List of 18th-century religious leaders

Lists of religious leaders by century: List of 16th-century religious leaders List of 17th-century religious leaders List of 19th-century religious leaders List of 20th-century religious leaders

See also: List of state leaders in the 18th century List of governors of dependent territories in the 18th century

This is a list of the top-level leaders for religious groups with at least 50,000 adherents, and that led anytime from January 1, 1701, to December 31, 1800. It should likewise only name leaders listed on other articles and lists.

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In all times and places in our history, human beings have wondered, "Where did we come from? What's our place in the world? What happens to us after we die?" Religions are systems of belief that have developed and evolved over time in response to these and other eternal mysteries, driven by the feeling that some questions can only be answered by faith and based on an intuition that there is something greater than ourselves, a higher power we must answer to, or some source we all spring from and to which we must return. Hinduism means the religions of India. It's not a single religion but rather a variety of related beliefs and spiritual practices. It dates back five millennia to the time of Krishna, a man of such virtue that he became known as an avatar of Vishnu, an incarnation of the god in human form. He taught that all life follows karma, the law of cause and effect, and our job is to do our duty, or dharma, according to our place in society without worrying how things turn out. When we die, we are reincarnated into a new body. If we followed our dharma and did our proper duty in our past life, we get good karma, which sends our soul upward in the social scale. Our rebirth into the next life is thus determined by what we do in this one. The wheel of rebirths is called samsara. It's possible for a very holy person to lead a life with enough good karma to escape the wheel. This escape is called moksha. Hinduism teaches that everything is one. The whole universe is one transcendent reality called Brahman, and there's just one Brahman but many gods within it, and their roles, aspects, and forms differ according to various traditions. Brahma is the creator, Vishnu is the preserver who sometimes takes on human form, and Shiva is the transformer, or Lord of the Dance. Durga is the fiercely protective divine mother. Ganesha has an elephant head and is the wise patron of success. Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. And although most Hindus live in India, they can be found on every continent, one billion strong. Now, let's travel west, across deserts and mountains to the fertile crescent about 4,000 years ago. Judaism began with God calling Abraham and Sarah to leave Mesopotamia and migrate to the land of Canaan. In return for their faith in the one true God, a revolutionary concept in the polytheistic world of that time, they would have land and many descendants. From this promise came the land of Israel and the chosen people, but staying in that land and keeping those people together was going to be very difficult. The Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, but God freed them with the help of the prophet Moses, who received the Ten Commandments and later hundreds more. They conquered the Promised Land, but could only keep it for a few hundred years. Israel sits at a crossroads through which many armies marched over the centuries. And in the year 70, the Romans destroyed the temple in their capital, Jerusalem. So, the religion transformed itself from a temple religion with sacrifices and priests to a religion of the book. Because of this, Judaism is a faith of symbolism, reverence, and deep meanings tied to the literature of its history. The many sacred scriptures make up the Hebrew bible, or Tanakh, and hundreds of written discussions and interpretations are contained in an expansive compendium of deeper meanings, called the Talmud. Jews find rich, symbolic meaning in daily life. At the Passover meal, every item on the menu symbolizes an aspect of the escape from slavery. The importance of growing up is emphasized when young people reach the age of bar and bat mitzvah, ceremonies during which they assume responsibility for their actions and celebrate the weaving of their own lives into the faith, history, and texts of the Jewish people. There are 14 million Jews in the world today, 6 million in Israel, which became independent following the horrors of genocide in World War II, and 5 million in the United States. But now let's go back 2500 years and return to India where Buddhism began with a young prince named Siddhartha. On the night he was conceived, his mother, Queen Maya, is said to have been visited in her sleep by a white elephant who entered her side. Ten months later, Prince Siddartha was born into a life of luxury. Venturing forth from his sheltered existence as a young man, he witnessed the human suffering that had been hidden from him and immediately set out to investigate its sources. Why must people endure suffering? Must we reincarnate through hundreds of lives? At first he thought the problem was attachment to material things, so he gave up his possessions. He became a wandering beggar, which he discovered certainly made him no happier. Then he overheard a music teacher telling a student, "Don't tighten the string too much, it will break. But don't let it go too slack, or it will not sound." In a flash, he realized that looking for answers at the extremes was a mistake. The middle way between luxury and poverty seemed wisest. And while meditating under a bodhi tree, the rest of the answer came to him. All of life abounds with suffering. It's caused by selfish craving for one's own fulfillment at the expense of others. Following an eight-step plan can teach us to reduce that craving, and thus reduce the suffering. On that day, Siddhartha became the Buddha, the enlightened one. Not the only one, but the first one. The Buddhist plan is called the Eightfold Path, and though it is not easy to follow, it has pointed the way for millions to enlightenment, which is what Buddhahood means, a state of compassion, insight, peace, and steadfastness. From the time he got up from under that tree to the moment of his death as an old man, the Buddha taught people how to become enlightened: right speech, right goals, a mind focused on what is real, and a heart focused on loving others. Many Buddhists believe in God or gods, but actions are more important than beliefs. There are nearly a billion Buddhists in the world today, mostly in East, Southeast, and South Asia. 2,000 years ago in Judaism's Promised Land, Christianity was born. Just as Hindus called Krishna "God in Human Form," Christians say the same thing about Jesus, and Christianity grew out of Judaism just as Buddhism grew out of Hinduism. The angel Gabriel was sent by the God of Abraham to ask a young woman named Mary to become the mother of his son. The son was Jesus, raised as a carpenter by Mary and her husband Joseph, until he turned 30, when he began his public career as the living word of God. Less interested in religiousness than in justice and mercy, Jesus healed the sick in order to draw crowds and then taught them about his heavenly father -- affectionate, forgiving, and attentive. Then, he would invite everyone to a common table to illustrate his Kingdom of God, outcasts, sinners, and saints all eating together. He had only three years before his unconventional wisdom got him into trouble. His enemies had him arrested, and he was executed by Rome in the standard means by which rabble-rousers were put to death, crucifixion. But shortly after he was buried, women found his tomb empty and quickly spread word, convinced that he had been raised from the dead. The first Christians described his resurrected appearances, inspiring confidence that his message was true. The message: love one another as I have loved you. Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus in December at Christmas, and his suffering, death, and resurrection during Holy Week in the spring. In the ceremony of baptism, a washing away of sin and welcoming into the Christian community, recall Jesus's own baptism when he left his life as a carpenter. In the rite of Communion, Christians eat the bread and drink the wine blessed as the body and blood of Jesus, recalling Jesus's last supper. There are two billion Christians worldwide, representing almost a third of the world's people. Islam began 1400 years ago with a man of great virtue, meditating in a mountain cave in the Arabian desert. The man was Muhammad. He was visited by a divine messenger, again the angel Gabriel, in Arabic, Jibril, delivering to him the words of Allah, the one God of Abraham. In the next few years, more and more messages came, and he memorized and taught them. The verses he recited were full of wise sayings, beautiful rhymes, and mysterious metaphors. But Muhammad was a merchant, not a poet. Many agreed the verses were indeed the words of God, and these believers became the first Muslims. The word Muslim means one who surrenders, meaning a person who submits to the will of God. A Muslim's five most important duties are called the Five Pillars: Shahada, Muslims declare publicly, there is no other God but Allah, and Muhammad is his final prophet; Salat, they pray five times a day facing Mecca; Zakat, every Muslim is required to give 2 or 3% of their net worth to the poor; Sawm, they fast during daylight hours for the lunar month of Ramadan to strengthen their willpower and their reliance on God; and Hajj, once in a lifetime, every Muslim who is able must make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, rehearsing for the time when they will stand before God to be judged worthy or unworthy of eternal life with Him. The words of God, revealed to the prophet over 23 years, are collected in the Quran, which literally translates into "the recitation." Muslims believe it to be the only holy book free of human corruption. It's also considered by many to be the finest work of literature in the Arabic language. Islam is the world's second largest religion, practiced by over one and a half billion Muslims around the globe. Religion has been an aspect of culture for as long as it has existed, and there are countless variations of its practice. But common to all religions is an appeal for meaning beyond the empty vanities and lowly realities of existence, beyond sin, suffering, and death, beyond fear, and beyond ourselves.

Buddhism

Dalai Lama of the Gelug (Yellow Hat sect) –

Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama (1688–1706)
Kelzang Gyatso, 7th Dalai Lama (?–1757)
Jamphel Gyatso, 8th Dalai Lama (1760–1804)

Panchen Lama of the Gelug (Yellow Hat sect) –

Lobsang Yeshe, Panchen Lama (1663–1737)
Lobsang Palden Yeshe, Panchen Lama (1738–1780)
Palden Tenpai Nyima, Panchen Lama (1782–1853)

Tibetan Buddhism, Mongolia –

Zanabazar Öndur gegeen Luvsadambiyjaltsan, (1635–1723)
Luvsandambiydonmi, (1724–1757)
Ishdambiynyam, (1758–1773)
Luvsantüvdenvanchug, (1775–1813)

Christianity

Catholicism

Roman Catholic Church (complete list) -

Clement XI, Pope (1700–1721)
Innocent XIII, Pope (1721–1724)
Benedict XIII, Pope (1724–1730)
Clement XII, Pope (1730–1740)
Benedict XIV, Pope (1740–1758)
Clement XIII, Pope (1758–1769)
Clement XIV, Pope (1769–1774)
Pius VI, Pope (1775–1799)
Pius VII, Pope (1800–1823)

Old Catholicism: Church of Utrecht -

Cornelius Steenoven, Archbishop of Utrecht (1723–1725)
Cornelius Johannes Barchman, Archbishop of Utrecht (1725–1733)
Theodorus van der Croon, Archbishop of Utrecht (1733–1739)
Petrus Johannes Meindaerts, Archbishop of Utrecht (1739–1767)
Gualterus Michael van Nieuwhuyzen, Archbishop of Utrecht (1767–1797)
Johannes Jacobus van Rhyn, Archbishop of Utrecht (1797–1808)

Eastern Orthodoxy

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the first among equals in Eastern Orthodoxy (complete list) –

Callinicus II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1688, 1689–1693, 1694–1702)
Gabriel III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1702–1707)
Neophytus V, Ecumenical Patriarch (1707)
Cyprianus I, Ecumenical Patriarch (1707–1709)
Athanasius V, Ecumenical Patriarch (1709–1711)
Cyril IV, Ecumenical Patriarch (1711–1713)
Cyprianus I, Ecumenical Patriarch (1713–1714), restored
Cosmas III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1714–1716)
Jeremias III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1716–1726)
Callinicus III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1726), sometimes not counted among the patriarchs
Paisius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1726–1732)
Jeremias III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1732–1733), restored
Serapheim I, Ecumenical Patriarch (1733–1734)
Neophytus VI, Ecumenical Patriarch (1734–1740)
Paisius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1740–1743), restored 1st time
Neophytus VI, Ecumenical Patriarch (1743–1744), restored
Paisius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1744–1748), restored 2nd time
Cyril V, Ecumenical Patriarch (1748–1751)
Paisius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1751–1752), restored 2nd time
Cyril V, Ecumenical Patriarch (1752–1757), restored 1st time
Callinicus IV, Ecumenical Patriarch (1757)
Serapheim II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1757–1761)
Joannicius III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1761–1763)
Samuel I Chatzeres, Ecumenical Patriarch (1763–1768)
Meletius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1769–1769)
Theodosius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1769–1773)
Samuel I Chatzeres, Ecumenical Patriarch (1773–1774), restored
Sophronius II, Ecumenical Patriarch (1774–1780)
Gabriel IV, Ecumenical Patriarch (1780–1785)
Procopius I, Ecumenical Patriarch (1785–1789)
Neophytus VII, Ecumenical Patriarch (1789–1794, 1798–1801)
Gerasimus III, Ecumenical Patriarch (1794–1797)
Gregory V, Ecumenical Patriarch (1797–1798, 1806–1808, 1818–1821)

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria -

Gerasimos II, Pope and Patriarch (1688–1710)
Samouil I, Pope and Patriarch (1710–1712)
Kosmas II, Pope and Patriarch (1712–1714)
Samouil I, Pope and Patriarch (1714–1723)
Kosmas II, Pope and Patriarch (1723–1736)
Kosmas III, Pope and Patriarch (1737–1746)
Mattheos I, Pope and Patriarch (1746–1766)
Kyprianos I, Pope and Patriarch (1766–1783)
Gerasimos III, Pope and Patriarch (1783–1788)
Parthenios II, Pope and Patriarch (1788–1805)

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch -

?, Patriarch (1684–1720)
Athanasios III (1st time), Patriarch (1686–1694)
Athanasios III, Patriarch (1720–1724)
Silvestros I, Patriarch (1724–1766)
Philimon I, Patriarch (1766–1767)
Daniil I, Patriarch (1767–1791)
Anthemios I, Patriarch (1792–1813)

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem -

Dositheos II, Patriarch (1669–1707)
Chrysanthos I, Patriarch (1707–1731)
Meletios, Patriarch (1731–1737)
Parthenios I, Patriarch (1737–1766)
Ephraim II, Patriarch (1766–1770)
Sophronios V, Patriarch (1770–1775)
Avramios I, Patriarch (1775–1787)
Prokopios I, Patriarch (1787–1788)
Anthimos I, Patriarch (1788–1808)

Russian Orthodox Church (complete list) -

Trifily of Krutitsy, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1700–1701)
Stefan of Ryazan, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1701–1722)
?, Head of Synod (1721–0)
Iosif, Metropolitan of Moscow (1742–1745)
Platon I, Metropolitan of Moscow (1745–1754)
Ilarion of Krutitsy, Metropolitan of Moscow (1754–1757)
Timofey, Metropolitan of Moscow (1757–1767)
Amvrosy, Metropolitan of Moscow (1768–1771)
Samuil of Krutitsy, Metropolitan of Moscow (1771–1775)
Platon II, Metropolitan of Moscow (1775–1811)
Nikodim, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1742–1745)
Feodosy, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1745–1750)
Silvestr, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1750–1761)
Veniamin, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1761–1762)
Gavriil I, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1762–1770)
Gavriil II, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1770–1799)
Amvrosy, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1799–1818)

Serbian Orthodox Church -

Kalinik I, Serbian Patriarch (1691–1710)
Atanasije I, Serbian Patriarch (1711–1712)
Mojsije I, Serbian Patriarch (1712–1725)
Arsenije IV Jovanović-Šakabenta, Serbian Patriarch (1725–1739)
Joanikije III Karadža, Serbian Patriarch (1739–1746)
Atanasije II Gavrilović, Serbian Patriarch (1747–1752)
Gavrilo II, Serbian Patriarch (1752–1752)
Gavrilo III, Serbian Patriarch (1752–1754)
Vikentije I, Serbian Patriarch (1754–1756)
Pajsije II, Serbian Patriarch(1756–1757)
Gavrilo IV, Serbian Patriarch (1757–1758)
Kirilo II, Serbian Patriarch (1758–1763)
Vasilije Jovanović Brkić, Serbian Patriarch (1763–1765)
Kalinik II, Serbian Patriarch (1765–1766)
Jeremija Papazoglu, Metropolitan of Belgrade (1766–1784)
Dionizije I Papazoglu, Metropolitan of Belgrade (1785–1791)
Metodije, Metropolitan of Belgrade (1791–1801)

Serbian Orthodox Church in Habsburg monarchy -

Arsenije III Crnojević, Serbian Patriarch (1674–1706), since 1690 in Habsburg monarchy
Isaija Đaković, Metropolitan of Krušedol (1708–1708)
Stefan Metohijac, Metropolitan of Krušedol (1708–1709)
Sofronije Podgoričanin, Metropolitan of Krušedol (1710–1711)
Vikentije Popović, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1713–1725)
Mojsije Petrović, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1726–1730)
Nikolaj Dimitrijević, Administrator of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci (1730–1731)
Vikentije Jovanović, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1731–1737)
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1737–1748)
Isaija Antonović, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1748–1749)
Pavle Nenadović, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1749–1768)
Jovan Đorđević, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1769–1773)
Vikentije Jovanović Vidak, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1774–1780)
Mojsije Putnik, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1781–1790)
Stefan Stratimirović, Metropolitan of Karlovci (1790–1836)

Romanian Orthodox Church -

Theodosios, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1679–1708)
Anthimos, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1708–1716)
Mitrofanis II, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1716–1719)
Daniil II, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1719–1731)
Stephanos II, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1732–1738)
Neophytos I, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1738–1753)
Philaretos I, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1753–1760)
Grigorios II, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1760–1787)
Kosmas (Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia)Kosmas, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1787–1792)
Philaretos II, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1792–1793)
Dositheos, Metropolitan of Hungaro-Walachia (1793–1810)

Georgian Orthodox Church -

Evdemoz II, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1700–1703)
Domenti III, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1704–1725)
Besarion, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1725–1737)
Kirile, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1737–1739)
Domenti III, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1739–1741)
Nikoloz VII, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1742–1744)
Anton I, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1744–1755)
Ioseb, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1755–1764)
Anton I, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1764–1788)
Anton II, Catholicos-Patriarch of Iberia (1788–1811)

Orthodox Church of Cyprus -

Germanos II, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1694–1705)
Athanasios II, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1705–1710)
Iakovos II, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1707–1718)
?, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (0–1710)
Silvestros, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1718–1734)
Philotheos, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1734–1745)
Neophytos III, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1745–1745)
Philotheos, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1745–1759)
Paisios, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1759–1761)
Kyprianos, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1761–1762)
Paisios, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1762–1767)
Chrysanthos, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1767–1783)
Ioannikios, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1783–1784)
Chrysanthos, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cypru (1784–1810)

Orthodox Church of Greece -

Kyrillos II, Metropolitan of Athens (1699–1703)
Meletios II, Metropolitan of Athens (1703–1713)
Iakovos II, Metropolitan of Athens (1713–1734)
Zacharias, Metropolitan of Athens (1734–1741)
Anthimos VI, Metropolitan of Athens (1741–1756)
Athanasios III, Metropolitan of Athens (1756–1760)
Anthimos VI, Metropolitan of Athens (1760–1764)
Vartholomaios, Metropolitan of Athens (1764–0)
Neophytos IV, Metropolitan of Athens (0–1774)
Vartholomaios, Metropolitan of Athens (1774–1781)
Venediktos, Metropolitan of Athens (1781–1785)
Athanasios IV, Metropolitan of Athens (1785–1787)
Venediktos, Metropolitan of Athens (1787–1789)
Athanasios IV, Metropolitan of Athens (1789–1789)
Venediktos, Metropolitan of Athens (1789–1796)
Athanasios IV, Metropolitan of Athens (1796–1799)
Grigorios III, Metropolitan of Athens (1799–1820)

Albanian Orthodox Church -

Kosmas, Metropolitan of Durrë (1694–1702)
Nikodimos, Metropolitan of Durrë (1702–0)
Nikitas, Metropolitan of Durrë (1740–1749)
Anthimos I, Metropolitan of Durrë (1749–1760)
Neophytos, Metropolitan of Durrë (1760–1761)
Meletios, Metropolitan of Durrë (1761–1767)
Grigorios II, Metropolitan of Durrës and Gora (1767–1772)
Konstantios, Metropolitan of Durrës and Gora (1772–1783)
Efthymios, Metropolitan of Durrës and Gora (1783–1805)

Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai -

Ioannikios I, Archbishop of Sinai (1671–1702)
Kosmas, Archbishop of Sinai (1702–1706)
Athanasios, Archbishop of Sinai (1707–1720)
Ioannikios II, Archbishop of Sinai (1721–1728)
Nikiphoros, Archbishop of Sinai (1728–1747)
Konstantios I, Archbishop of Sinai (1748–1759)
Kyrillos I, Archbishop of Sinai (1759–1790)
Dorotheos, Archbishop of Sinai (1794–1797)

Montenegrin Orthodox Church -

Sava II, Metropolitan (vladika) (1766–1781)
Arsenije II Plamenac, Metropolitan (vladika) (1781–1782)
Petar I, Metropolitan (vladika) (1782–1830)
?, Metropolitan (vladika) (1784–0)

Ukrainian Orthodox Church -

Varlaam I, Metropolitan of Kiev (1690–1707)
Ioasaf I, Metropolitan of Kiev (1708–1718)
vacant, Metropolitan of Kiev (1718–1722)
Varlaam II, Metropolitan of Kiev (1722–1730)
Raphail, Metropolitan of Kiev (1731–1747)
Timothei, Metropolitan of Kiev (1748–1757)
Arseniy I, Metropolitan of Kiev (1757–1770)
Gavriil I, Metropolitan of Kiev (1770–1783)
Samuil, Metropolitan of Kiev (1783–1796)
Ierofei, Metropolitan of Kiev (1796–1799)
Gavriil II, Metropolitan of Kiev (1799–1803)

Orthodox Church of Macedonia -

Raphail, Archbishop of Ohrid (1699–1702)
Germanos II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1702–1703)
Ignatios III, Archbishop of Ohrid (1703–1706)
Dionysios II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1706–1707)
Zosimas II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1707–1708)
Methodios I, Archbishop of Ohrid (1708–1709)
Dionysios II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1709–1714)
Philotheos, Archbishop of Ohrid (1714–1718)
Ioasaph II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1718–1745)
Iosiph, Archbishop of Ohrid (1746–1752)
Dionysios III, Archbishop of Ohrid (1752–1753)
Iosiph, Archbishop of Ohrid (1753–1756)
Dionysios III, Archbishop of Ohrid (1756–1757)
Methodios II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1757–1759)
Kyrillos, Archbishop of Ohrid (1759–1763)
Ieremias, Archbishop of Ohrid (1763–1763)
Ananias, Archbishop of Ohrid (1763–1764)
Arsenios II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1764–1767)
Anthimos II, Metropolitan of Skopje (1767–1775)
Zacharias, Metropolitan of Skopje (1775–1799)
Anthimos III, Metropolitan of Skopje (1799–1820)

Oriental Orthodoxy

Armenian Apostolic Church -

Nahapet I, Catholicose of All Armenian (1691–1705)
Alek'sandr I, Catholicose of All Armenian (1706–1714)
Astuatsatur I, Catholicose of All Armenian (1715–1725)
Karapet II, Catholicose of All Armenian (1726–1729)
Abraham II, Catholicose of All Armenian (1730–1734)
Abraham III, Catholicose of All Armenian (1734–1737)
Lazar I, Catholicose of All Armenian (1737–1751)
Minas I, Catholicose of All Armenian (1751–1753)
Alek'sandr II, Catholicose of All Armenian (1753–1755)
Sahak V, Catholicose of All Armenian (1755–0)
vacant, Catholicose of All Armenian (1755–1759)
Yakob V, Catholicose of All Armenian (1759–1763)
Simeon, Catholicose of All Armenian (1763–1780)
Lukas, Catholicose of All Armenian (1780–1799)
Hovsep' Arlut'ean, Catholicose of All Armenian (1800–1801)

Catholicose of Aluank -

Eremia II, Catholicose of Aluank' (1676–1701)
Esayi Hasan-Jalalean, Catholicose of Aluank' (1702–1728)
Nerses V (anti-catholicos), Catholicose of Aluank' (1706–1763)
Israyel I (anti-catholicos), Catholicose of Aluank' (1763–1765)
Hovhannes X Hasan-Jalalean, Catholicose of Aluank' (1763–1786)
Simeon V, Catholicose of Aluank' (1794–1810)

Armenian Apostolic Church -

Matevos I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1694–1705)
Hovhannes V, Catholicose of Cilicia (1705–1721)
Krikor III, Catholicose of Cilicia (1721–1729)
Hovhannes VI, Catholicose of Cilicia (1729–1731)
Ghougas I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1731–1737)
Mikael I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1737–1758)
Gabriel I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1758–1770)
Yeprem I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1771–1784)
Teotoros I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1784–1796)
Giragos I, Catholicose of Cilicia (1797–1822)

Coptic Orthodox Church -

John XVI, Pope and Patriarch (1676–1718)
Peter VI, Pope and Patriarch (1718–1726)
John XVII, Pope and Patriarch (1727–1745)
Mark VII, Pope and Patriarch (1745–1769)
John XVIII, Pope and Patriarch (1769–1796)
Mark VIII, Pope and Patriarch (1797–1810)

Ethiopian Church -

Marqos X, Metropolitan of Ethiopia (1694–1716)
Krestodolos III, Metropolitan of Ethiopia (1718–1745)
Yohannes XIV, Metropolitan of Ethiopia (1747–1770)
Yosab III, Metropolitan of Ethiopia (1770–1803)

Syriac Orthodox Church -

Ignatius George II, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (1687–1708)
Ignatius Isaac Azar, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (1709–1723)
Ignatius Shukr Allah II, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (1723–1745)
Ignatius George III, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (1745–1768)
Ignatius George IV, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (1768–1780)
Ignatius Matthew, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East (1782–1817)

Malabar Independent Syrian Church -

Kattumangattu Abraham Mar Koorilos I, Metropolitan (1772–1802)

Protestantism

Lutheran

Swedish Church -

Eric Benzelius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1700–1709)
Haquin Spegel, Archbishop of Uppsala (1711–1714)
Matthias Steuchius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1714–1730)
Johannes Steuchius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1730–1742)
Eric Benzelius d.y., Archbishop of Uppsala (1742–1743)
Jacob Benzelius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1744–1747)
Henric Benzelius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1747–1758)
Samuel Troilius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1758–1764)
Magnus Beronius, Archbishop of Uppsala (1764–1775)
Carl Fredrik Mennander, Archbishop of Uppsala (1775–1786)
Uno von Troil, Archbishop of Uppsala (1786–1803)

Finnish Church -

Johannes Gezelius the younger, Bishop of Turku (1690–1718)
Herman Witte, Bishop of Turku (1721–1728)
Lars Tammelin, Bishop of Turku (1728–1733)
Jonas Fahlenius, Bishop of Turku (1734–1748)
Johan Browallius, Bishop of Turku (1748–1755)
Karl Fredrik Mennander, Bishop of Turku (1757–1775)
Jakob Haartman, Bishop of Turku (1776–1788)
Jakob Gadolin, Bishop of Turku (1788–1802)

Anglicanism

Church of England

Formal leadership: Supreme Governor of the Church of England (complete list) –

William III, co-Supreme Governor (1689–1694), Supreme Governor (1694–1702)
Anne, Supreme Governor (1702–1714)
George I, Supreme Governor (1714–1727)
George II, Supreme Governor (1727–1760)
George III, Supreme Governor (1760–1820)

Effective leadership: Archbishops of Canterbury (complete list) –

Thomas Tenison, Archbishop (1695–1715)
William Wake, Archbishop (1716–1737)
John Potter, Archbishop (1737–1747)
Thomas Herring, Archbishop (1747–1757)
Matthew Hutton, Archbishop (1757–1758)
Thomas Secker, Archbishop (1758–1768)
Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop (1768–1783)
John Moore, Archbishop (1783–1805)

Episcopal Church (United States) (complete list) –

William White, Presiding Bishop (1789)
Samuel Seabury, Presiding Bishop (1789–1792)
Samuel Provoost, Presiding Bishop (1792–1795)
William White, Presiding Bishop (1795–1836)

Other Christian or Christian-derived faiths

Assyrian Church of the East, line 1 -

Eliyya XI Marogin, Patriarch (1700–1722)
Eliyya XII Dinkha, Patriarch (1722–1778)
Eliyya XIII Isho-Yab, Patriarch (1778–1804)

Assyrian Church of the East, line 2 -

Shimoun XIV Sleman, Patriarch (1700–1740)
Shimoun XV Maqdassi, Patriarch (1740–1780)
Shimoun XVI Yohanan, Patriarch (1780–1820)

Assyrian Church of the East -

Islam

Sunni

Ottoman Empire, (complete list) -

Mustafa II, Caliph (1695–1703)
Ahmed III, Caliph (1703–1730)
Mahmud I, Caliph (1730–1754)
Osman III, Caliph (1754–1757)
Mustafa III, Caliph (1757–1774)
Abdul Hamid I, Caliph (1774–1789)
Selim III, Caliph (1789–1807)

Shia

Twelver Islam

Imams (complete list) –

Muhammad al-Mahdi, Imam (874–present) Shia belief holds that he was hidden by Allah in 874.

Nizari Isma'ilism (complete list) –

Shah Nizar II, Imam (1680–1722)
As-Sayyid Ali, Imam (1722–1754)
Hasan Ali, Imam (1754– mid 18th century)
Qasim Ali (Sayyid Ja'far), Imam (mid–late 18th century)
Abu-l-Hasan Ali, Imam (late 18th century – 1792)
Shāh Khalīlullāh III, Imam (1792–1817)

Zaidiyyah (complete list) –

al-Mahdi Muhammad, Imam (1687–1718)
al-Mansur al-Husayn, Imam (1716–1720)
al-Mutawakkil al-Qasim, Imam (1716–1727)
an-Nasir Muhammad, Imam (1723)
al-Mansur al-Husayn II, Imam (1727–1748)
al-Mahdi Abbas, Imam (1748–1775)
al-Mansur Ali I, Imam (1775–1809)

Mumini (complete list) –

Mu'in al-Din II bin 'Aziz Shah, Imam (1691–1715)
Amir Muhammad bin Mu'in al-Din II al-Musharraf, Imam (1715–1764)
Haydar bin Muhammad al-Mutahhar, Imam (1764–1786)
Amir Muhammad bin Haydar al-Baqir, Imam (1786–1796); last imam of the Mu'mini line