Boraginales is a valid taxonomic name at the rank of order for a group of flowering plants. It includes Boraginaceae and closely related asterid families. The Boraginales include about 125 genera, 2,700 species and its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distribution. In the 2016 APG IV system Boraginales is an order with only one family Boraginaceae, which includes the former family Codonaceae. At the time of the APG IV consensus there was insufficient support to divide this monophyletic group further.[1]
The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[2]
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[3] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[4]
The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[5]
One family is represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
Boraginaceae
Family: Boraginaceae
Afrotysonia
Genus Afrotysonia:[5]
- Afrotysonia africana (Bolus) Rauschert, endemic
- Afrotysonia glochidiata (R.R.Mill) R.R.Mill, indigenous
Amsinckia
- Amsinckia calycina (Moris) Chater, not indigenous
- Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. not indigenous
- Amsinckia retrorsa Suksd. not indigenous
Anchusa
- Anchusa azurea Mill. not indigenous
- Anchusa capensis Thunb. indigenous
- Anchusa riparia A.DC. indigenous
Buglossoides
Genus Buglossoides:[5]
- Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst. not indigenous
Codon
- Codon royenii L. indigenous
- Codon schenckii Schinz, indigenous
Coldenia
- Coldenia procumbens L. indigenous
Cordia
- Cordia africana Lam. indigenous
- Cordia caffra Sond. indigenous
- Cordia grandicalyx Oberm. indigenous
- Cordia monoica Roxb. indigenous
- Cordia ovalis R.Br. ex A.DC. indigenous
- Cordia quercifolia Klotzsch, indigenous
- Cordia sinensis Lam. indigenous
Cynoglossum
Genus Cynoglossum:[5]
- Cynoglossum alticola Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J.R.Drumm. not indigenous
- Cynoglossum austroafricanum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Cynoglossum geometricum Baker & C.H.Wright, indigenous
- Cynoglossum hispidum Thunb. indigenous
- Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. indigenous
- Cynoglossum obtusicalyx Retief & A.E.van Wyk, endemic
- Cynoglossum spelaeum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Echiostachys
Genus Echiostachys:[5]
- Echiostachys ecklonianus (H.Buek) Levyns, endemic
- Echiostachys incanus (Thunb.) Levyns, endemic
- Echiostachys spicatus (Burm.f.) Levyns, endemic
Echium
- Echium candicans L.f. not indigenous; cultivated, invasive
- Echium plantagineum L. not indigenous, invasive
- Echium simplex DC. not indigenous
- Echium vulgare L. not indigenous, invasive
Ehretia
- Ehretia alba Retief & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
- Ehretia amoena Klotzsch, indigenous
- Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex A.DC. indigenous
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce, indigenous
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. nervifolia Retief & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. rigida, endemic
- Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. silvatica Retief & A.E.van Wyk, endemic
Heliotropium
Genus Heliotropium:[5]
- Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl, not indigenous, invasive
- Heliotropium burmanni Roem. & Schult. accepted as Heliotropium tubulosum E.Mey. ex A.DC. present
- Heliotropium capense Lehm. accepted as Heliotropium supinum L. present
- Heliotropium ciliatum Kaplan, indigenous
- Heliotropium curassavicum L. not indigenous
- Heliotropium europaeum L. not indigenous, invasive
- Heliotropium giessii Friedr.-Holzh. indigenous
- Heliotropium hereroense Schinz, indigenous
- Heliotropium indicum L. not indigenous
- Heliotropium lineare (A.DC.) Gurke, indigenous
- Heliotropium nelsonii C.H.Wright, indigenous
- Heliotropium ovalifolium Forssk. indigenous
- Heliotropium steudneri Vatke, indigenous
- Heliotropium strigosum Willd. indigenous
- Heliotropium supinum L. not indigenous
- Heliotropium tubulosum E.Mey. ex A.DC. indigenous
- Heliotropium zeylanicum (Burm.f.) Lam. indigenous
Lappula
- Lappula capensis (A.DC.) Gurke, indigenous
- Lappula cynoglossoides (Lam.) Gurke, accepted as Lappula capensis (A.DC.) Gurke, present
- Lappula eckloniana Brand, accepted as Lappula capensis (A.DC.) Gurke, present
- Lappula heteracantha Ledeb. not indigenous
- Lappula squarrosa (L.) Dumort. subsp. heteracantha (Ledeb.) Chater, accepted as Lappula heteracantha Ledeb. not indigenous
Lithospermum
Genus Lithospermum:[5]
- Lithospermum affine A.DC. endemic
- Lithospermum afromontanum Weim. indigenous
- Lithospermum cinereum A.DC. indigenous
- Lithospermum diversifolium A.DC. indigenous
- Lithospermum flexuosum Lehm. indigenous
- Lithospermum hirsutum E.Mey. ex A.DC. endemic
- Lithospermum inornatum A.DC. accepted as Lithospermum cinereum A.DC. present
- Lithospermum papillosum Thunb. indigenous
- Lithospermum scabrum Thunb. endemic
Lobostemon
Genus Lobostemon:[5]
- Lobostemon argenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon belliformis M.H.Buys, endemic
- Lobostemon bolusii Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon capitatus (L.) H.Buek, present
- Lobostemon capitatus (L.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon collinus Schltr. ex C.H.Wright, endemic
- Lobostemon curvifolius H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon daltonii M.H.Buys, endemic
- Lobostemon decorus Levyns, endemic
- Lobostemon echioides Lehm. endemic
- Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon glaber (Vahl) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon glaucophyllus (Jacq.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon gracilis Levyns, endemic
- Lobostemon grandiflorus (Andrews) Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon regulareflorus (Ker Gawl.) M.H.Buys, present
- Lobostemon hispidus DC. & A.DC. accepted as Lobostemon glaber (Vahl) H.Buek, present
- Lobostemon horridus Levyns, endemic
- Lobostemon hottentoticus Levyns, endemic
- Lobostemon inconspicuus Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon capitatus (L.) H.Buek, present
- Lobostemon laevigatus (L.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon lucidus (Lehm.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon marlothii Levyns, endemic
- Lobostemon montanus H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon muirii Levyns, endemic
- Lobostemon oederiaefolius A.DC. endemic
- Lobostemon paniculatus (Thunb.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon paniculiformis A.DC. endemic
- Lobostemon pearsonii Levyns, accepted as Lobostemon glaucophyllus (Jacq.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon regulareflorus (Ker Gawl.) M.H.Buys, endemic
- Lobostemon sanguineus Schltr. endemic
- Lobostemon stachydeus A.DC. indigenous
- Lobostemon strigosus (Lehm.) H.Buek, endemic
- Lobostemon trichotomus (Thunb.) DC. endemic
- Lobostemon trigonus (Thunb.) H.Buek, endemic
Myosotis
- Myosotis afropalustris C.H.Wright, indigenous
- Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, not indigenous, invasive
- Myosotis discolor Pers. not indigenous
- Myosotis galpinii C.H.Wright, indigenous
- Myosotis graminifolia A.DC. indigenous
- Myosotis semiamplexicaulis A.DC. indigenous
- Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. not indigenous, invasive
- Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. not indigenous
Phacelia
- Phacelia artemisioides Griseb. not indigenous
Rochelia
- Rochelia disperma (L.f.) K.Koch, not indigenous
Symphytum
- Symphytum bulbosum K.F.Schimp. not indigenous
Trichodesma
Genus Trichodesma:[5]
- Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm. indigenous
- Trichodesma angustifolium Harv. indigenous
- Trichodesma angustifolium Harv. subsp. angustifolium, indigenous
- Trichodesma physaloides (Fenzl) A.DC. indigenous
- Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm.f.) R.Br. indigenous
Wellstedia
Genus Wellstedia:[5]
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. indigenous
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. subsp. dinteri, indigenous
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. var. dinteri, accepted as Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. subsp. dinteri, present
- Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. var. gracilior Hunt, accepted as Wellstedia dinteri Pilg. subsp. gracilior (D.R.Hunt) Retief & A.E.van Wyk
Wigandia
- Wigandia caracasana Kunth, accepted as Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) Gibson, not indigenous, invasive
- Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) Gibson, not indigenous, invasive
References
- ^ APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- ^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.
- ^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
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This page was last edited on 19 August 2022, at 21:47