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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1983.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Shannon - Let The Music Play (Official Music Video)

Transcription

Specific locations

Specific genres

Trends

Events

January–April

May–August

September–December

Bands formed

Bands disbanded

Bands reformed

Albums released

January

Day Album Artist Notes
4 Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) Eurythmics -
10 ExtendedancEPlay Dire Straits EP
Trans Neil Young -
14 Feline The Stranglers -
Nena Nena -
17 Trouble in Paradise Randy Newman -
18 Cuts Like a Knife Bryan Adams -
20 American Made The Oak Ridge Boys -
Pyromania Def Leppard -
21 The Law of Devil's Land Loudness -
28 Never Surrender Triumph -
31 Another Page Christopher Cross -
? Making Contact UFO -
The Art of Falling Apart Soft Cell -
Live Evil Black Sabbath Live
Touch the Sky Smokey Robinson -
What Makes a Man Start Fires? Minutemen -
What's Funk? Grand Funk -
G Force Kenny G -

February

Day Album Artist Notes
3 Powerlight Earth, Wind & Fire -
4 All the Best Stiff Little Fingers -
Porcupine Echo & The Bunnymen -
8 Michael W. Smith Project Michael W. Smith Debut
11 Lucky Marty Balin -
18 Somewhere in Afrika Manfred Mann's Earth Band UK
22 Kilroy Was Here Styx -
23 Subterranean Jungle Ramones -
28 Metal Health Quiet Riot -
War U2 -
So Fired Up Le Roux -
The Key Joan Armatrading -
? Frontiers Journey -
Confusion Is Sex Sonic Youth Debut
Kihnspiracy The Greg Kihn Band -
Money and Cigarettes Eric Clapton -
Quick Step and Side Kick/Side Kicks Thompson Twins -
Rock Goddess Rock Goddess -
Seal in Red Rufus -
Strong Stuff Hank Williams, Jr. -
Waiting Fun Boy Three -
Youngblood Carl Wilson -

March

Day Album Artist Notes
4 Dazzle Ships Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark -
Thunder and Lightning Thin Lizzy -
True Spandau Ballet -
7 Cool Kids Kix -
The Hurting Tears For Fears Debut
Deep Sea Skiving Bananarama -
11 No Rest for the Wicked Helix -
14 Europe Europe Debut
Script for a Jester's Tear Marillion Debut
16 Outside Inside The Tubes -
21 The Final Cut Pink Floyd -
23 Eliminator ZZ Top -
28 Baby Snakes Frank Zappa Soundtrack
Jarreau Al Jarreau -
The Man from Utopia Frank Zappa -
31 Dancing With Danger Streetheart -
? Power & the Glory Saxon -
Legendary Hearts Lou Reed -
If You Leave Me Now Chicago Compilation
Local Hero Mark Knopfler Soundtrack
The Abominable Showman Nick Lowe -
Branigan 2 Laura Branigan -
Dig That Groove Baby Toy Dolls -
The High Road Roxy Music Live EP
Inarticulate Speech of the Heart Van Morrison -
Julio Julio Iglesias -
Naked Eyes Naked Eyes Titled "Burning Bridges" in the UK
No Guts...No Glory Molly Hatchet -

April

Day Album Artist Notes
1 Havana Moon Carlos Santana -
8 Faster Than the Speed of Night Bonnie Tyler -
The Luxury Gap Heaven 17 -
11 Sirens Savatage -
Style Cameo -
Flashdance Various Artists Soundtrack
12 Murmur R.E.M. Debut
13 Mary Jane Girls Mary Jane Girls Debut
Violent Femmes Violent Femmes -
14 Let's Dance David Bowie -
15 Rock for Light Bad Brains -
18 It Pulp Debut
25 Headhunter Krokus -
27 Whammy! The B-52s -
29 Cargo Men At Work -
Listen A Flock of Seagulls -
Hootenanny The Replacements -
? You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll Twisted Sister UK; US release in June
Midnight at the Lost and Found Meat Loaf -
Fastway Fastway -
High Land, Hard Rain Aztec Camera -
In Outer Space Sparks -
Information Dave Edmunds -
It's Only Rock & Roll Waylon Jennings -
Living in Oz Rick Springfield -
Madness Madness US Compilation
Michael Bolton Michael Bolton -
Out of Step Minor Threat -
Pride Robert Palmer
Scoop Pete Townshend Compilation of unreleased tracks
Take It to the Limit Willie Nelson with Waylon Jennings -
Steve Miller Band Live! Steve Miller Band Live

May

Day Album Artist Notes
2 Burlap & Satin Dolly Parton -
Power, Corruption & Lies New Order -
3 "Weird Al" Yankovic "Weird Al" Yankovic -
10 With Sympathy Ministry -
11 Zig-Zag Walk Foghat -
16 Piece of Mind Iron Maiden -
18 In Your Eyes George Benson -
23 Confrontation Bob Marley & The Wailers -
25 Holy Diver Dio -
27 Crises Mike Oldfield -
Duck Rock Malcolm McLaren -
31 Too Low for Zero Elton John -
Wrap Your Arms Around Me Agnetha Fältskog -
? Another Perfect Day Motörhead [10]
Private Collection Jon and Vangelis -
Feast The Creatures -
Reach the Beach The Fixx -
Who's Greatest Hits The Who US Compilation
Ring of Changes Barclay James Harvest -
You Bought It, You Name It Joe Walsh -
Life's a Riot with Spy vs Spy Billy Bragg debut
Back to Mystery City Hanoi Rocks -
Bruiseology The Waitresses -
C'est C Bon Carlene Carter -
The Eleventh Hour Magnum -
The First Flower Play Dead -
Head First Uriah Heep -
Learning to Cope with Cowardice Mark Stewart -
Mama Africa Peter Tosh -
The Net Little River Band -
Siogo Blackfoot -

June

Day Album Artist Notes
1 Speaking in Tongues Talking Heads -
3 Your Move America -
6 Plays Live Peter Gabriel Live
Allies Crosby, Stills & Nash Live +2 new studio tracks
9 London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1 Frank Zappa -
Ross Diana Ross -
10 Body Wishes Rod Stewart -
Metal Magic Pantera debut
Oil on Canvas Japan Live
State of Confusion The Kinks -
This Means War Tank -
The Wild Heart Stevie Nicks -
13 Texas Flood Stevie Ray Vaughan debut
She Works Hard for the Money (album) Donna Summer -
15 Escapade Tim Finn -
16 Old Wave Ringo Starr -
17 Synchronicity The Police -
24 Secret Messages Electric Light Orchestra -
30 Keep it Up Loverboy -
? Works Pink Floyd Compilation
Diamond Jack and the Queen of Pain Kevin Ayers -
Farewell Tour Doobie Brothers Live
Field Day Marshall Crenshaw -
The Fugitive Tony Banks -
Girl at Her Volcano Rickie Lee Jones EP
Hand of Kindness Richard Thompson -
Sound Elixir Nazareth -
Staying Alive Bee Gees et al. Soundtrack
You Gotta Say Yes to Another Excess Yello -
Variations on a Theme David Thomas
 & the Pedestrians
-

July

Day Album Artist Notes
1 Fantastic Wham! Debut
Into Glory Ride Manowar -
4 You and Me Both Yazoo -
5 Suicidal Tendencies Suicidal Tendencies -
8 Whodini Whodini -
11 The Look Shalamar -
14 Get It Right Aretha Franklin -
15 The Principle of Moments Robert Plant -
Burning from the Inside Bauhaus -
21 Burning Farm Shonen Knife -
22 No Parlez Paul Young Debut
25 Kill 'em All Metallica Debut
26 Good for Your Soul Oingo Boingo -
27 Everybody's Rockin' Neil Young and the Shocking Pinks -
It's Your Night James Ingram Debut
Madonna Madonna Debut
29 The Crossing Big Country Debut
? Album Joan Jett -
All of the Good Ones Are Taken Ian Hunter -
Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks Brian Eno -
Close to the Bone Tom Tom Club -
Butthole Surfers Butthole Surfers Debut EP
Drastic Measures Kansas -
Fire Dances Killing Joke -
Outta Hand Coney Hatch -
Out For Blood Lita Ford -
The Real Macaw Graham Parker -
Salute Gordon Lightfoot -
The Waterboys The Waterboys Debut
Works Status Quo Compilation

August

Day Album Artist Notes
1 No Frills Bette Midler -
2 Lawyers in Love Jackson Browne -
5 Cold Blooded Rick James -
Punch the Clock Elvis Costello and the Attractions -
8 An Innocent Man Billy Joel -
Script of the Bridge The Chameleons -
9 Ark The Animals -
10 Stompin' at the Savoy Rufus Live
12 Alpha Asia -
Queensrÿche Queensrÿche EP
15 Next Position Please Cheap Trick -
Rant N' Rave with the Stray Cats The Stray Cats -
18 White Feathers Kajagoogoo -
19 Flick of the Switch AC/DC -
22 Construction Time Again Depeche Mode -
23 Ratt Ratt EP
30 Mummer XTC -
31 Eyes That See in the Dark Kenny Rogers -
Hello Big Man Carly Simon -
? Standing in the Light Level 42 [11]
All for One Raven -
Passionworks Heart -
Dirty Looks Juice Newton -
Future Shock Herbie Hancock -
The Crackdown Cabaret Voltaire -
Torment and Toreros Marc and the Mambas -

September

Day Album Artist Notes
1 Swordfishtrombones Tom Waits -
2 The Present Moody Blues -
12 Heads or Tales Saga -
Born Again Black Sabbath -
Labour of Love UB40 -
14 Commodores 13 Commodores -
15 Sports Huey Lewis and the News -
16 Warriors Gary Numan -
Little Robbers The Motels -
22 Lick It Up Kiss [12]
23 Shout at the Devil Mötley Crüe -
26 The Golden Section John Foxx -
Into Battle with the Art of Noise Art of Noise EP
Live in Tokyo Public Image Ltd. Live
28 DaDa Alice Cooper -
How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye Dionne Warwick -
Righeira Righeira Debut
? Bent Out of Shape Rainbow -
Breaking the Chains Dokken US Remix
Born to Laugh at Tornadoes Was (Not Was) -
Built to Destroy Michael Schenker Group -
Canterbury Diamond Head -
Hard Gang of Four -
In Heat The Romantics -
Johnny 99 Johnny Cash -
Land The Comsat Angels -
Mean Streak Y & T -
Mike's Murder Joe Jackson Soundtrack
More Fun in the New World X -
Once a Rocker, Always a Rocker The Joe Perry Project -
One Particular Harbour Jimmy Buffett -
Pitt Street Farmers The Reels EP
Subject...Aldo Nova Aldo Nova -
Windows in the Jungle 10cc -
What's New Linda Ronstadt -

October

Day Album Artist Notes
3 Genesis Genesis -
6 Right or Wrong George Strait -
10 Colour by Numbers Culture Club -
14 She's So Unusual Cyndi Lauper Debut
Can't Slow Down Lionel Richie -
Snap! The Jam Compilation
18 Rock 'n Soul Part 1 Hall & Oates Compilation
Voice of the Heart The Carpenters -
20 Deliver Oak Ridge Boys -
21 Silver Cliff Richard -
Soul Mining The The -
24 Head over Heels Cocteau Twins -
Without a Song Willie Nelson -
25 Uh-Huh John Cougar Mellencamp -
26 Midnight Madness Night Ranger -
27 Infidels Bob Dylan -
28 North of a Miracle Nick Heyward -
Zones Hawkwind -
31 Pipes of Peace Paul McCartney -
Star Fleet Project Brian May + Friends EP
Working with Fire and Steel – Possible Pop Songs Volume Two China Crisis -
? Live from Earth Pat Benatar Live +2 new studio tracks
No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll Alcatrazz -
Life Thin Lizzy Live
Ziggy Stardust – The Motion Picture David Bowie Live 1973
Melissa Mercyful Fate -
Feel My Soul Jennifer Holliday -
1st Streets -
Alive, She Cried The Doors Live
Caught in the Game Survivor -
Hell Hath No Fury Rock Goddess -
Man of Steel Hank Williams Jr. -
Metal Circus Hüsker Dü EP
Never Let You Go Rita Coolidge -

November

Day Album Artist Notes
1 Break Out Pointer Sisters [13]
2 What a Feelin' Irene Cara -
4 Electric Universe Earth, Wind & Fire -
Have You Ever Been In Love Leo Sayer -
Hearts and Bones Paul Simon -
7 90125 Yes [14]
Undercover The Rolling Stones -
Strip Adam Ant -
8 Play Dirty Girlschool -
The Revölution by Night Blue Öyster Cult -
Yentl Barbra Streisand Soundtrack
10 Rebel Yell Billy Idol -
11 First Offense Corey Hart -
14 Beauty Stab ABC -
Believer Chic -
Touch Eurythmics -
15 It's About Time John Denver -
18 Walk Into Light Ian Anderson -
21 Seven and the Ragged Tiger Duran Duran -
Under a Blood Red Sky U2 Live
25 Back to Back Status Quo -
I'm in Love Again Patti LaBelle -
Nocturne Siouxsie and the Banshees Live
You Broke My Heart in 17 Places Tracey Ullman -
30 Into the Unknown Bad Religion -
? Cloak and Dagger Witchfynde -
Conflicting Emotions Split Enz -
Greatest Hits Volume II Barry Manilow Compilation
Music For Films Volume 2 Brian Eno -
Clics Modernos Charly Garcia -
Now That's What I Call Music Various Artists Compilation
The Politics of Dancing Re-Flex -
Treeless Plain The Triffids -

December

Day Album Artist Notes
2 The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome Slade -
Show No Mercy Slayer -
Bark at the Moon Ozzy Osbourne -
5 Balls to the Wall Accept -
12 Earth A.D./Wolfs Blood Misfits -
Perverted By Language The Fall -
14 Service Yellow Magic Orchestra -
16 Japanese Whispers The Cure Compilation
20 You Shouldn't-Nuf Bit Fish George Clinton -
? Statues In Motion

Statues In Motion

-

Release date unknown

Biggest hit singles

The following songs achieved the highest chart positions in the charts of 1983.

# Artist Title Year Country Chart Entries
1 Culture Club "Karma Chameleon" 1983 United Kingdom UK 1 – September 1983, US BB 1 – February 1984, Canada 1 – December 1983, Netherlands 1 – September 1983, Sweden (alt) 1 – October 1983, Switzerland 1 – October 1983, Norway 1 – October 1983, Republic of Ireland 1 – September 1983, New Zealand 1 for 6 weeks October 1983, Australia 1 for 5 weeks July 1984, Austria 3 – November 1983, Germany 3 – January 1984, South Africa 7 of 1984, Poland 8 – September 1983, Australia 8 of 1983, US CashBox 14 of 1984, POP 15 of 1984, Italy 16 of 1983, KROQ 25 of 1983, US BB 29 of 1984, RYM 49 of 1983, Scrobulate 71 of 80s, Germany 159 of the 1980s, OzNet 979
2 Michael Jackson "Billie Jean" 1983 United States UK 1 – January 1983, US BB 1 – January 1983, Canada 1 – February 1983, Switzerland 1 – March 1983, Republic of Ireland 1 – March 1983, Australia 1 for 5 weeks February 1984, Netherlands 2 – January 1983, Sweden (alt) 2 – March 1983, France 2 – January 1983, US CashBox 3 of 1983, Austria 3 – April 1983, Poland 3 – February 1983, Germany 3 – March 1983, Australia 4 of 1983, RYM 4 of 1983, POP 4 of 1983, Norway 6 – April 1983, Italy 8 of 1983, South Africa 15 of 1983, 15 in 2FM list, Scrobulate 16 of pop, Global 33 (5 M sold) – 1983, Acclaimed 33, Europe 40 of the 1980s, Party 53 of 2007, Rolling Stone 58, Germany 139 of the 1980s, OzNet 249, WXPN 620
3 Irene Cara "Flashdance...What a Feeling" 1983 United States US BB 1 – April 1983, US CashBox 1 of 1983, Canada 1 – May 1983, Canada RPM 1 for 3 weeks – June 1983, Sweden (alt) 1 – May 1983, France 1 – July 1983, France SNEP 1 – September 1983, Switzerland 1 – June 1983, Norway 1 – June 1983, Italy 1 for 9 weeks – November 1983, New Zealand 1 for 6 weeks – July 1983, Australia 1 for 7 weeks – June 1983, UK 2 – June 1983, Austria 4 – August 1983, Japan 1 for 2 weeks – August 1983, Germany 4 – June 1983, Netherlands 13 – April 1983, Belgium 20 – May 1983, Poland 21 – July 1983, US BB 6 of 1983, Japan 7 of all time (international songs), Australia 2 of 1983, POP 3 of 1983, South Africa 9 of 1983, Scrobulate 31 of gay, AFI 55, Germany 57 of the 1980s, RYM 121 of 1983, OzNet 243, RIAA 256, Oscar in 1983
4 David Bowie "Let's Dance" 1983 United Kingdom UK 1 – March 1983, US BB 1 – April 1983, Canada 1 – March 1983, Netherlands 1 – March 1983, Sweden (alt) 1 – April 1983, France 1 – March 1983, Switzerland 1 – April 1983, Norway 1 – March 1983, Republic of Ireland 1 – April 1983, New Zealand 1 for 6 weeks April 1983, Austria 2 – May 1983, Germany 2 – April 1983, US CashBox 4 of 1983, Poland 5 – April 1983, KROQ 6 of 1983, US BB 15 of 1983, Italy 19 of 1983, Australia 24 of 1983, RYM 32 of 1983, Scrobulate 40 of 80s, POP 47 of 1983, Germany 172 of the 1980s, Belgium 258 of all time, Acclaimed 1445
5 The Police "Every Breath You Take" 1983 United Kingdom UK 1 – May 1983, US BB 1 – July 1983, US BB 1 of 1983, Canada 1 – May 1983, Republic of Ireland 1 – June 1983, US CashBox 2 of 1983, Sweden (alt) 2 – June 1983, Norway 2 – June 1983, KROQ 3 of 1983, Poland 5 – June 1983, South Africa 5 of 1983, Netherlands 6 – May 1983, Switzerland 6 – July 1983, Austria 8 – August 1983, Germany 8 – June 1983, France 10 – May 1983, Australia 10 of 1983, Italy 10 of 1983, Virgin 12, Scrobulate 13 of 80s, US BB 16 of 1983, RYM 16 of 1983, Europe 33 of the 1980s, Acclaimed 38, OzNet 38, RIAA 44, POP 49 of 1983, Poland 68 of all time, TheQ 76, Rolling Stone 84, 90 in 2FM list, Belgium 110 of all time, WXPN 216

Top 40 Chart hit singles

Song title Artist(s) Release date(s) US UK Highest chart position Other Chart Performance(s)
"1999" Prince January 1983 12 25 2 (Australia) See chart performance entry 1982 overlap
"2000 Miles" The Pretenders November 1983 n/a 15 11 (Belgium) 13 (Netherlands [Single Top 100]) - 14 (Ireland) - 30 (Australia) - 36 (New Zealand)
"99 Luftballons" Nena[15] March 1983 2 n/a (11 countries) See chart performance entry
"The One Thing" INXS March 1983 30 n/a 14 (Australia) 2 (U.S. Billboard Top Tracks) - 30 (U.S. Cash Box Top 100) - 31 (Canada) 1982 overlap
"All Night Long (All Night)" Lionel Richie September 1983 1 2 1 (6 countries) See chart performance entry
"All Time High" Rita Coolidge June 1983 36 75 36 (United States) 1 (U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary) - 1 (Canada Adult Contemporary) - 38 (Canada) - 80 (Australia)
"Almost Over You" Sheena Easton December 1983 25 89 23 (United States) 1 (Canada RPM Adult Contemporary) - 4 (U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary) - 23 (U.S. Cash Box Top 100) - 35 (Canada) - 68 (Australia) - 86 (U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs)

Other Chart hit singles

Notable singles

Song title Artist(s) Release date(s) Other Chart Performance(s)
"Cattle and Cane" The Go-Betweens February 1983 4 (UK INdie Charts)
"Original Sin" INXS December 1983 See chart performance entry
"Radio Free Europe" R.E.M. April 1983 25 (U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock) - 78 (U.S. Billboard Hot 100)
"Rip It Up" Orange Juice February 1983 8 (UK Single Charts) - 23 (Ireland) - 42 (New Zealand)
"Sunday Bloody Sunday" U2 March 1983 3 (Netherlands [Dutch Top 40]/[Single Top 100]) - 7 (U.S. Billboard Top Tracks) - 11 (Belgium)
"Synchronicity II" The Police October 1983 12 (Ireland) - 15 (U.S. Cashbox) - 16 (U.S. Billboard Hot 100) - 17 (UK Singles Chart) - 21 (Canada)
"Temptation" Heaven 17 April 1983 See chart performance entry
"This Charming Man" The Smiths October 1983 1 (UK Indie Charts) - 15 (New Zealand) - 25 (UK Singles Chart) - 52 (Australia)

Other Notable singles

Published popular music

Classical music

Premieres

Sortable table
Composer Composition Date Location Performers
Ligeti, György Sonata for Solo Cello 1983-10-24 France Paris Stilz[23]

Compositions

Opera

Jazz

Musical theater

Musical films

Musical television

Births

January–April births

January

February births

March births


April births

May–August births

May births

June births

July births

August births

September–December births

September births

October births

November births

December births

Birth date unknown

Deaths

January–April deaths

January deaths

February deaths

March deaths

April deaths

May–August deaths

May deaths

June deaths

July deaths

August deaths

September–December deaths

September deaths

October deaths

November deaths

December deaths

Death date unknown

Awards

Grammy Awards

Country Music Association Awards

Eurovision Song Contest

Charts

See also

References

  1. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (October 19, 2006). "CDs, downloads ... and now band launches the memory-stick single". The Guardian. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  2. ^ "Thompson Twins". Official Charts.
  3. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100 20 March 1983 - 26 March 1983". Official Charts.
  4. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100 20 March 1983 - 26 March 1983". Official Charts.
  5. ^ Clines, Francis X. (April 8, 1983). "Watt Reverses Ban on Rock Music at Concert". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  6. ^ "David Bowie". Official Charts.
  7. ^ "Dec 02, 1983 Setlist". phish.net.
  8. ^ "The Domestic Dispute that ended the life of Marvin Gaye". trutv.com. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  9. ^ Strong, Martin Charles (1995). The Great Rock Discography. Canongate Press. p. 569. ISBN 9780862415419.
  10. ^ "Level 42 albums".
  11. ^ "RIAA certifications". Recording Industry Association of America.
  12. ^ "RIAA". Recording Industry Association of America.
  13. ^ "90125". Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  14. ^ Brent Mann (2003). 99 Red Balloons: And 100 Other All Time Great One-Hit Wonders. Citadel Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8065-2516-7.
  15. ^ Fitzgerald, Ross (December 29, 2012). "Austen Tayshus sends a postcard from the edge". The Australian. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  16. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives: Australian Chart Book. p. 341. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  17. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 423. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
  18. ^ "The Perfect Beats". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. October 17, 1998. p. 4.
  19. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition. Billboard Publications. p. 282.
  20. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  21. ^ "Munich 1983". Eurovision Song Contest. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  22. ^ |- Schott Music
  23. ^ "Entrevista: la travesía de Alfonso Herrera". Expansión. November 17, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  24. ^ "Alberto Ginastera | Argentine composer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  25. ^ Harnsberger, Lindsey C. (1997). Essential Dictionary of Music: The Most Practical and Useful Music Dictionary for Students and Professionals. Los Angeles: Alfred Publishing Co. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-88284-728-3.
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