truman appointed 133 Article III federal judges, including 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 27 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 102 judges to the United States district courts.
Additionally, 9 Article I federal judge appointments are listed, including 3 judges to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 2 judges to the United States Court of Claims and 4 judges to the United States Customs Court.
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Fred M. Vinson was Truman's pick for Chief Justice of the United States.
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David L. Bazelon of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was Truman's longest-serving appellate appointee, with over 40 years of service.
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William H. Hastie was the first African American appointed to a United States Court of Appeals, the Third Circuit.
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Senator from Missouri
33rd President of the United States
First term Second term Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns Post-presidency
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YouTube Encyclopedic
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1/5Views:2 316 8933 57931 8104 631441
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The New Deal: Crash Course US History #34
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J. Edgar Hoover: Achievements, Education, Early Life, History, Interesting Facts (2002)
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Supreme Court Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy visits HLS
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Justice Stephen Breyer: The Court and the World
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The Constitution and Executive Power
Transcription
Episode 34 – The New Deal Hi, I’m John Green, this is CrashCourse U.S. history, and today we’re going to get a little bit controversial, as we discuss the FDR administration’s response to the Great Depression: the New Deal. That’s the National Recovery Administration, by the way, not the National Rifle Association or the No Rodents Allowed Club, which I’m a card-carrying member of. Did the New Deal end the Depression (spoiler alert: mehhh)? More controversially, did it destroy American freedom or expand the definition of liberty? In the end, was it a good thing? Mr. Green, Mr. Green. Yes. Ohh, Me from the Past, you are not qualified to make that statement. What? I was just trying to be, like, provocative and controversial. Isn’t that what gets views? You have the worst ideas about how to make people like you. But anyway, not EVERYTHING about the New Deal was controversial. This is CrashCourse, not TMZ. intro The New Deal redefined the role of the federal government for most Americans and it led to a re-alignment of the constituents in the Democratic Party, the so-called New Deal coalition. (Good job with the naming there, historians.) And regardless of whether you think the New Deal meant more freedom for more people or was a plot by red shirt wearing Communists, the New Deal is extremely important in American history. Wait a second. I’m wearing a red shirt. What are you trying to say about me, Stan? As the owner of the means of production, I demand that you dock the wages of the writer who made that joke. So after his mediocre response to the Great Depression, Herbert Hoover did not have any chance of winning the presidential election of 1932, but he also ran like he didn’t actually want the job. Plus, his opponent was Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was as close to a born politician as the United States has ever seen, except for Kid President. The phrase New Deal came from FDR’s campaign, and when he was running FDR suggested that it was the government’s responsibility to guarantee every man a right to make a comfortable living, but he didn’t say HOW he meant to accomplish this. Like, it wasn’t gonna come from government spending, since FDR was calling for a balanced budget and criticizing Hoover for spending so much. Maybe it would somehow magically happen if we made alcohol legal again and one thing FDR did call for was an end to Prohibition, which was a campaign promise he kept. After three years of Great Depression, many Americans seriously needed a drink, and the government sought tax revenue, so no more Prohibition. FDR won 57% of the vote and the Democrats took control of Congress for the first time in a decade. While FDR gets most of the credit, he didn’t actually create the New Deal or put it into effect. It was passed by Congress. So WTFDR was the New Deal? Basically, it was a set of government programs intended to fix the depression and prevent future depressions. There are a couple of ways historians conceptualize it. One is to categorize the programs by their function. This is where we see the New Deal described as three R’s. The relief programs gave help, usually money, to poor people in need. Recovery programs were intended to fix the economy in the short run and put people back to work. And lastly, the Run DMC program was designed to increase the sales of Adidas shoes. No, alas, it was reform programs that were designed to regulate the economy in the future to prevent future depression. But some of the programs, like Social Security, don’t fit easily into one category, and there are some blurred lines between recovery and reform. Like, how do you categorize the bank holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March 1933, for example? FDR’s order to close the banks temporarily also created the FDIC, which insures individual deposits against future banking disasters. By the way, we still have all that stuff, but was it recovery, because it helped the short-term economy by making more stable banks, or was it reform because federal deposit insurance prevents bank runs? A second way to think about the New Deal is to divide it into phases, which historians with their A number one naming creativity call the First and Second New Deal. This more chronological approach indicates that there has to be some kind of cause and effect thing going on because otherwise why would there be a second New Deal if the first one worked so perfectly? The First New Deal comprises Roosevelt’s programs before 1935, many of which were passed in the first hundred days of his presidency. It turns out that when it comes to getting our notoriously gridlocked Congress to pass legislation, nothing motivates like crisis and fear. Stan can I get the foreshadowing filter? We may see this again. So, in a brief break from its trademark obstructionism, Congress passed laws establishing the Civilian Conservation Corps, which paid young people to build national parks, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Glass Stegall act, which barred commercial banks from buying and selling stocks, and the National Industrial Recovery Act. Which established the National Recovery Administration, which has lightening bolts in its claws. The NRA was designed to be government planners and business leaders working together to coordinate industry standards for production, prices, and working conditions. But that whole public-private cooperation idea wasn’t much immediate help to many of the starving unemployed, so the Hundred Days reluctantly included the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, to give welfare payments to people who were desperate. Alright. Let’s go to the ThoughtBubble. Roosevelt worried about people becoming dependent on relief handouts, and preferred programs that created temporary jobs. One section of the NIRA created the Public Works Administration, which appropriated $33 billion to build stuff like the Triborough Bridge. So much for a balanced budget. The Civil Works Administration, launched in November 1933 and eventually employed 4 million people building bridges, schools, and airports. Government intervention reached its highest point however in the Tennessee Valley Authority. This program built a series of dams in the Tennessee River Valley to control floods, prevent deforestation, and provide cheap electric power to people in rural counties in seven southern states. But, despite all that sweet sweet electricity, the TVA was really controversial because it put the government in direct competition with private companies. Other than the NIRA, few acts were as contentious as the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The AAA basically gave the government the power to try to raise farm prices by setting production quotas and paying farmers to plant less food. This seemed ridiculous to the hungry Americans who watched as 6 million pigs were slaughtered and not made into bacon. Wait, Stan, 6 million pigs? But…bacon is good for me... Only property owning farmers actually saw the benefits of the AAA, so most African American farmers who were tenants or sharecroppers continued to suffer. And the suffering was especially acute in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado, where drought created the Dust Bowl. All this direct government intervention in the economy was too much for the Supreme Court. In 1936 the court struck down the AAA in U.S. v. Butler. Earlier in the Schechter Poultry case (AKA the sick chicken case - finally a Supreme Court case with an interesting name) the court invalidated the NIRA because its regulations “delegated legislative powers to the president and attempted to regulate local businesses that did not engage in interstate commerce.”[1] Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So with the Supreme Court invalidating acts left and right, it looked like the New Deal was about to unravel. FDR responded by proposing a law that would allow him to appoint new Supreme Court justices if sitting justices reached the age of 70 and failed to retire. Now, this was totally constitutional – you can go ahead at the Constitution, if Nicolas Cage hasn’t already swiped it – but it seemed like such a blatant power grab that Roosevelt’s plan to “pack the court” brought on a huge backlash. Stop everything. I’ve just been informed that Nicolas Cage stole the Declaration of Independence not the Constitution. I want to apologize to Nic Cage himself and also everyone involved in the National Treasure franchise, which is truly a national treasure. Anyway, in the end, the Supreme Court began upholding the New Deal laws, starting a new era of Supreme Court jurisprudence in which the government regulation of the economy was allowed under a very broad reading of the commerce clause. Because really isn’t all commerce interstate commerce? I mean if I go to Jimmy John’s, don’t I exit the state of hungry and enter the state of satisfied? Thus began the Second New Deal shifting focus away from recovery and towards economic security. Two laws stand out for their far-reaching effects here, the National Labor Relations Act, also called the Wagner Act, and the Social Security Act. The Wagner Act guaranteed workers the right to unionize and it created a National Labor Relations Board to hear disputes over unfair labor practices. In 1934 alone there were more than 2,000 strikes, including one that involved 400,000 textile workers. Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document? Man, I wish there were a union to prevent me from getting electrocuted. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document. And I’m usually wrong and get shocked. “Refusing to allow people to be paid less than a living wage preserves to us our own market. There is absolutely no use in producing anything if you gradually reduce the number of people able to buy even the cheapest products. The only way to preserve our markets is an adequate wage.” Uh I mean you usually don’t make it this easy, but I’m going to guess that it’s Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Dang it! Eleanor Roosevelt? Eleanor. Of course it was Eleanor. Gah! The most important union during the 1930s was the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which set out to unionize entire industries like steel manufacturing and automobile workers. In 1936 the United Auto Workers launched a new tactic called the sit-down strike. Workers at the Fisher Body Plant in Flint, Michigan simply stopped working, sat down, and occupied the plant. Eventually GM agreed to negotiate, and the UAW won. Union membership rose to 9 million people as “CIO unions helped to stabilize a chaotic employment situation and offered members a sense of dignity and freedom.”[2] That quote, by the way, is from our old buddy Eric Foner. God, I love you, Foner. And unions played an important role in shaping the ideology of the second New Deal because they insisted that the economic downturn had been caused by underconsumption, and that the best way to combat the depression was to raise workers’ wages so that they could buy lots of stuff. The thinking went that if people experienced less economic insecurity, they would spend more of their money so there were widespread calls for public housing and universal health insurance. And that brings us to the crowning achievement of the Second New Deal, and/or the crowning achievement of its Communist plot, the Social Security Act of 1935. Social Security included unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, aid to poor families with children, and, of course, retirement benefits. It was, and is, funded through payroll taxes rather than general tax revenue, and while state and local governments retained a lot of discretion over how benefits would be distributed, Social Security still represented a transformation in the relationship between the federal government and American citizens. Like, before the New Deal, most Americans didn’t expect the government to help them in times of economic distress. After the New Deal the question was no longer if the government should intervene, but how it should. For a while, the U.S. government under FDR embraced Keynesian economics, the idea that the government should spend money even if it means going into deficits in order to prop up demand. And this meant that the state was much more present in people’s lives. I mean for some people that meant relief or social security checks. For others, it meant a job with the most successful government employment program, the Works Progress Administration. The WPA didn’t just build post offices, it paid painters to make them beautiful with murals, it paid actors and writers to put together plays, and ultimately employed more than 3 million Americans each year until it ended in 1943. It also, by the way, payed for lots of photographers to take amazing photographs, which we can show you for free because they are owned by the government so I’m just going to keep talking about how great they are. Oh, look at that one, that’s a winner. Okay. Equally transformative, if less visually stimulating, was the change that the New Deal brought to American politics. The popularity of FDR and his programs brought together urban progressives who would have been Republicans two decades earlier, with unionized workers - often immigrants, left wing intellectuals, urban Catholics and Jews. FDR also gained the support of middle class homeowners, and he brought African Americans into the Democratic Party. Who was left to be a Republican, Stan? I guess there weren’t many, which is why FDR kept getting re-elected until, you know, he died. But, fascinatingly, one of the biggest and politically most important blocs in the New Deal Coalition was white southerners, many of whom were extremely racist. Democrats had dominated in the South since the end of reconstruction, you know since the other party was the party of Lincoln. And all those Southern democrats who had been in Congress for so long became important legislative leaders. In fact, without them, FDR never could have passed the New Deal laws, but Southerners expected whites to dominate the government and the economy and they insisted on local administration of many New Deal programs. And that ensured that the AAA and the NLRA would exclude sharecroppers, and tenant farmers, and domestic servants, all of whom were disproportionately African American. So, did the New Deal end the depression? No. I mean, by 1940 over 15% of the American workforce remained unemployed. But, then again, when FDR took office in 1933, the unemployment rate was at 25%. Maybe the best evidence that government spending was working is that when FDR reduced government subsidies to farms and the WPA in 1937, unemployment immediately jumped back up to almost 20%. And many economic historians believe that it’s inaccurate to say that government spending failed to end the Depression because in the end, at least according to a lot of economists, what brought the Depression to an end was a massive government spending program called World War II. So, given that, is the New Deal really that important? Yes. Because first, it changed the shape of the American Democratic Party. African Americans and union workers became reliable Democratic votes. And secondly, it changed our way of thinking. Like, liberalism in the 19th century meant limited government and free-market economics. Roosevelt used the term to refer to a large, active state that saw liberty as “greater security for the average man.” And that idea that liberty is more closely linked to security than it is to, like, freedom from government intervention is still really important in the way we think about liberty today. No matter where they fall on the contemporary political spectrum, politicians are constantly talking about keeping Americans safe. Also our tendency to associate the New Deal with FDR himself points to what Arthur Schlessinger called the “imperial presidency.” That is, we tend to associate all government policy with the president. Like, after Jackson and Lincoln’s presidencies Congress reasserted itself as the most important branch of the government. But that didn’t happen after FDR. But above all that, the New Deal changed the expectations that Americans had of their government. Now, when things go sour, we expect the government to do something. We’ll give our last words today to Eric Foner, who never Foner-s it in, the New Deal “made the government an institution directly experienced in Americans’ daily lives and directly concerned with their welfare.”[3] Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is made with the help of all of these nice people. And it is possible because of your support at subbable.com. Here at Crash Course we want to make educational video for free, for everyone, forever. And that’s possible thanks to your subscription at subbable.com. You can make a monthly subscription and the price is up to you. It can even be zero dollars although more is better. Thanks so much for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. ________________ [1] Foner. Give me Liberty ebook version p. 870 [2] Foner. Give me Liberty ebook version p. 873 [3] Give me Liberty ebook version p. 898
United States Supreme Court justices
# | Justice | Seat | State | Former justice | Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Began active service |
Ended active service |
Ended retired service |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Harold H. Burton | 8 | Ohio | Owen Roberts | September 18, 1945 | September 19, 1945 | September 22, 1945 | October 13, 1958 | October 28, 1964 |
2 | Fred M. Vinson | Chief | Kentucky | Harlan F. Stone | June 6, 1946 | June 20, 1946 | June 21, 1946 | September 8, 1953 | – |
3 | Tom C. Clark | 10 | Texas | Frank Murphy | August 2, 1949 | August 18, 1949 | August 19, 1949 | June 12, 1967 | June 13, 1977 |
4 | Sherman Minton | 3 | Indiana | Wiley Blount Rutledge | September 15, 1949 | October 4, 1949 | October 5, 1949 | October 15, 1956 | April 9, 1965 |
Courts of appeals
# | Judge | Circuit | Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Began active service |
Ended active service |
Ended senior status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bennett Champ Clark | D.C. | September 12, 1945 | September 24, 1945 | September 28, 1945 | July 13, 1954 | – |
2 | Wilbur Kingsbury Miller | D.C. | September 12, 1945 | September 24, 1945 | September 28, 1945 | October 15, 1964 | January 24, 1976 |
3 | William Edwin Orr | Ninth | September 10, 1945 | September 19, 1945 | September 28, 1945 | January 1, 1956 | October 7, 1965 |
4 | E. Barrett Prettyman | D.C. | September 12, 1945 | September 24, 1945 | September 28, 1945 | April 16, 1962 | August 4, 1971 |
5 | John Joseph O'Connell | Third | September 12, 1945 | October 3, 1945 | October 11, 1945 | December 16, 1949 | – |
6 | Shackelford Miller Jr. | Sixth | November 23, 1945 | December 4, 1945 | December 11, 1945 | November 1, 1965 | November 24, 1965 |
7 | Harry Ellis Kalodner | Third | May 7, 1946[Rn 1] | July 25, 1946 | July 27, 1946 | October 3, 1969 | March 15, 1977 |
8 | John Caskie Collet | Eighth | April 30, 1947 | July 8, 1947 | July 9, 1947 | December 5, 1955 | – |
9 | James McPherson Proctor | D.C. | February 2, 1948 | March 2, 1948 | March 5, 1948 | September 17, 1953 | – |
10 | Harold Montelle Stephens | D.C. | February 2, 1948 | March 2, 1948 | March 5, 1948 | May 28, 1955 | – |
11 | F. Ryan Duffy | Seventh | January 13, 1949 | January 31, 1949 | February 2, 1949 | June 30, 1966 | August 16, 1979 |
12 | Walter Lyndon Pope | Ninth | February 14, 1949 | February 25, 1949 | March 1, 1949 | April 1, 1961 | March 27, 1969 |
13 | Philip J. Finnegan | Seventh | April 8, 1949 | May 3, 1949 | May 5, 1949 | January 4, 1959 | – |
14 | Walter C. Lindley | Seventh | September 15, 1949 | October 12, 1949 | October 13, 1949 | January 3, 1958 | – |
15 | John Coleman Pickett | Tenth | September 23, 1949 | October 12, 1949 | October 13, 1949 | January 1, 1966 | September 1, 1983 |
16 | Wayne G. Borah | Fifth | October 15, 1949 | October 19, 1949 | October 21, 1949 | December 31, 1956 | February 6, 1966 |
17 | Robert Lee Russell | Fifth | October 15, 1949 | October 19, 1949 | October 21, 1949 | January 18, 1955 | – |
18 | David L. Bazelon | D.C. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | February 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[2] | June 30, 1979 | February 19, 1993 |
19 | Charles Fahy | D.C. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 4, 1950 | October 21, 1949[3] | April 17, 1967 | September 17, 1979 |
20 | William H. Hastie | Third | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | July 19, 1950 | October 21, 1949[4] | May 31, 1971 | April 14, 1976 |
21 | Hardress Nathaniel Swaim | Seventh | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | February 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[2] | July 30, 1957 | – |
22 | George Thomas Washington | D.C. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 28, 1950 | October 21, 1949[5] | November 10, 1965 | August 21, 1971 |
23 | Austin Leander Staley | Third | April 27, 1950 | June 27, 1950 | July 5, 1950 | December 31, 1967 | August 3, 1978 |
24 | Louie Willard Strum | Fifth | September 14, 1950 | September 23, 1950 | September 26, 1950 | July 26, 1954 | – |
25 | John Patrick Hartigan | First | December 21, 1950 | January 2, 1951 | January 3, 1951 | March 31, 1965 | August 10, 1968 |
26 | Richard Rives | Fifth / Eleventh | April 12, 1951 | May 1, 1951 | May 3, 1951 | February 15, 1966 | October 27, 1982[6] |
27 | Harold Medina | Second | June 11, 1951 | June 21, 1951 | June 23, 1951 | March 1, 1958 | February 22, 1980 |
District courts
# | Judge | Court [Note 1] |
Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Began active service |
Ended active service |
Ended senior status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Roger Thomas Foley[7] | D. Nev. | March 30, 1945 | April 10, 1945 | May 2, 1945 | April 1, 1957 | October 9, 1974 |
2 | Donnell Gilliam | E.D.N.C. | May 3, 1945 | May 15, 1945 | May 18, 1945 | March 16, 1959 | March 6, 1960 |
3 | Dennis F. Donovan | D. Minn. | June 1, 1945 | July 17, 1945 | July 18, 1945 | December 31, 1965 | September 16, 1974 |
4 | Arthur A. Koscinski | E.D. Mich. | June 4, 1945 | July 17, 1945 | July 18, 1945 | April 30, 1957 | November 21, 1957 |
5 | Alexander Holtzoff | D.D.C. | September 12, 1945 | September 24, 1945 | September 28, 1945 | December 31, 1967 | September 6, 1969 |
6 | Ben Herbert Rice Jr. | W.D. Tex. | September 10, 1945 | September 19, 1945 | September 28, 1945 | March 14, 1964 | – |
7 | William Carey Mathes | S.D. Cal. | September 24, 1945 | October 11, 1945 | October 17, 1945 | June 9, 1965 | July 24, 1967 |
8 | Thomas M. Madden | D.N.J. | October 9, 1945 | October 23, 1945 | October 25, 1945 | January 1, 1968 | March 29, 1976 |
9 | Wallace Samuel Gourley | W.D. Pa. | November 2, 1945 | November 20, 1945 | November 29, 1945 | August 4, 1969 | September 23, 1976 |
10 | Arthur Johnson Mellott | D. Kan. | November 13, 1945 | November 27, 1945 | November 29, 1945 | December 29, 1957 | – |
11 | Seybourn Harris Lynne | N.D. Ala. | December 14, 1945 | December 20, 1945 | January 3, 1946 | January 9, 1973 | September 10, 2000 |
12 | Edward S. Kampf | N.D.N.Y. | January 17, 1946 | February 5, 1946 | February 8, 1946 | July 1, 1948 | – |
13 | Roy Mahlon Shelbourne | W.D. Ky. | January 17, 1946 | February 5, 1946 | February 8, 1946 | November 1, 1964 | December 29, 1974 |
14 | Francis Muir Scarlett | S.D. Ga. | January 24, 1946 | February 13, 1946 | February 14, 1946 | August 2, 1968 | November 18, 1971 |
15 | Jacob Weinberger | S.D. Cal. | January 24, 1946 | February 15, 1946 | February 21, 1946 | November 1, 1958 | May 20, 1974 |
16 | Samuel Marion Driver | E.D. Wash. | March 12, 1946 | April 9, 1946 | April 13, 1946 | September 12, 1958 | – |
17 | Howard C. Speakman | D. Ariz. | March 27, 1946 | April 9, 1946 | April 13, 1946 | June 17, 1952 | – |
18 | John W. Murphy | M.D. Pa. | May 7, 1946 | May 21, 1946 | May 27, 1946 | March 28, 1962 | – |
19 | George Bernard Harris | N.D. Cal. | June 18, 1946 | June 29, 1946 | July 9, 1946 | July 31, 1970 | October 18, 1983 |
20 | Raymond Wesley Starr | W.D. Mich. | July 3, 1946 | July 23, 1946 | July 25, 1946 | August 15, 1961 | November 2, 1968 |
21 | Theodore Levin | E.D. Mich. | July 3, 1946 | July 25, 1946 | July 27, 1946 | December 31, 1970 | – |
22 | Richard Seymour Rodney | D. Del. | July 25, 1946 | July 27, 1946 | July 31, 1946 | January 1, 1957 | December 22, 1963 |
23 | Frederick Voris Follmer | E.D. Pa. M.D. Pa. W.D. Pa. |
July 31, 1946 | July 31, 1946 | August 7, 1946 | June 1, 1955[8] December 30, 1967 June 1, 1955[8] |
– May 3, 1971 – |
24 | James P. McGranery | E.D. Pa. | July 31, 1946 | July 31, 1946 | August 7, 1946 | May 26, 1952 | – |
25 | Richmond Bowling Keech | D.D.C. | January 8, 1947 | January 22, 1947 | October 14, 1946[9] | November 1, 1966 | April 13, 1986 |
26 | Edward Matthew Curran | D.D.C. | January 8, 1947 | February 3, 1947 | October 16, 1946[10] | April 2, 1971 | January 10, 1988 |
27 | Dal Millington Lemmon | N.D. Cal. | January 17, 1947 | February 5, 1947 | February 7, 1947 | May 3, 1954 | Elevated |
28 | John David Clifford Jr. | D. Me. | January 10, 1947 | March 14, 1947 | March 24, 1947 | November 18, 1956 | – |
29 | Albert Vickers Bryan | E.D. Va. | May 15, 1947 | June 3, 1947 | June 5, 1947 | August 23, 1961 | Elevated |
30 | R. Ewing Thomason | W.D. Tex. | April 24, 1947 | June 3, 1947 | June 5, 1947 | June 1, 1963 | November 8, 1973 |
31 | Harold Medina | S.D.N.Y. | May 15, 1947 | June 18, 1947 | June 20, 1947 | June 23, 1951 | Elevated |
32 | Joseph Brannon Dooley | N.D. Tex. | January 8, 1947 | July 8, 1947 | July 9, 1947 | October 1, 1966 | January 19, 1967 |
33 | Leo F. Rayfiel | E.D.N.Y. | June 30, 1947 | July 23, 1947 | July 30, 1947 | March 4, 1966 | November 18, 1978 |
34 | Roy Winfield Harper[11] | E.D. Mo. W.D. Mo. |
July 10, 1947[Rn 3] | – | August 7, 1947[12] | December 19, 1947 | – |
34.1 | Roy Winfield Harper[11] | E.D. Mo. W.D. Mo. |
– | – | December 20, 1947[13] | June 20, 1948 | – |
34.2 | Roy Winfield Harper[11] | E.D. Mo. W.D. Mo. |
January 13, 1949 | January 31, 1949 | June 22, 1948[14] | January 5, 1971 | February 13, 1994 |
35 | Sylvester J. Ryan | S.D.N.Y. | November 24, 1947 | December 18, 1947 | November 1, 1947[15] | January 3, 1973 | April 10, 1981 |
36 | Herbert William Christenberry | E.D. La. | July 11, 1947 | December 18, 1947 | December 20, 1947 | October 5, 1975 | – |
37 | Samuel H. Kaufman | S.D.N.Y. | May 17, 1948[Rn 4] | January 31, 1949 | June 22, 1948[14] | July 31, 1955 | May 5, 1960 |
38 | Edward Allen Tamm | D.D.C. | February 3, 1948[Rn 4] | March 29, 1949 | June 22, 1948[16] | March 16, 1965 | Elevated |
39 | David Ezekiel Henderson | W.D.N.C. | – | – | September 1, 1948[17] | February 14, 1949 | – |
40 | Carl Hatch | D.N.M. | January 13, 1949 | January 17, 1949 | January 21, 1949 | April 5, 1963 | September 15, 1963 |
41 | James Thomas Foley | N.D.N.Y. | January 13, 1949 | January 31, 1949 | February 2, 1949 | June 30, 1980 | August 17, 1990 |
42 | William T. McCarthy | D. Mass. | January 13, 1949 | January 31, 1949 | February 2, 1949 | May 31, 1960 | April 6, 1964 |
43 | Thomas Patrick Thornton | E.D. Mich. | January 13, 1949 | January 31, 1949 | February 2, 1949 | February 15, 1966 | July 1, 1985 |
44 | Wilson Warlick | W.D.N.C. | April 2, 1948[Rn 5] | January 31, 1949 | February 2, 1949 | June 24, 1968 | January 30, 1978 |
45 | Herbert Wilson Erskine | N.D. Cal. | January 13, 1949 | February 25, 1949 | March 1, 1949 | March 18, 1951 | – |
46 | William Daniel Murray | D. Mont. | April 5, 1949 | May 4, 1949 | May 9, 1949 | December 31, 1965 | October 3, 1994 |
47 | Robert Emmet Tehan | E.D. Wis. | April 5, 1949 | May 17, 1949 | May 19, 1949 | June 30, 1971 | November 27, 1975 |
48 | Abraham Benjamin Conger | M.D. Ga. | May 19, 1949 | June 2, 1949 | June 6, 1949 | December 9, 1953 | – |
49 | James V. Allred[18] | S.D. Tex. | September 23, 1949 | October 12, 1949 | October 13, 1949 | September 24, 1959 | – |
50 | Ben Clarkson Connally | S.D. Tex. | September 23, 1949 | October 12, 1949 | October 13, 1949 | December 28, 1974 | December 2, 1975 |
51 | Casper Platt | E.D. Ill. | September 15, 1949 | October 12, 1949 | October 13, 1949 | September 16, 1965 | – |
52 | James Marshall Carter | S.D. Cal. | September 23, 1949 | October 15, 1949 | October 18, 1949 | December 1, 1967 | Elevated |
53 | Ernest W. Gibson Jr. | D. Vt. | September 15, 1949 | October 15, 1949 | October 18, 1949 | November 4, 1969 | – |
54 | Harry Clay Westover | S.D. Cal. | September 23, 1949 | October 15, 1949 | October 18, 1949 | December 31, 1965 | April 14, 1983 |
55 | M. Neil Andrews | N.D. Ga. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | – | October 21, 1949[19] | October 31, 1950 | – |
56 | Owen McIntosh Burns | W.D. Pa. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | March 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[20] | October 26, 1952 | – |
57 | Thomas James Clary | E.D. Pa. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | March 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[20] | March 1, 1969 | August 1, 1977 |
58 | Delmas Carl Hill | D. Kan. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | March 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[20] | September 28, 1961 | Elevated |
59 | James Robert Kirkland | D.D.C. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | March 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[20] | February 25, 1958 | – |
60 | John F. X. McGohey | S.D.N.Y. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | March 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[20] | March 17, 1970 | July 7, 1972 |
61 | J. Skelly Wright | E.D. La. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | March 8, 1950 | October 21, 1949[20] | April 15, 1962 | Elevated |
62 | Frank Arthur Hooper | N.D. Ga. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | February 21, 1950 | October 21, 1949[21] | June 29, 1967 | February 11, 1985 |
63 | Charles F. McLaughlin | D.D.C. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | February 27, 1950 | October 21, 1949[22] | December 31, 1964 | February 5, 1976 |
64 | Gregory Francis Noonan | S.D.N.Y. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 25, 1950 | October 21, 1949[23] | May 1, 1964 | – |
65 | Willis William Ritter | D. Utah | August 25, 1949[Rn 2] | June 29, 1950 | October 21, 1949[24] | March 4, 1978 | – |
66 | Gus J. Solomon | D. Ore. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | June 27, 1950 | October 21, 1949[25] | September 1, 1971 | February 15, 1987 |
67 | Carroll O. Switzer | S.D. Iowa | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | – | October 21, 1949[26] | August 9, 1950 | – |
68 | Allan Kuhn Grim | E.D. Pa. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 4, 1950 | October 21, 1949[3] | November 1, 1961 | December 7, 1965 |
69 | Irving Kaufman | S.D.N.Y. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 4, 1950 | October 21, 1949[3] | September 22, 1961 | Elevated |
70 | Burnita Shelton Matthews | D.D.C. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 4, 1950 | October 21, 1949[3] | March 1, 1968 | April 25, 1988 |
71 | Sidney Sugarman | S.D.N.Y. | October 15, 1949[Rn 2] | April 28, 1950 | October 21, 1949[5] | June 30, 1971 | August 9, 1974 |
72 | Robert Love Taylor | E.D. Tenn. | January 5, 1950 | March 8, 1950 | November 2, 1949[20] | January 15, 1984 | July 11, 1987 |
73 | George William Whitehurst | N.D. Fla. S.D. Fla. |
January 30, 1950 | February 21, 1950 | February 23, 1950 | June 30, 1961 | January 13, 1974 |
74 | William Lee Knous | D. Colo. | March 1, 1950 | April 4, 1950 | April 7, 1950 | December 12, 1959 | – |
75 | William Elwood Steckler | S.D. Ind. | February 14, 1950 | April 4, 1950 | April 7, 1950 | December 31, 1986 | March 8, 1995 |
76 | Rabe Ferguson Marsh Jr. | W.D. Pa. | March 27, 1950 | June 2, 1950 | June 8, 1950 | January 31, 1977 | April 19, 1993 |
77 | William Robert Wallace | E.D. Okla. N.D. Okla. W.D. Okla. |
April 17, 1950 | June 2, 1950 | June 8, 1950 | June 24, 1960 | – |
78 | Edward Weinfeld | S.D.N.Y. | July 10, 1950 | August 1, 1950 | August 5, 1950 | January 17, 1988 | – |
79 | John Milton Bryan Simpson | S.D. Fla. / M.D. Fla. | September 14, 1950 | September 23, 1950 | September 26, 1950 | November 22, 1966[27] | Elevated |
80 | William Matthew Byrne Sr. | S.D. Cal. / E.D. Cal. | September 1, 1950[Rn 6] | December 13, 1950 | September 27, 1950[28] | June 30, 1966 | March 9, 1974[29] |
81 | Oliver Jesse Carter | N.D. Cal. | September 1, 1950[Rn 6] | December 13, 1950 | September 27, 1950[28] | April 7, 1976 | June 14, 1976 |
82 | Walter M. Bastian | D.D.C. | November 27, 1950 | December 14, 1950 | October 23, 1950[30] | December 15, 1954 | Elevated |
83 | Edward Preston Murphy | N.D. Cal. | December 4, 1950 | December 13, 1950 | December 21, 1950 | December 13, 1958 | – |
84 | William F. Riley | S.D. Iowa | November 29, 1950 | December 14, 1950 | December 27, 1950 | December 29, 1956 | – |
85 | Edward L. Leahy | D.R.I. | December 21, 1950 | January 2, 1951 | January 3, 1951 | July 22, 1953 | – |
86 | Alfred Egidio Modarelli | D.N.J. | November 29, 1950 | January 2, 1951 | January 3, 1951 | September 22, 1957 | – |
87 | Charles Joseph McNamee | N.D. Ohio | February 8, 1951 | March 6, 1951 | March 9, 1951 | May 2, 1964 | – |
88 | Daniel Holcombe Thomas | S.D. Ala. | January 29, 1951 | March 6, 1951 | March 9, 1951 | August 25, 1971 | April 13, 2000 |
89 | William Boyd Sloan | N.D. Ga. | February 19, 1951 | March 20, 1951 | March 23, 1951 | August 1, 1965 | October 22, 1970 |
90 | William James Lindberg | E.D. Wash. W.D. Wash. |
March 12, 1951 | April 24, 1951 | April 25, 1951 | May 19, 1961[31] March 1, 1971 |
– December 15, 1981 |
91 | William Alvah Stewart | W.D. Pa. | February 27, 1951 | April 24, 1951 | April 25, 1951 | April 9, 1953 | – |
92 | Joseph Warren Sheehy | E.D. Tex. | May 16, 1951 | June 7, 1951 | June 8, 1951 | February 23, 1967 | – |
93 | Thomas Francis Murphy | S.D.N.Y. | June 11, 1951 | June 29, 1951 | July 2, 1951 | December 3, 1970 | October 26, 1995 |
94 | Edward Jordan Dimock | S.D.N.Y. | June 11, 1951 | July 10, 1951 | July 11, 1951 | July 28, 1961 | March 17, 1986 |
95 | Joseph Sam Perry | N.D. Ill. | July 13, 1951 | August 21, 1951 | August 22, 1951 | November 29, 1971 | February 18, 1984 |
96 | Luther Youngdahl | D.D.C. | July 6, 1951 | August 28, 1951 | August 29, 1951 | May 29, 1966 | June 21, 1978 |
97 | Richard Hartshorne | D.N.J. | October 17, 1951 | October 19, 1951 | October 20, 1951 | October 29, 1961 | September 14, 1975 |
98 | Ernest Allen Tolin | S.D. Cal. | October 18, 1951[Rn 7] | June 10, 1952 | October 30, 1951[32] | June 11, 1961 | – |
99 | David Norton Edelstein | S.D.N.Y. | January 30, 1952 | April 7, 1952 | November 1, 1951[33] | November 1, 1994 | August 19, 2000 |
100 | Ashton Hilliard Williams | E.D.S.C. | June 17, 1952 | July 2, 1952 | July 3, 1952 | February 25, 1962 | – |
101 | James Augustine Walsh | D. Ariz. | July 3, 1952 | July 5, 1952 | July 7, 1952 | July 9, 1976 | May 2, 1991 |
102 | Monroe Mark Friedman | N.D. Cal. | June 27, 1952[Rn 8] | – | July 17, 1952[34] | August 3, 1953 | – |
Specialty courts (Article I)
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
# | Judge | Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Began active service |
Ended active service |
Ended senior status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Noble J. Johnson | May 28, 1948 | June 8, 1948 | June 10, 1948 | July 19, 1956[35] | – |
2 | Eugene Worley | February 24, 1950 | March 8, 1950 | March 9, 1950 | April 30, 1959[36] | – |
3 | William Purington Cole Jr. | July 4, 1952 | July 5, 1952 | July 7, 1952 | September 22, 1957 | – |
United States Court of Claims
# | Judge | Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Began active service |
Ended active service |
Ended senior status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | John Marvin Jones | January 20, 1947 | July 8, 1947 | July 9, 1947[37] | July 14, 1964[38] | March 4, 1976 |
2 | George Evan Howell | July 18, 1947 | July 23, 1947 | July 30, 1947 | September 30, 1953 | – |
United States Customs Court
# | Judge | Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Began active service |
Ended active service |
Ended senior status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Irvin C. Mollison | October 3, 1945 | October 26, 1945 | October 29, 1945 | May 5, 1962 | – |
2 | Jed Johnson | April 7, 1947[Rn 9] | June 23, 1947 | June 25, 1947 | May 8, 1963 | – |
3 | Paul Peter Rao | June 22, 1948[Rn 4] | January 31, 1949 | June 22, 1948[14] | November 30, 1988[39] | – |
4 | Morgan Ford | June 22, 1949 | July 12, 1949 | July 15, 1949 | December 31, 1985[39] | January 2, 1992 |
Notes
- Renominations
- ^ Initially nominated on May 7, 1946. Nomination withdrawn and renominated on May 21, 1946.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Renominated on January 5, 1950.
- ^ Renominated on November 24, 1947.
- ^ a b c Renominated on July 29, 1948 and January 13, 1949.
- ^ Renominated on January 13, 1949.
- ^ a b Renominated on November 27, 1950.
- ^ Renominated on March 3, 1952.
- ^ Renominated on January 9, 1953. Withdrawn by President Eisenhower on July 24, 1953.
- ^ Initially nominated on March 29, 1945 by President Roosevelt to a different seat on the same court. Nomination confirmed on April 3, 1945, but Johnson declined the appointment. Renominated to a different seat on the same court by President Truman on April 7, 1947.
References
- General
- "Judges of the United States Courts". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- Specific
- ^ All information on the names, terms of service, and details of appointment of federal judges is derived from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public-domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- ^ a b Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 8, 1950, and received commission on February 10, 1950.
- ^ a b c d Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4, 1950, and received commission on April 7, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on July 19, 1950, and received commission on July 22, 1950.
- ^ a b Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 28, 1950, and received commission on May 1, 1950.
- ^ Originally appointed to the Fifth Circuit, but reassigned by operation of law to the newly created Eleventh Circuit on October 1, 1981.
- ^ Nominated by Franklin D. Roosevelt but appointed by Harry S. Truman.
- ^ a b On June 1, 1955, Follmer was reassigned to only the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 8, 1947, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 1947, and received commission on January 24, 1947.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 8, 1947, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 3, 1947, and received commission on February 5, 1947.
- ^ a b c Harper received three consecutive recess appointments to the same court; his formal nomination was not acted on by the United States Senate the first two times, but after the third recess appointment, Harper was confirmed by the Senate.
- ^ Recess appointment; the nomination expired without action by the United States Senate.
- ^ Recess appointment; the nomination of November 24, 1947 was still pending and later expired without action by the United States Senate.
- ^ a b c Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 13, 1949, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 31, 1949, and received commission on February 2, 1949.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 24, 1947, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 1947, and received commission on December 20, 1947.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 13, 1949, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 29, 1949, and received commission on April 1, 1949.
- ^ Recess appointment; nomination never sent to the United States Senate.
- ^ Allred had earlier been appointed to a different seat on the same court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Allred resigned to seek elected office, and, unsuccessful in that endeavor, was later reappointed to the court by Truman.
- ^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment on August 9, 1950.
- ^ a b c d e f g Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 8, 1950, and received commission on March 9, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 21, 1950, and received commission on February 23, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 27, 1950, and received commission on March 1, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 25, 1950, and received commission on April 26, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 29, 1950, and received commission on July 7, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 27, 1950, and received commission on July 5, 1950.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, but the United States Senate rejected the appointment on August 9, 1950.
- ^ Reassigned by operation of law to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida on October 29, 1962
- ^ a b Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 27, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 13, 1950, and received commission on December 21, 1950.
- ^ Reassigned by operation of law to the United States District Court for the Central District of California on September 18, 1966.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 27, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14, 1950, and received commission on December 22, 1950.
- ^ Reassigned by operation of law to only the Western District on May 19, 1961.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on March 3, 1952, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 10, 1952, and received commission on June 11, 1952.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 30, 1952, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 7, 1952, and received commission on April 8, 1952.
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 9, 1953, but the United States Senate rejected the appointment.
- ^ Laterally appointed to Chief Judge seat on the same court on July 19, 1956.
- ^ Laterally appointed to Chief Judge seat on the same court on April 30, 1959.
- ^ Laterally appointed to serve as Chief Justice, after serving as a judge on the same court.
- ^ Chief Justice seat reassigned as Chief Judge.
- ^ a b Reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of International Trade on November 1, 1980.