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List of child brides

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of child brides, females of historical significance who married under 18 years of age, which is the general marriageable age and age of majority in most countries in the 21st century.[citation needed]

YouTube Encyclopedic

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Transcription

Every year approximately 14 million girls become child brides under the age of 18. 1 of 7 girls marry before they even turn 15. Some of them as young as 8 years old, most time to men much much older than themselves. Their parents marry them off because of cultural traditions, poverty and for security. Child brides are robbed of their innocence, and their rights to an education. Mentally and physically, they're not ready to become wives or mothers and can suffer dangerous sometimes even fatal consequences. I know of this danger intimately. I was a child bride. My parents were illiterate and they had to work double jobs in order to support our big family. My mother never even went to school, she was married off at 14 like her mother and her grandmother. When I was 14, I came home one day and found out the arrange for my marriage. My mother told me about the 22-year-old I was going to marry. She said, "You are going to America, you will get educated there and live a wonderful life." I wouldn't dare question their decision. The reality didn't hit me until the night of my wedding. I was taken to a hotel room and no one told me what to expect. I'll spare you the details. I was scared, I was hurt and I felt violated. I was only in eight grade. I loved school, I wanted to be a lawyer. But after the wedding, I wasn't allowed anymore. My role as a wife was to obey my husband, cook, clean and serve for him and his family. Coming to America is a dream comes true for many. It wasn't for me. I was abused by a husband that drank too much, gambled and had affairs. He monitored my whereabouts and my phone calls. He had to approve my friends. I felt trapped. Still a child I got pregnant the first year of my marriage. I don't even know how to handle my own body. I had many complications, and some of them led to miscarriages that caused severe pain and bleeding. No child should ever have to go through this. I have three beautiful daughters now. I felt pure love for them, but an equal amount of fear that they too would go through the same faith. Every time I hold them, I made a promise that I would take care of them and make sure that they have a different life than mine. I learned how to speak English through watching Sesame Street with my daughters. As my daughters were growing older my husband made a comment that it would be a waste of money to send girls to college, that they should either get married or become hairstylists. I had a frightening flashback, I wasn't going to allow that. So secretly I started saving money for an emergency fund. Then I started working in a beauty salon where I learned about women's rights, and that child marriages are actually a violation against human rights. That gave me hope, and I was determined to change that for my daughters. One day my husband found a book I was reading, called: "Too bad to stay, but too good to leave." He hid my passport, he took my car keys, my credit cards, leaving me no way out. His whole family caged in on me, even my own parents said a divorce was unacceptable. Years ago my cousin was killed for trying to divorce her husband. I was terrified, I felt hopeless and broken. That night he got drunk and he said, "You want a divorce? I'll give you one, I brought you here, you are going back to where you came from. No courts here are going to give you the children or the house." And my daughters were listening to this. Seeing them scared and crying and the thought of losing them fired up a courage in me. I stood up for the first time and spoke back to him, I said, "I'm not 14 years old anymore, I know women have rights. I'm staying right here and I'm fighting for my children. Just watch me." It got real ugly. I gathered the girls and we ran out. I didn't know where I was going, but going back was not an option. I was alone in this battle. You see, I didn't run out on my husband or my home, I ran out of a whole culture. Learning to survive on my own was not easy, I was constantly stopped and threatened. I had many sleepless nights, but fear can only hold you back for so long. I knew my faith was going to help me through this. With some friends' help and a long process later, I got finally divorced. That felt like a second chance in life for me. I loved my new found freedom. I went back to school, I got my GED and my real estate license. I worked really hard and became one of the top producers in our company. My heroes are my daughters. They stayed together through thick and thin. My oldest daughter has graduated James Madison University. Her degree to us means we have raised the bar, we broke our cycle. (Applause) But many girls, many child brides still don't have choices. I am passionate, and I believe that together today we can start a movement and end this crime. See, our leaders made it a priority. The US government has re-authorized the Violence against Women Act, and added a provision to end child marriages worldwide. But the law alone is not enough. Together we can inform people and educate communities about the dangers of child marriages, provide incentives to families to keep their daughters in school. By empowering and educating girls they will be happier wives, better mothers and a contribution to society. They can lift up their families and their communities and their countries out of poverty. I will not think of myself as a victim. If sharing my story here at TEDxRockCreekPark, will result in making a difference for even one girl that is in danger of becoming a child bride, then my suffering was worth it. With your help, we can let children be children. Thank you. (Applause)

East & South Asia

8th century

9th century

10th century

12th century

16th century

  • Ruqaiya Sultan Begum married Akbar, her first paternal cousin, at the time of his first appointment, at the age of nine, in 1551. Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near Jalandhar, Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old.

17th century

19th century

  • Rukhmabai (age 11) was married in India to Dadaji Bhikaji (age 19),[1] a cousin of her stepfather, in about 1875. After a lengthy court battle, the marriage was dissolved by an order from Queen Victoria and the publicity helped influence the passage of the Age of Consent Act, 1891, which increased age of consent for girls in India, married or unmarried, from 10 to 12.[2]

20th century

  • Ushabati Ghosh (age 11) was married to the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose (aged 20)[4] in 1914. Bose, not keen on marriage so early in life and while still attending college, only did so at his mother's insistence.[5] They had nine children, two of whom died in early childhood.
  • Gangubai Kothewali (aged 16) married her suitor, Ramnik Lal (aged 27) in Bombay after eloping from Kathiawad, Gujarat in 1955. Days after her marriage, Gangubai was sold by Ramnik for Rs. 500 to a brothel in Kamathipura where she became a prostitute and later a brothel madame.

Europe

From 380 A.D. to 1983 A.D., the age of majority was 21 years old in the Roman Catholic Church, which was adopted into canon law from Roman law. From 380 A.D. to 1971 A.D. the minimum marriageable age was 12 years for females and 14 years for males in the Roman Catholic Church, which was adopted into canon law from Roman law.

During the Holy Roman Empire (9th–19th centuries), age of majority was 21 years old and minimum marriageable age was 12 years for females and 14 years for males. There were some fathers who arranged marriages for a son or a daughter before he or she reached the age of maturity. Consummation would not take place until the age of maturity. Roman Catholic canon law defines a marriage as consummated when the "spouses have performed between themselves in a human fashion a conjugal act which is suitable in itself for the procreation of offspring, to which marriage is ordered by its nature and by which the spouses become one flesh."[6]

In England, the Marriage Act 1753 required a marriage to be covered by a license (requiring parental consent for those under 21) or the publication of banns (which parents of those under 21 could forbid). The Church of England dictated that both the bride and groom must be at least 21 years of age to marry without the consent of their families; in the certificates, the most common age for the brides is 22 years. For the grooms 24 years was the most common age, with average ages of 24 years for the brides and 27 for the grooms.[7] While European noblewomen often married early, they were a small minority of the population,[8] and the marriage certificates from Canterbury show that, in England, even among nobility it was very rare to marry women off at very early ages.[7]

In England, the minimum marriageable age was raised to 16 in 1929. Before then, the minimum marriageable age was 12 for females and 14 for males. In 1971, the age of majority was lowered to 18 years old.

The age of majority is 18 years old since 1983 C.E. and the minimum marriageable age is 14 years old for females and 16 years old for males since in 1917 C.E in the Roman Catholic Church.

9th century

10th century

11th century

  • Constance of France (aged between about 15 and 17) was married to Hugh I, Count of Troyes (aged between about 19 and 21), between 1093 and 1095.

12th century

  • Agnes of Courtenay was no more than 15-years-old when she was married to Reynald of Marash, sometime before 29 June 1149.

13th century

14th century

  • Joan of Kent (aged 12) secretly married Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (aged 26), in 1340. Holland went to war overseas, and her family arranged for the 13-year-old Joan to marry William Montagu (aged 12) in either late 1340 or early 1341. When Holland returned, the marriage was revealed, and Holland petitioned the Pope to have Holland's wife returned to him. Following the ruling in Holland's favor in 1349, Pope Clement VI annulled the marriage to Montagu and ordered Joan and Holland to be married in the Church.
  • Anne Mauny (aged 13) was married to John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (aged 20), in 1368, following the death of his first wife, Margaret, in 1361.
  • Joan of Navarre (aged about 17/18) was married to John IV, Duke of Brittany (aged 46/47), in 1386.

15th century

  • Caterina Sforza was betrothed at age 10 to Girolamo Riario (aged 29/30) in 1473. Some sources state that they married in that year, but that the marriage was not consummated until 1477, when Caterina turned 14, the legal age at the time.

16th century

  • Lady Mary Brandon was at most 17-years-old when she was married to Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle, sometime before 1527.
  • Bianca Cappello (aged 15) fell in love with Pietro Bonaventuri and, in November 1563, eloped with him to Florence, where they were married.
  • Margherita Farnese (aged 13) was married to Vincenzo Gonzaga (aged 18), the future Duke of Mantua, in March 1581. The marriage was annulled in May 1583 on grounds of non-consummation, Vincenzo claiming Margherita had been unable to do so due to a deformity[13] and Margherita accusing Vincenzo of impotence.

17th century

  • Jane Needham (aged about 14/15) was married to Charles Myddelton (aged 24/25) in 1660.
  • Henrietta Howard (aged about 17) was married to Henry Horatio O'Brien, Lord Ibrackan, in June 1686.

18th century

19th century

  • Elizabeth Medora Leigh was, as a young teenager, seduced by her brother-in-law, Henry Trevanion, by whom she fell pregnant twice. After the second pregnancy ended in a miscarriage, she eloped with him to France in 1831, at age 16/17.
  • Isabella II of Spain (aged 16) was married to her double first cousin Francis, Duke of Cádiz (aged 24), in October 1846. The ceremony was held on Isabella's 16th birthday, and was a double wedding with Isabella's younger sister, Infanta Luisa Fernanda, marrying the Duke of Montpensier.

20th century


Middle East

BC: Ancient Egypt

7th century

14th century

18th century

19th century

Wives of Abdulmejid I
Wives of Murad V

20th century

21st century

  • Nujood Ali (aged 9) married Faez Ali Thamer (aged in his 30s) in 2008. She secured a divorce aged 10 and is an activist against child marriage in Yemen.[20][21]

North America

17th century

  • Maria van Cortlandt (aged 16) was married to Jeremias van Rensselaer (aged 30) in July 1662, about a week before Maria's 17th birthday.
  • Marguerite Sédilot (age 11+1⁄2) married Jean Aubuchon of Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, on 19 September 1654.

18th century

19th century

For the latter half of the 19th century, between 13 and 18% of native-born white female first marriages in the US were under age 18.[22]

20th century

  • Eunice Winstead (aged 9) married Charlie Johns (aged 22) in 1937.[26][27]
  • Janet Leigh (aged 15) married John Carlisle (aged 18) in August 1942.
  • Myra Brown (aged 13) married Jerry Lee Lewis (aged 22) on December 12, 1957. The marriage was repeated June 4, 1958 because his previous divorce wasn't finalized.
  • Lana Wood (aged 16) married Jack Wrather Jr. (aged 18) in December 1962.
  • Sherry Johnson (aged 11) was compelled by her mother to marry Alfonsa Tolbert (a deacon in their church and the man who had raped and impregnated Sherry) in March 1971.
  • Rena Chynoweth (aged 16) was married to Ervil LeBaron (aged about 49) circa 1974. Chynoweth was among at least thirteen plural wives LeBaron married, many of whom were underage at the time of their marriages.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lahiri, Shompa (2013-10-18). Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880–1930. Routledge. pp. 13–. ISBN 9781135264468. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  2. ^ Rappaport, Helen (2003). Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. pp. 429–. ISBN 9781851093557. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  3. ^ Ramanujan’s wife: Janakiammal (Janaki). Profile at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc)
  4. ^ Chatterjee, Santimay; Chatterjee, Enakshi (2002). Satyendra Nath Bose (PDF). National Book Trust. ISBN 9788123704920.
  5. ^ Wali, Kameshwar (2009). Satyendra Nath Bose, His Life and Times. World Scientific. pp. xviii–. ISBN 9789814518277.
  6. ^ canon 1061 §1
  7. ^ a b Laslett, Peter. 1965. The World We Have Lost. New York, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p 82
  8. ^ Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage. New York, New York: Viking Press, Penguin Group Inc. p 125-129.
  9. ^ Jones, Michael K. (1993-04-22). The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521447942. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  10. ^ Ralph A. Griffiths, King and Country: England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century, (Hambledon Press, 1991), 91.
  11. ^ Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (January 1998). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Continuum. pp. 48–. ISBN 9780860122517. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  12. ^ Tunis, David L. (2005-01-01). Fast Facts on the Kings and Queens of England. Author House. pp. 125–. ISBN 9781467065238. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  13. ^ Matthews-Grieco, SaraF (2017-07-05). Cuckoldry, Impotence and Adultery in Europe (15th–17th century). Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9781351570466.
  14. ^ "I'm A Celebrity: Bev Callard's tumultuous first marriage at 16 before baby heartbreak". Daily Mirror. 24 November 2020.
  15. ^ Esposito, John L. (2004a). "A'ishah in the Islamic World: Past and Present". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  16. ^ Spellberg, Denise (1994). Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr. Columbia University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0231079990 – via archive.org.
  17. ^ "Princess Fawzia of Egypt Married". The Meriden Daily Journal. Cairo. AP. 15 March 1939. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  18. ^ Ghazal, Rym (8 July 2013). "A forgotten Egyptian Princess remembered". The National. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  19. ^ "Hayrünnisa marriage". November 22, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  20. ^ Daragahi, Borzou (June 11, 2008), Yemeni bride, 10, says I won't, Los Angeles TimesmznfzKLDhjsd'gV, retrieved 16 February 2010
  21. ^ Walt, Vivienne (3 February 2009), A 10-Year-Old Divorcée Takes Paris, Time/CNN, archived from the original on February 5, 2009, retrieved 16 February 2010
  22. ^ Fitch, Catherine; Ruggles, Steven (2000). "Historical trends in marriage formation: The United States 1850–1990". In Waite, Linda J.; Bachrach, Christine (eds.). The Ties that Bind: Perspectives on Marriage and Cohabitation. Transaction Publishers. pp. 59–88. ISBN 9781412839365. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  23. ^ Hales, Brian C. "Joseph Smith and Fanny Alger". Joseph Smith's Polygamy. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  24. ^ a b Dukakis, Andrea (4 April 2017). "Child Marriage, Common In The Past, Persists Today". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  25. ^ Little, Becky (6 June 2018). "When a Millionaire Married a Teen And Sparked Opposition to U.S. Child Marriage". HISTORY. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Education: Exempt Bride". Time. 1937-08-23. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  27. ^ "Child Bride Happy in Play With Doll – 22-Year-Old Husband of Girl, 9, Plans, Meanwhile, for a New Farm Home – Parents Not to Interfere – Mother Says Young Daughter Is Beginning to Take Interest in Her Wifely Duties". The New York Times. 1937-01-31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  28. ^ Tauke, M.S. (May 18, 1973). "Karen Fibbed on Weddings, Investigation Here Reveals". Journal & Courier.
  29. ^ Kenyatta 2002, p. 25
  30. ^ Duncan, Amy (July 18, 2017). "The story of R Kelly and Aaliyah – from their secret teenage marriage to those pregnancy rumours". Metro. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  31. ^ "R. Kelly: Indecent Proposal". Vibe. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  32. ^ Ogunnaike, Lola (May 2002). "CAUGHT IN THE ACT". Vibe. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  33. ^ McClain, Shonda (July 8, 1995). "Aaliyah: Weathering the storm of controversy". Indianapolis Recorder. Indianapolis. p. 9.
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